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1.
试论中国古大陆中-新元古代汇聚与裂解的地质记录 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
自1990年新元古Rodinia超大陆提出后,现已发展成地学研究热点之一。在全球新元古代超大陆旋回的汇聚与裂解机制影响下,中国古大陆也随之变化。中元古代末一新元古代初的汇聚和新元古代晚期的裂解是最重要的两次地质事件。塔里木、华北、华南古陆都有它的地质记录。晋宁事件应是中元古代晚期-新元古代早期,北秦岭地块与中秦岭地块俯冲一碰撞造山作用和新元古代时期Rodinia超大陆形成的主要地质事件;华南的武陵运动,使华夏古陆与扬子地块发生碰撞形成统一的“华南古陆”。在塔里木古陆与哈萨克斯坦一伊犁古陆之间的那拉提南缘碰撞带,甘肃北山南带柳园及青海柴达木盆地北部边缘的榴辉岩一花岗岩带的发现都是最新的研究成果。 相似文献
2.
根据近几年来的综合研究和区调工作,对柴达木盆地及其南北缘前南华纪物质组成、变质变形等研究的基础上,首次按照不同地质构造演化阶段,将柴达木盆地及其南北缘前南华纪构造单元划分为:湟源中元古代古陆块、全吉新太古代—古元古代古陆块、达肯大坂古元古代古陆块、金水口古元古代古陆块、宁多中元古代古陆块5个一级构造单元以及8个二级构造单元,论述了各构造单元的地质特征,重塑了前南华纪地质阶段柴达木盆地及其南北缘地质过程与古陆块的演化历史。结合研究区内重要地质事件将柴达木盆地及其南北缘前南华纪地质演化厘定为新太古代古陆核形成、古元古代早期古陆块裂解、古元古代晚期—中元古代早期古陆块形成、中元古代早—中期陆内裂解沉降、中元古代晚期—新元古代早期陆块汇聚、新元古代陆块裂解6个地质过程,响应了全球Kenorland、Columbia、Rodinia三个超级大陆旋回事件。 相似文献
3.
扬子陆块古-中元古代地质演化与Columbia超大陆重建 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
扬子陆块在古-中元古代时期经历了较为强烈的岩浆-变质-沉积-成矿等地质事件,这些事件是理解该陆块陆壳演化和成矿效应内在联系及动力学的关键,也是探讨该陆块在Columbia超大陆中古地理重建的前提。本文以古-中元古代地质单元出露较为完整的扬子西南缘为重点研究对象,在总结已有资料的基础上,对扬子陆块古-中元古代时期地质事件进行剖析和讨论,明确了扬子陆块西南缘在古-中元古代时期经历了由Columbia超大陆初始裂解引起的陆内裂谷相关的沉积作用,岩浆侵位及矿产富集等地质过程。通过与全球陆块进行对比,发现相似的裂谷的相关沉积-岩浆-成矿事件在劳伦大陆西北部、澳大利亚北部及Siberian克拉通都有体现。本文认为扬子陆块在2. 4～2. 3 Ga通过增生拼贴到劳伦大陆Rae克拉通。在共同经历过Columbia超大陆聚合的峰期变质作用(2. 03～1. 81 Ga)之后,超大陆开始逐步裂解并形成大陆内部裂谷,最终在古元古代后期(～1. 66～1. 60 Ga)扬子陆块和Columbia超大陆主体分离。 相似文献
4.
试论中国古大陆中—新元古代汇聚与裂解的地质记录 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
自１９９０年新元古Ｒｏｄｉｎｉａ超大陆提出后,现已发展地学研究热点之一。在全球新元古代超大陆旋回的汇聚与裂解机制影响下,中国古大陆也随之变化。中元古代末－新元古代初的汇聚和新元古代晚期的裂解是最重要的两次地质事件。塔里木、华北、华南古陆都有它地地质记录。 相似文献
5.
“IGCP 440项:Assembly and Break-up of Rodinia”研究项目已获批准,研究工作即将启动 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
一个新的国际地质对比项目业已经国际地质对比计划科学局批准通过。该项目系由西澳大学C．McA．Powell和美国Wright州大学RaphaelUnr吧两位教授共同建议,项目编号及名称为IGCP4O：Redinia的汇聚与裂解（AsselnlyandBreak－upofRedinia）,项目执行期自1999年至2003年共5年时间。项目建议人认为Redinia超大陆的焊接是中元古代重要的地球动力学事件。尽管Rodinia超大陆的一部分一直保存成为中生代联合大陆的组成部分,但其它部分在新元古代业已破裂,Rodinia焊接和破裂的地质记录保存在古元古代克拉通边缘的中元古代活动带和新元古代… 相似文献
6.
古/中元古代界线:1.8Ga 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
年代地层表是我们描述地球历史演化的时间框架,也隐含着我们对地球演化过程的基本认识,承载着一系列核心科学问题。现有的国际前寒武纪地质年表存在不少问题,还没有被普遍接受的新方案。在现行国际地层年表(IUGS 1989—2004)中,20～18亿年被称为造山纪,18～16亿年被称为固结纪,16～14亿年被称为盖层纪,也即:造山运动结束到盖层发育之间的过渡时期为固结纪,而将盖层的广泛发育作为中元古代的开始。在我国,由于"吕梁运动"是华北克拉通结晶基底最终形成的标志性构造-热事件,此后发育以长城系-蓟县系-青白口系为代表的地台型沉积盖层,因此我国地质界一直以长城系的底界代表中元古代的开始,并根据"吕梁运动"结束时间,将古/中元古代的时间界线置于18亿年。2012年国际地层委员会提出了一份全新的全球前寒武纪地质年代表划分建议方案,其中2060～1780Ma阶段被称为古元古代哥伦比亚纪,主要以Columbia超大陆的聚合为特征;而之后17. 8～8. 5亿年的近10亿年间,则被定义为罗迪尼亚纪,代表了从Columbia超大陆裂解到Rodinia超大陆聚合的漫长阶段。即这一新建议方案的古/中元古代界线为17. 8亿年,与我国学者长期以来所坚持的古/中元古代分界是基本一致的。在华北克拉通,"吕梁运动"的结束时间在～18亿年,此后整体处于多期裂解的陆内伸展环境,长城系-蓟县系基本上属于连续的陆表海沉积。近年来的研究表明,燕山地区长城系的底界年龄约为17亿年,长城系与蓟县系的分界则为16亿年。如果一味按照现行国际地层划分方案,其古/中元古代的界线(16亿年)将对应于长城系-蓟县系的分界,华北克拉通这套盖层型沉积将被人为分割为两部分,这显然是很不合理的。值得注意的是,在华北克拉通中部吕梁地区发育的小两岭组火山岩和在其南部地区发育的、也是世界范围内同时期最大规模的火山活动——熊耳群火山-沉积岩系,是华北克拉通结晶基底之上最早发育的盖层沉积,其起始形成时间约为18亿年。这与新建议的古/中元古代分界非常接近。从全球地质演化来看,从18到16亿年,造山作用结束,Columbia超大陆开始裂解,岩浆作用方式和岩浆岩组合类型及其地球化学特征发生明显改变,如斜长岩、环斑花岗岩在世界主要克拉通均有发育。与此同时,稳定沉积盖层开始广泛发育,条带状铁建造(BIF)消失,代之以鲕状或粒状矿物集合体组成的浅海富铁沉积,另外海相硫化物沉积、有核原生生物等也首次出现。所有这些都标志着,在此前后,地球岩石圈、水圈和大气圈均发生了重大转折,生物圈也进入新的演化阶段,标志着地球进入"中年期"演化阶段。虽然地球演化发生重要转折的根本原因和细节还有待进一步深入探讨,但这一转变的起点或最重要的时间点,无疑就在18亿年前后,因此,本文认为,应将其作为全球古/中元古代的时间界线。 相似文献
7.
华南扬子地区新元古代地层划分对比研究新进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
华南扬子地区发育有新元古代完整的沉积地层记录,是研究我国新元古代时期古大陆演化与沉积盆地演替的天然平台。四堡—晋宁造山运动(约850~820Ma)以前,新元古代早期的扬子陆块总体上处于弧陆碰撞与弧后前陆盆地充填阶段。约820Ma以后,新生裂谷盆地开启了新一轮板块构造旋回,至约635Ma,华南扬子陆块走过了一段冰与火的不平坦里程。板溪群沉积期(约820~720Ma),在Rodinia超大陆裂解的构造背景下,伴随着三幕重要的火山岩浆事件,沉积了一套裂谷盆地充填序列。板溪晚期,由于Rodinia超大陆主要陆块的裂离(Drifting),伴随着区域性海平面下降,迎来了南华大冰期的长安冰期沉积;实际上,南华大冰期并非严格的"雪球地球",而且期间还存在一个间冰期(富禄间冰期);随后,可能与海平面持续的海侵上超有关,南沱冰期沉积区域展布广泛。由此可见,华南扬子地区晋宁—四堡造山后至南华冰期,沉积序列、事件序列特征明显,阶段性清楚,为新元古代地层划分对比提供了基础条件。 相似文献
8.
北秦岭晋宁期主要地质事件及其构造背景探讨 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
北秦岭主要发育元古宙构造岩石地层单位,包括古元古代秦岭杂岩、中元古代峡河岩群、宽坪岩群和武关岩群、中元古代晚期松树沟蛇绿岩构造岩片、新元古代丹凤岩群和二郎坪岩群的下部地层单位等。北秦岭广泛存在晋宁期的强烈构造－岩浆－变质地质事件,且是新元古代主体形成的古老造山带。晋宁期的地质事件可能并不代表扬子地块和华北地块之间的直接碰撞拼合,而是具扬子地块基底特征的“中秦岭微地块 与北秦岭微地块或华北地块之间的俯冲碰撞拼台 震旦纪之后又逐渐开始发生大陆裂解,进入显生宙的构造演化阶段。新元古代晋宁期(1000-800Ma)发生的主要地质事件和有限的俯冲－碰撞拼台及震旦纪之后又逐渐开始发生裂解与国外一些地质学家提出的新元古代时期Rodinia超大陆的形成和700～570 Ma期间Rodinia超大陆的裂解不谋而台 相似文献
9.
塔里木盆地北部志留系碎屑锆石测年及其地质意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
志留系是塔里木盆地第一套砂岩储层广泛分布的沉积盖层,其沉积来源与成因对志留纪构造演化及周边造山带的研究具有重要意义。塔里木盆地北部地区2个志留系代表性样品的碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年研究表明,志留系具有比较集中的三期物源年龄:中元古代早期1500～1600Ma、新元古代早期750～900Ma、奥陶纪450～500Ma。碎屑锆石定龄表明东部地区志留系物源主要来自阿尔金地区奥陶纪火成岩,而西部塔北地区志留系物源主要来自北部古隆起前寒武纪基底。前寒武纪锆石年龄揭示塔里木板块在新元古代时期与Rodinia超大陆具有相似的聚合与裂解演化史,塔里木北部地区在中元古代存在与Columbia超大陆裂解时间一致的构造-热事件。 相似文献
10.
微亮晶(臼齿)碳酸盐岩:21世纪全球地学研究的新热点 总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25
国际地质对比计划委员会批准启动了 IGCP44 7-元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩和地球演化项目 ( 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 5 )〔1〕。本文简要地回顾了臼齿碳酸盐岩的研究历史和最新进展。臼齿碳酸盐岩是一种具有类似大象臼齿的肠状褶皱构造的岩石 ,具有特殊的时限范围 (中 -新元古代 )。试图解释其成因和可能用于古大陆地层对比是本项目研究的重要课题 ,其重要意义还在于它们是解决前寒武纪生物学和地球化学事件的关键。臼齿碳酸盐岩的发育和衰退关系到地球生命起源和海洋碳酸盐岩沉积地球化学的突变。 87Sr/86 Sr年龄同位素测定证明 ,微亮晶 (臼齿 )碳酸盐消失的时限很可能为75 0 Ma。另外 ,中 -新元古代碳酸盐岩地层具有重要的生烃潜力。 相似文献
11.
研究表明克拉通的形成与超大陆的汇聚和裂解有着重要关系。本文对近年来超大陆重建的研究进行了分析对比,对克拉通发展与超大陆事件的关系做出了总结。前人对超大陆的研究表明,其形成与地幔动力有直接联系,地幔柱重组的旋回导致了超大陆的旋回。Phillips and Bunge（2007）在前人三维球体地幔对流模型的基础上加入大陆进行了模拟实验,结果显示周期性的超大陆旋回只发生在理想模型中,而Senshu et al.（2009）对代表陆壳的英云闪长岩-奥长花岗岩-花岗岩（TTG）地壳进行了研究,提出随着俯冲的TTG地壳产热速率的下降,超大陆旋回的周期随之变长;更有许多学者指出,历史上哥伦比亚超大陆存在时间明显较长,因此超大陆的旋回并不具有周期性。对近年来不同学者提出的哥伦比亚、 罗迪尼亚、 冈瓦纳、 潘基亚4个超大陆新的重建证据进行分析,大致确定出上述4个超大陆的形成时间、 格局及演化过程。此外,对华北、 东欧、 西伯利亚、 亚马孙、 刚果、 西非6个克拉通各自的演化进行分析,也显示出克拉通演化与超大陆汇聚及裂解在时间与空间上有对应关系。通过分析得出克拉通演化与超大陆旋回有关,且确定出克拉通演化的4个超大陆旋回。本文最后讨论了克拉通盆地的成因机制以及3种端元类型,并将盆地的发育与超大陆演化的巨旋回相联系。 相似文献
12.
Contemporaneous assembly of Western Gondwana and final Rodinia break-up: Implications for the supercontinent cycle 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Geological, geochronological and isotopic data are integrated in order to present a revised model for the Neoproterozoic evolution of Western Gondwana. Although the classical geodynamic scenario assumed for the period 800–700 Ma is related to Rodinia break-up and the consequent opening of major oceanic basins, a significantly different tectonic evolution can be inferred for most Western Gondwana cratons. These cratons occupied a marginal position in the southern hemisphere with respect to Rodinia and recorded subduction with back-arc extension, island arc development and limited formation of oceanic crust in internal oceans. This period was thus characterized by increased crustal growth in Western Gondwana, resulting from addition of juvenile continental crust along convergent margins. In contrast, crustal reworking and metacratonization were dominant during the subsequent assembly of Gondwana. The Río de la Plata, Congo-São Francisco, West African and Amazonian cratons collided at ca. 630–600 Ma along the West Gondwana Orogen. These events overlap in time with the onset of the opening of the Iapetus Ocean at ca. 610–600 Ma, which gave rise to the separation of Baltica, Laurentia and Amazonia and resulted from the final Rodinia break-up. The East African/Antarctic Orogen recorded the subsequent amalgamation of Western and Eastern Gondwana after ca. 580 Ma, contemporaneously with the beginning of subduction in the Terra Australis Orogen along the southern Gondwana margin. However, the Kalahari Craton was lately incorporated during the Late Ediacaran–Early Cambrian. The proposed Gondwana evolution rules out the existence of Pannotia, as the final Gondwana amalgamation postdates latest connections between Laurentia and Amazonia. Additionally, a combination of introversion and extroversion is proposed for the assembly of Gondwana. The contemporaneous record of final Rodinia break-up and Gondwana assembly has major implications for the supercontinent cycle, as supercontinent amalgamation and break-up do not necessarily represent alternating episodic processes but overlap in time. 相似文献
13.
Geological history from the late Palaeoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic is dominated by the formation of the supercontinent Columbia, and its break-up and re-amalgamation into the next supercontinent, Rodinia. On a global scale, major orogenic events have been tied to the formation of either of these supercontinents, and records of extension are commonly linked to break-up events. Presented here is a synopsis of the geological evolution of southwest Fennoscandia during the ca. 1.9–0.9 Ga period. This region records a protracted history of continental growth and reworking in a long-lived accretionary orogen. Three major periods of continental growth are defined by the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt (1.86–1.66 Ga), Gothian (1.66–1.52 Ga), and Telemarkian (1.52–1.48 Ga) domains. The 1.47–1.38 Ga Hallandian–Danopolonian period featured reorganization of the subduction zone and over-riding plates, with limited evidence for continental collision. During the subsequent 1.38–1.15 Ga interval, the region is interpreted as being located inboard of a convergent margin that is not preserved today and hosted magmatism and sedimentation related to inboard extensional events. The 1.15–0.9 Ga period is host to Sveconorwegian orogenesis that marks the end of this long-lived accretionary orogen and features significant crustal deformation, metamorphism, and magmatism. Collision of an indenter, typically Amazonia, is commonly inferred for the cause of widespread Sveconorwegian orogenesis, but this remains inconclusive. An alternative is that orogenesis merely represents subduction, terrane accretion, crustal thickening, and burial and exhumation of continental crust, along an accretionary margin. During the Mesoproterozoic, southwest Fennoscandia was part of a much larger accretionary orogen that grew on the edge of the Columbia supercontinent and included Laurentia and Amazonia amongst other cratons. The chain of convergent margins along the western Pacific is the best analogue for this setting of Proterozoic crustal growth and tectonism. 相似文献
14.
The evolution of Earth＇s biosphere,atmosphere and hydrosphere is tied to the formation of continental crust and its subsequent movements on tectonic plates.The supercontinent cycle posits that the continental crust is periodically amalgamated into a single landmass,subsequently breaking up and dispersing into various continental fragments.Columbia is possibly the first true supercontinent,it amalgamated during the 2.0-1.7 Ga period,and collisional orogenesis resulting from its formation peaked at 1.95-1.85 Ga.Geological and palaeomagnetic evidence indicate that Columbia remained as a quasi-integral continental lid until at least 1.3 Ga.Numerous break-up attempts are evidenced by dyke swarms with a large temporal and spatial range; however,palaeomagnetic and geologic evidence suggest these attempts remained unsuccessful.Rather than dispersing into continental fragments,the Columbia supercontinent underwent only minor modifications to form the next supercontinent （Rodinia） at 1.1 -0.9 Ga; these included the transformation of external accretionary belts into the internal Grenville and equivalent collisional belts.Although Columbia provides evidence for a form of ‘lid tectonics’,modern style plate tectonics occurred on its periphery in the form of accretionary orogens.The detrital zircon and preserved geological record are compatible with an increase in the volume of continental crust during Columbia＇s lifespan; this is a consequence of the continuous accretionary processes along its margins.The quiescence in plate tectonic movements during Columbia＇s lifespan is correlative with a long period of stability in Earth＇s atmospheric and oceanic chemistry.Increased variability starting at 1.3 Ga in the environmental record coincides with the transformation of Columbia to Rodinia; thus,the link between plate tectonics and environmental change is strengthened with this interpretation of supercontinent history. 相似文献
15.
Alexander P. Gubanov 《Tectonophysics》2002,352(1-2)
The end of the Proterozoic–beginning of the Cambrian is marked by some of the most dramatic events in the history of Earth. The fall of the Ediacaran biota, followed by the Cambrian Explosion of skeletonised bilaterians, a pronounced shift in oceanic and atmospheric chemistry and rapid climatic change from ‘snowball earth’ to ‘greenhouse’ conditions all happened within a rather geologically short period of time. These events took place against a background of the rearrangement of the prevailing supercontinent; some authors view this as a sequence of individual supercontinents such as Mesoproterozoic Midgardia, Neoproterozoic Rodinia and Early Cambrian Pannotia. Assembled in the Mesoproterozoic, this supercontinent appears to have existed through the Neoproterozoic into the Early Cambrian with periodic changes in configuration. The final rearrangement took place during the Precambrian–Cambrian transition with the Cadomian and related phases of the Pan-African orogeny. The distribution of Early Cambrian molluscs and other small shelly fossils (SSF) across all continents indicates a close geographic proximity of all major cratonic basins that is consistent with the continued existence of the supercontinent at that time. Subsequently, Rodinia experienced breakup that led to the amalgamation of Gondwana, separation of Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia and some small terranes and the emergence of oceanic basins between them. Spreading oceanic basins caused a gradual geographic isolation of the faunal assemblages that were united during the Vendian–Early Cambrian. 相似文献
16.
库鲁克塔格地区是土什布拉克组的命名地和典型剖面分布区,主要由灰绿色砂岩及粉砂岩组成。运用LA-ICP-MS U-Pb方法,对土什布拉克组3件砂岩碎屑锆石进行U-Pb年龄测定,共获得了183组U-Pb有效年龄,既限定了地层的最早形成时代,同时又获取研究区早古生代的演化资料。获得14个较年轻锆石年龄表明,土什布拉克组形成于中—晚志留世。碎屑锆石的谐和年龄表明,物源主要集中在422～537 Ma、559～999 Ma、1018～1574Ma和1604～2498Ma。碎屑锆石年龄394～537Ma和CL图像揭示,在早古生代时期发育大量岩浆岩,但目前地表仅有少量的岩浆岩记录。研究区新元古代的岩浆锆石年龄值,可能与罗迪尼亚超大陆的聚合-裂解有关。碎屑锆石也表明研究区发育区域变质作用,部分与哥伦比亚超大陆有关。 相似文献
17.
Geological, petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic geochronological evidence for Grenville events at the western margin of the Siberian Craton are considered. These events were related to assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent. Multiple manifestations of riftogenic and within-plate magmatism at the final stage of orogenic evolution gave rise to breakdown of Rodinia and the formation of the Paleoasian ocean. The results allowed us to develop a new concept on the Precambrian geological evolution of the Yenisei Ridge and the processes that created its tectonic structure. The chronological sequence of events in the history of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge is based on geological evidence and isotopic dating of Precambrian complexes variable in geodynamic nature. Four tectonic stages dated at 1.4?1.1, 1.1?0.9, 0.90?0.85, and 0.8?0.6 Ga were controlled by collision and extension recognized from large regional linear crustal structural elements. The evolution of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge, which lasted for ～650 Ma, corresponds in duration to supercontinental cycles that begin from rifting and breakdown of the predated supercontinent and was completed by orogeny and the formation of a new supercontinent. The regional geodynamic history correlates with the synchronous sequence and similar style of tectonothermal events at the periphery of the large Precambrian Laurentia and Baltica cratons. This is evidenced by paleocontinental reconstructions, which confirm close spatiotemporal links of Siberia with cratons in the northern Atlantic 1400?600 Ma ago and indicate incorporation of the Siberian Craton into the ancient Nuna and Rodinia supercontinents. 相似文献
18.
N. A. Bozhko 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2011,66(5):313-322
Analysis of tectonic events during the last 3 Ga of the Earth’s evolution, when 400 Ma global supercontinent cyclicities dominated,
identified two types of supercontinental cycles. These types differ by the degree of breakup of a supercontinent that starts
a cycle. Supercontinental cycles of the first type are characterized by a scattered and relatively even global distribution
of the supercontinent split into numerous continents and oceans. Supercontinental cycles of the second type are characterized
by uneven “incomplete” supercontinental breakups, which are localized alternately in either the Northern or the Southern Hemisphere,
whereas a significant part remains after the breakup. These supercontinental cycle types followed each other composing pairs
of megacycles that were 800 Ma long until ca. 700 Ma. Every megacycle consisted of two supercontinental cycles of different
types; however, after the breakup of Rodinia, virtually only the second type of supercontinental cycle has been observed.
The different degrees of the breakup of supercontinents, which are reflected in the two supercontinental-cycle types, may
be caused by uneven heating of the mantle produced by supercontinents owing to the thermal blanket effect. 相似文献
19.
J oseph G. M eert 《地学前缘(英文版)》2014,5(2):155-166
The observation is made that there are very strong similarities between the supercontinents Columbia, Rodinia and Pangea. If plate tectonics was operating over the past 2.5 billion years of Earth history, and dominated by extroversion and introversion of ocean basins, it would be unusual for three superconti-nents to resemble one another so closely. The term＇strange attractor＇ is applied to landmasses that form a coherent geometry in all three supercontinents. Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia form a group of＇strange attractors＇ as do the elements of East Gondwana （India, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar）. The elements of ＂West Gondwana＂ are positioned as a slightly looser amalgam of cratonic blocks in all three super-continents and are referred to as ＇spiritual interlopers＇. Relatively few landmasses （the South China, North China, Kalahari and perhaps Tarim cratons） are positioned in distinct locations within each of the three supercontinents and these are referred to as＇lonely wanderers＇. 〈br〉 There may be several explanations for why these supercontinents show such remarkable similarities. One possibility is that modern-style plate tectonics did not begin until the late Neoproterozoic and horizontal motions were restricted and a vertical style of ＇lid tectonics＇ dominated. If motions were limited for most of the Proterozoic, it would explain the remarkable similarities seen in the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents, but would still require the strange attractors to rift, drift and return to approximately the same geometry within Pangea. 〈br〉 A second possibility is that our views of older supercontinents are shaped by well-known connections documented for the most recent supercontinent, Pangea. It is intriguing that three of the four ＇lonely wanderers＇ （Tarim, North China, South China） did not unite until just before, or slightly after the breakup of Pangea. The fourth＇lonely wanderer＇, the Kalahari （and core Kaapvaal） craton has a somewhat unique Archean-age geology compared to its nearest neighbors in Gondwana, but very similar to that in western Australia. 相似文献
20.
M. Santosh 《地学前缘(英文版)》2010,1(1):21-30
<正>The formation and disruption of supercontinents have significantly impacted mantle dynamics,solid earth processes,surface environments and the biogeochemical cycle.In the early history of the Earth,the collision of parallel intra-oceanic arcs was an important process in building embryonic continents.Superdownwelling along Y-shaped triple junctions might have been one of the important processes that aided in the rapid assembly of continental fragments into closely packed supercontinents. Various models have been proposed for the fragmentation of supercontinents including thermal blanket and superplume hypotheses.The reassembly of supercontinents after breakup and the ocean closure occurs through "introversion","extroversion" or a combination of both,and is characterized by either Pacific-type or Atlantic-type ocean closure.The breakup of supercontinents and development of hydrothermal system in rifts with granitic basement create anomalous chemical environments enriched in nutrients, which serve as the primary building blocks of the skeleton and bone of early modern life forms. A typical example is the rifting of the Rodinia supercontinent,which opened up an N—S oriented sea way along which nutrient enriched upwelling brought about a habitable geochemical environment.The assembly of supercontinents also had significant impact on life evolution.The role played by the Cambrian Gondwana assembly has been emphasized in many models,including the formation of 'Trans-gondwana Mountains' that might have provided an effective source of rich nutrients to the equatorial waters,thus aiding the rapid increase in biodiversity.The planet has witnessed several mass extinction events during its history,mostly connected with major climatic fluctuations including global cooling and warming events,major glaciations,fluctuations in sea level,global anoxia,volcanic eruptions, asteroid impacts and gamma radiation.Some recent models speculate a relationship between superplumes,supercontinent breakup and mass extinction.Upwelling plumes cause continental rifting and formation of large igneous provinces.Subsequent volcanic emissions and resultant plume-induced "winter" have catastrophic effect on the atmosphere that lead to mass extinctions and long term oceanic anoxia.The assembly and dispersal of continents appear to have influenced the biogeochemical cycle,but whether the individual stages of organic evolution and extinction on the planet are closely linked to Solid Earth processes remains to be investigated. 相似文献