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粤北丹霞盆地晚白垩世丹霞组沉积相及古气候意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
粤北丹霞山作为世界自然遗产"中国丹霞"的典型代表,在地貌方面已经积累了丰富的研究成果,但是对丹霞地貌成景地层(晚白垩世红层)的沉积环境和古气候的研究较少。通过对巴寨剖面丹霞组的野外观测、砾石统计、室内砂岩样品薄片鉴定及粒度分析,进行详细的沉积相研究。巴寨剖面丹霞组出露巴寨段和锦石岩段,前者以砾岩为主,发育粒序层理及平行层理、底侵蚀面、叠瓦状构造等,而后者以发育大型交错层理的风成砂岩夹古土壤为特征。在盆地其他位置,可见丹霞组白寨顶段砾岩地层。研究结果表明,在巴寨剖面的晚白垩世丹霞组红层中,可以识别出正粒序层理砾岩、逆粒序层理砾岩、平行层理砾岩、无沉积构造砾岩、大型交错层理风成砂岩、中—薄层砂岩、古土壤7种岩相。巴寨段砾石大小主要为0.5～9.5 cm,成分以脉石英、石英砂岩及砖红色砂岩为主。锦石岩段砂岩粒径为0.03～0.5 mm,分选性好,以跳跃组分为主,指示风成环境。丹霞组从巴寨段到锦石岩段沉积物粒度变细、沉积速率由快变慢,指示了由河流主导的冲积扇沉积体系向沙漠沉积体系的转变,反映了古气候向干热变化,锦石岩段的风成砂岩可能与东亚中纬度地区晚白垩世Campanian期古气候广泛的干旱化有关。丹霞组沉积末期(白寨顶段),古气候条件再次变湿,降水增加,河流将粗粒碎屑物再次搬运到盆地发生沉积,新的冲积扇叠覆在锦石岩段风成砂岩—古土壤序列之上。 相似文献
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基于盐风化作用和化学风化作用在砂岩风化洞穴形成中的意义，本文利用硫酸盐与氯化物等盐类物质对丹霞山岩壁上的红色砂岩进行盐浸泡实验，并对比浸泡前后岩石结构、化学成分及矿物组成的变化，旨在为盐类物质在丹霞山岩壁上洞穴形成中的意义积累科学数据。结果表明，盐浸泡可以使红色砂岩中的矿物组成产生变化；含SO42-比含Cl-的盐溶液对红色砂岩洞穴破坏更为显著，且浓度越高对砂岩表面的剥蚀作用越强烈；盐溶液会使红色砂岩胶结物严重流失，且盐类物质在砂岩孔隙中结晶后，因其粒径的逐渐增大，致使大颗粒石英附近的裂隙扩大，进而加快洞穴的形成。总体上，广东丹霞山红色砂岩崖壁上风化洞穴的成因可解释为长石溶蚀、胶结物流失与盐风化共同作用的结果。 相似文献
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丹霞山是“中国丹霞”世界自然遗产的典型代表,目前对其成景地层（上白垩统丹霞组）沉积环境的研究程度不高,尤其对丹霞组锦石岩段沉积环境还存在争议。锦石岩段以厚层—巨厚层状中-细砂岩为主,发育大型交错层理,夹薄层—极薄层状泥岩、粉砂质泥岩以及钙质层。本文通过对丹霞盆地丹霞组锦石岩段砂岩进行扫描电镜、粒度分析以及岩石地球化学等方面的研究,探讨该套砂岩的沉积特征及成因。研究表明：该套砂岩以长石石英砂岩为主,显微镜下石英颗粒常见港湾状撞击凹坑,颗粒边缘发育铁、锰及泥质边框,胶结物主要为蒙脱石和方解石。扫描电镜下石英颗粒表面可见碟形撞击坑,具有风成沉积特征。该段砂岩粒度范围窄,分选性好,其稀土总量ΣREE = 40.2×10-6～215.0×10-6,LREE/HREE = 5.54～12.46,轻稀土相对富集,重稀土相对亏损。δEu负异常明显,Ce无异常,具有与中国大陆上地壳相似的高场强元素（Pb、Zr、Hf）和大离子亲石元素（Rb、Ba）组成,化学蚀变指数（CIA）值介于56.99～75.87之间,反映了较低的古风化程度,指示了干旱、炎热的的古气候条件。La/Yb-ΣREE图解和F1-F2判别函数图解研究表明,丹霞组锦石岩段砂岩的母岩物质成分以古老上地壳的长英质为主,具有被动大陆边缘属性的陆内裂谷特征。丹霞盆地晚白垩世锦石岩段沉积时期,具有干燥的地表沉积环境,可能与晚白垩世中期Campanian期东亚中纬度地区的干旱古气候条件相关。 相似文献
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云南思茅盆地景谷地区下白垩统曼岗组风成砂岩沉积学特征及其古气候意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文通过野外剖面的观察和实测,室内薄片鉴定、阴极发光分析、粒度分析、扫描电镜及能谱测试分析,研究了云南思茅盆地景谷地区下白垩统曼岗组风成砂岩沉积学特征,详细了解了风成砂岩的发育特征,以期为研究区白垩纪古气候研究提供新的资料,为我国钾盐勘探提供一定的地质依据和新的思路。研究结果表明:1研究区曼岗组主要出露一套中—细粒石英砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩,发育中—大型交错层理、平行层理,碎屑颗粒分选中等-好,以次圆状-圆状为主,孔隙不发育,杂基含量少;2曼岗组中段发育具平行层理的石英砂岩,粒度分布呈双众数,带状分布,石英颗粒为浑圆状,颗粒表面见Fe、Mn质薄膜,颗粒表面具明显的碟形坑等特征,属于典型的风成砂岩,初步判定其沉积环境为风成沙丘和丘间沉积;3景谷地区下白垩统曼岗组风成砂岩,整体表现为干热型气候,曼岗组中段为丘间沉积,曼岗组上段和下段为沙丘沉积。其在搬运沉积成岩过程中经历了强烈的物理、化学风化作用,整体表现为氧化环境,风力较大,风速稳定,持续时间长。此外,可能还经历了一段时期的湿润性气候环境,这可能与大气降水、大气环流带的迁移,以及白垩纪海侵作用等有关。 相似文献
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连城冠豸山由上白垩统崇安组紫红色厚层-巨厚层砾岩、砂砾岩构成单斜式丹霞地貌,丹霞崖壁发育形态各异的洞穴,构成独特的洞穴地貌景观.丹霞洞穴的发育受岩性及裂隙控制,崖壁上的含砾粉砂岩及含砾砂岩、细砂岩等夹层是洞穴发育的主要层位,岩层厚度及节理、裂隙控制洞穴产出规模,风化剥蚀、大气降水侵蚀、重力崩塌以及河流流水侵蚀是形成不同形态洞穴的主要外动力作用,洞穴的形成与发育常由多种外动力综合作用的结果. 相似文献
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丹霞山是“中国丹霞”世界自然遗产的典型代表,目前对其成景地层上白垩统丹霞组沉积环境的研究程度不高,尤其对锦石岩段沉积环境还存在较大争议。锦石岩段以厚层—巨厚层状中-粗砂岩为主,发育大型交错层理,夹中薄层—极薄层状泥岩、粉砂质泥岩以及钙质层。本次采集的锦石岩段顶部中层状泥岩样品的黏土矿物成分以伊利石为主,稀土总量较高,ΣREE = 191.19×10-6～308.73×10-6,轻、重稀土分异明显,轻稀土富集,δEu = 0.52～0.63,负异常明显,δCe = 0.91～1.27,Ce无异常,古盐度 = 10.74‰～16.21‰、B/Ga = 3.89～5.04、V/（V+Ni）= 0.74,代表了在干旱到半干旱的气候环境下,缺氧条件下的半咸水沉积水体,可能与晚白垩世中期Campanian期东亚中纬度地区的干旱古气候条件相关。短期有淡水注入,可能与其暂时性河道发育有关。La/Yb-ΣREE图解和Hf-La/Th图解研究表明,丹霞组锦石岩段泥岩的母岩物质成分以长英质和基性岩为主,具有岛弧属性。 相似文献
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盐风化作用是地球表面普遍存在的一种物理风化作用,由于盐类的周期性结晶作用而造成地表岩石和建筑材料的破坏,形成诸如风化穴或蜂窝石构造等地貌景观。盐风化作用也是差异风化的主要表现形式之一。然而,到目前为止盐风化作用在中国地学界仍然被严重忽视,以至于盐风化作用造成的地貌景观常常被地学研究者和科普人士误读为海浪冲蚀、流水侵蚀、风蚀作用等。经过近十年的野外观察与探讨,笔者等对盐风化的形成机理和表现形式有了深入的理解。本文以中国境内东部海岸带、华北半干旱区、西北干旱区和东南湿热气候带基岩露头为例,系统地分析了盐风化作用的机理及其在不同气候带的表现形式。盐风化的必要条件是:适当的可溶性盐类(如Na_2SO_4、NaCl等)供应、周期性的干湿交替和温度变化。盐风化作用主要在发育可渗性孔隙的砂砾岩类和富含微裂隙的花岗岩类之露头表面表现明显,可以形成特征显著的盐风化穴。盐风化作用形成的地貌景观在东部海岸带和西北干旱区表现尤为明显,常常形成蜂窝石构造和大型风化穴,与风蚀作用的痕迹明显有别;而在华北半干旱区和南方湿热气候带虽然受到降雨等其他因素的影响而常常遭受改造、叠加甚或清除,但在某些露头区仍然保留有重要的识别标志,形成大型风化穴以及小型蜂窝石构造。笔者等强调:地表各种地貌景观形成过程中都有盐风化作用的贡献,而建筑物和景观保护也必须考虑到盐风化作用的影响。建议地学同仁重视盐风化作用的普遍性和重要性,在相关教材中补充更新盐风化的概念,并以科普的方式通过多种媒体纠正过去的错误认识。 相似文献
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Tafoni occur generally in granular rocks around the world, but their origin remains controversial. In this study,the roles of lithology, micro–climate, and organism in tafoni development are investigated in the Danxiashan UNESCO Global Geopark of South China. The Jinshiyan Temple and Luyitang sites along the Jinjiang River are chosen to conduct tafoni morphometry, bedrock petrography, and micro–climate analyses. The research methods used in this study include field observations and measurements, Voronoi diagrams, polarizing microscopic and scanning electron microscopic(SEM)image analysis, and meteorological detection. The tafoni are mostly 2–10 cm in length and elliptical in shape. The Late Cretaceous Jinshiyan sandstones are characterized by a grain–to–grain contact fabric and moderate sorting with a high proportion of soluble grains and cements. The Voronoi diagrams developed through the Arc GIS software are largely consistent with the tafoni openings. Moreover, owing to exposure to solar insolation, the external temperature values are higher than the internal ones, while the external relative humidity values are lower than the internal ones. Therefore, the permeable Jinshiyan sandstones are fundamental for tafoni development, while the abundant moisture from the Jinjiang River and frequent rains is favorable for salt weathering in tandem with biological activities. At last, a five–stage development model is proposed for the tafoni progression in the study area. 相似文献
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Cavernous weathering is commonly found on sandstone slopes in different environments. Either a single dominant process or polygenetic agents require to be invoked in order to interpret the development. The Yongningshan hill of the central Loess Plateau is representative of cliff dwellings in Northwest China, which is characterized by well-developed cavernous weathering features and provides a good opportunity for the better understanding of sandstone weathering in the Loess Plateau. Multiple methods, including field survey, in-situ rock strength measurement, along with experiments on samples for microscopic observation, element composition and salt chemistry, were employed to investigate the controlling factors of cavernous weathering. The results show that cavern development is different on the four slopes with the western slope hosting massive honeycombs, tafoni and hardened surfaces. The porous and permeable aeolian sandstones are fundamental, because they provide space and pathways for the transportation of water and salt, honeycombs dominantly aligning within the lamination of cross-beds. The environmental factors such as the seasonal wetting and drying cycle, aeolian salt, moisture and water vapor are key factors for the development of cavernous weathering forms. The northern and northwestern wind-blown dust storms have brought abundant salts, the lengthier dry periods of the wetting and drying cycle being beneficial for salt accumulation within caverns, favoring salt weathering. 相似文献
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江西石城国家地质公园的龟裂地貌主要产于晚白垩世河口组红色砂岩中,造型奇特、多样,形成许多象形景观,如龟寿石、松果石、鳄鱼石、仙人犁田等,引人注目。但是,对这些龟裂地貌的微观研究不足,导致对其成因的解释比较模糊。本次在野外用罗盘测量裂隙走向,同时采集砂岩样品进行偏光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜实验观察,分析龟裂地貌形成的原因。野外观察发现,龟裂地貌主要发育在颗粒相对均匀的厚层细粒砂岩中,可产在砂岩层面或其它暴露面上,向下延伸一般不超过15 cm。在偏光显微镜下,砂岩样品的碎屑颗粒主要为次棱角状-次圆状,分选性较好,填隙物中含有方解石胶结物。在扫描电镜下,颗粒胶结疏松,颗粒表面的溶蚀小孔和裂隙比较常见。结合国内外类似研究,本文认为岩性是龟裂地貌发育的基本要素,裂隙走向的玫瑰花图显示,断裂构造控制了一部分龟裂的形成,但并不是唯一的原因。在风化作用过程中,由于硅、铁、锰氧化物沉淀而在砂岩表层形成薄层结壳,后由于应力拉张使结壳破裂,形成细小的裂隙,流水沿着裂隙侵蚀使其扩大,最终形成龟裂地貌。最后,提出龟裂地貌的四个阶段演化模式。 相似文献
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盐源盆地始新世丽江组沉积时期发育了一套具大型高角度交错层理的红色砂岩,其确切成因对于厘定青藏高原东缘古近纪古地理格局、恢复东亚新生代干旱带与古气候演化过程具有重要意义。文中通过对盐源盆地始新统丽江组红色砂岩的沉积特征进行系统分析,证明该套砂岩的岩性、粒度分布、石英颗粒表面特征与沉积构造等明显不同于水成沉积,而与典型风成沙丘相应特征完全一致,表明其为风成沙丘沉积。结合古近纪研究区的古气候条件、大气环流样式与大地构造背景,笔者进一步推断盐源盆地始新世风成沙丘可能沉积于中国古近纪干旱带内的沙漠环境。根据目前相关研究资料,确认青藏高原东缘存在一个厚度稳定的古近纪风成沙丘富集带。 相似文献
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Voronoi, or area-of-influence, polygons are convex, space-filling polygons constructed around a set of points (Voronoi centers) such that each polygon contains all points closer to its Voronoi center than to the center of any other polygon. The relationship of Voronoi centers to edges of Voronoi polygons is used to test whether any convex tessellation consists of Voronoi polygons. This test amounts to finding Voronoi centers that best fit the given tessellation. Voronoi centers are found by solving two systems of linear equations. These equations represent (1) conditions on the slope of polygon edges relative to the slope of lines through Voronoi centers, and (2) conditions on the distance from edges to Voronoi centers. Least squares and constrained least-squares solutions are used to solve the two systems. Different methods of solution can provide insight as to how a tessellation varies from Voronoi polygons. A goodness-of-fit statistic is derived and examined by testing randomly generated convex tessellations. Some polygonal ice cracks provide an example of naturally occurring polygons that are approximated closely by Voronoi polygons. 相似文献
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Heidrun Stück Siegfried Siegesmund Jörg Rüdrich 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(7-8):1763-1786
The construction suitability of a dimension stone depends on its weathering properties along with the petrology and the petrophysical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the dimension stones from the “Drei Gleichen” area for construction and replacement purposes. In total, six sandstones (Ingersleben, Wachsenburg, Hindfelden, Seeberg, Röhnberg, Gleichenberg; Upper Triassic) as well as two carbonates (Wachsenburg sinter; Quaternary, Wandersleben dolomite; Middle Triassic) were analysed. The results from our laboratory and on-site studies of the dimension stones show that rocks from the same stratigraphic layer, like the sandstones from the upper Triassic, can show major differences in their petrophysical and weathering properties. These differences are attributed to their different diagenesis, resulting, e.g. in varying pore space, water balance and strength properties. The pore size distribution can be divided into four different groups based on their occurring maxima and micropore content. The determined water balance properties as well as moisture expansion and salt attack depend on these groups. Next to this, the mineralogical composition significantly influences the weathering resistance. Sandstones with a high content of altered lithoclasts show a high amount of moisture expansion, low strength and, in consequence, a low weathering resistance against salt attack. Based on the results of the present study, an evaluation of construction suitability could be accomplished. From the analysed sandstones, only the Seebergen sandstone is suitable for construction purposes due to its good availability, good strength properties (high compressive and tensile strength, low softening degree) as well as a low porosity. Furthermore, the Wachsenburg sandstone also shows good petrophysical and petrological properties, but exploitable deposits are too sparse to be of commercial interest. From the carbonates, the Wachsenburg sinter shows very suitable rock parameters, but only sparse outcrops occur, which are not appropriate for mining. 相似文献
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Holocene aeolian silts deposited on the Cape Verde Islands provide information about the origin of African palaeodusts that have fallen on the north-eastern Atlantic ocean over the last 10 000 years. Sedimentological composition indicates that most of these aeolian silts are unquestionably of continental origin. Their Sr and Nd isotopic composition identifies a Saharan origin-suggesting transport by Harmattan winds. We estimate that Saharan dust comprises 75–95% of material in these Holocene silts, the rest coming from the weathering of local basaltic bedrock. 相似文献
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作为一类常见的陆相沉积岩类型,风成砂岩产出于太古代到新生代的岩石记录中。风成砂沉积的形成与古气候、古环境密切相关,因而地质历史中的风成砂沉积是研究古气候和古地理环境的重要窗口。本文回顾了国内外风成砂沉积的研究进展,着重讨论了气候因素控制下风成砂沉积的成因及其形成过程。当前,国际研究注重风成沙丘形成过程的推理和模拟以及风成砂的沉积成岩过程,在风成沙丘形成过程、计算模拟、沉积保存的四维时空模型、风成相等方面取得了许多新认识。鉴于国际研究动态,国内需要在地层记录中鉴别和剖析风成砂的宏观和微观形态特征基础上,加强风成砂沉积动力学过程研究,增强对风成砂沉积(微)环境的理解和认识。 相似文献
19.
《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2010,56(5):236-244
The mountains in the eastern region of southern Africa are of significant regional importance, providing for a diverse range of land use including conservation, tourism and subsistence agriculture. The higher regions are comprised of flood basalts and are immediately underlain by predominantly aeolian-origin sandstones. Our understanding of the weathering of these basalts and sandstones is reviewed here, with particular focus on the insights gained from the Lesotho Highlands Water Project and an ongoing study into the deterioration of rock art. While the chemical weathering attributes of the basalts have been substantially investigated, it is evident that the environmental surface conditions of rock moisture and temperature, as affecting weathering processes, remain largely unknown. Within the sandstones, studies pertaining to rock art deterioration present insights into the potential surface weathering processes and highlight the need for detailed field monitoring. Outside of these site-specific studies, however, little is understood of how weathering impacts on landscape development; notably absent, are detail on weathering rates, and potential effects of biological weathering. Some palaeoenvironmental inferences have also been made from weathering products, both within the basalts and the sandstones, but aspects of these remain controversial and further detailed research can still be undertaken. 相似文献