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中石油在西南的某重点工程项目,发现有F7断层穿过场地,为此利用浅层地震反射波法和高密度电法进行断裂带勘察。其中布设地震测线3条,电法测线4条。经勘探查明了该工程区域内的地层特征及F7断裂的位置、深度、倾向及伸深方向。根据勘探结果,在地震L1测线与高密度电法G2测线上布设钻孔验证,其结果证实,在解释的破碎带两侧地层层序正常,而破碎带内的钻孔显示有断层存在。本次勘探对F7断裂带的位置及产状的准确描述,为该重点工程的设计提供了可靠的依据。 相似文献
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厚覆盖层地区隐伏活断层探测的地震方法技术——以桥北镇—宿迁断层为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地震反射勘探法是当前城市地震活断层探测的主要方法,它在厚覆盖区探测断层及其上断点的效果取决于所采用的工作方法和技术参数。桥北镇—宿迁断裂是郯庐断裂带在江苏境内一条重要的隐伏断裂。以宿迁市活动断层探测项目中针对该断裂敷设于厚覆盖层地区的QL14测线为例,为了查明测线控制地段内断裂的空间展布形态、性质以及活动性,针对不同目标、目的层深度和精度要求,作者按照组合、分步探测的工作思路,采用了不同的地震勘探方法技术和采集参数对其进行了高分辨率地震反射成像,解决了地质任务要求与野外资料采集方法之间的矛盾,从而获得了埋深约16~450 m范围内高分辨率的地层结构和非常清晰的断裂构造图像,为钻孔联合剖面位置的布设、钻孔深度的设计以及断裂活动性的评价提供了地震学依据。最后经高精度钻孔联合地质剖面证实,地震勘探方法反演得到的主要地层界面和构造特征都与钻孔联合地质剖面吻合较好。试验结果表明:采用组合探测的方法能够获得断层在不同深度的产状、展布以及由深至浅完整的分布图像;地震勘探法在厚覆盖区确定隐伏断层具体位置和判定断层活动性具有可行性以及地震勘探与钻孔联合地质剖面相结合的工作方法具有有效性。 相似文献
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《物探与化探》2016,(6)
反射地震方法是当前探测城市地震活断层的主要方法,该方法在厚覆盖区探测效果较好。在浅覆盖区采用的接收排列长度较短,震源干扰波对浅层反射波干扰严重,且要求的分别率较高,应用反射地震方法探测城市活断层难度较大。北戴河鸽子窝断裂是秦皇岛—大连断裂在陆地上的一部分。由于该断裂为隐伏断裂,对断裂的倾向、断距、上断点和空间展布存在不确定性。为查明该断裂的空间展布形态、性质以及活动性,采用高精度浅层地震探测技术探测该断裂获得了十分清晰的反射地震图像,依据该地震剖面能够对第四系内部界面、基岩和基岩风化层及断裂构造进行解释,为钻孔联合剖面位置的布设、钻孔深度的设计以及断裂活动性的评价提供了依据。最后经高精度钻孔联合地质剖面证实,地震勘探方法反演得到的主要地层界面和断裂构造特征与钻孔联合地质剖面吻合较好。 相似文献
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1976年宁河MS6.9地震,是天津地区有历史记载以来的最大地震,也是唐山地震的第二大余震,对当地造成了较大的人员伤亡和经济损失。虽已过去40多年,但是宁河地震发震构造的研究基础还比较薄弱,尚未形成清晰统一的认识。华北地区人口稠密,经济发达,对宁河地震的发震构造展开研究,对该地区的中长期地震预测、重要工程的抗震设防及唐山地震的破裂机理研究等具有重要的实用价值和科学意义。通过地质地貌调查、小地震精定位及钻孔联合探测等并结合前人的烈度调查结果,获得以下主要认识：1)1976年宁河6.9级地震的发震构造不大可能是NW向的蓟运河断裂,而更可能是NE向的构造,即付庄-高庄断裂。宁河地震NE向的发震构造与华北的区域地震构造环境相统一,即绝大多数强震发生在NE-NNE向断裂上;2)付庄-高庄断裂与唐山断裂组成了一个右旋左阶式的“挤压型阶区”,可以很好地解释唐山主震时断裂西南部逆冲子事件的出现;3)付庄-高庄断裂是天津地区已知的唯一出露于地表的全新世活动断裂,其作为一个潜在的、具有7级左右发震能力的危险源,对滨海新区的经济建设具有十分重要的意义,建议对该断裂开展进一步的研究。 相似文献
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京张高铁预选路线跨越延矾盆地北缘活动断裂隐伏段,隐伏活动断裂的产状、活动性对高铁设计、建设和运营具有直接影响。针对盆地隐伏活动断裂的复杂性特征,利用可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)、浅层地震、高密度电阻率综合地球物理探测,以及钻孔地层剖面记录等方法,分析延矾盆地北缘活动断裂隐伏段特征,结果表明:(1)延矾盆地北缘活动断裂隐伏段由两条次级断层组成(F2-1、F2-2),二者大致平行分布,走向N56°E,倾角为50～70°,平面上,与地表出露段共同呈右阶雁列分布;(2)F2-1次级断层可分辨上断点埋深约10 m,其晚更新世以来垂直滑动速率大约0.12 mm/a,应是重大工程建设重点设防对象,次级断裂F2-2可分辨上断点埋深约30 m,晚更新世以来活动性弱;(3)通过钻孔地层剖面记录与地球物理探测成果对比,CSAMT法与浅层地震勘探对基岩顶界面探测可靠有效,高密度电阻率法对于该地区浅部第四系松散堆积物探测效果显著,比较直观地反映出电性异常体的形态和规模,通过综合地球物理探测,能够做到优势互补,减少隐伏活动断层解译的不确定性。 相似文献
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研究区位于青藏高原的东北隅(96°～107°E,30°～35°N)。基于该地区长度大于2km的4 781条1∶20万数字化实测断裂、1900年以来的5 220条数字地震记录,以及野外地质观测数据,识别出993条不同属性的地震断层,构建了该地区百年地震构造格局。1970年以来十年期地震断层跃迁图像表明,自20世纪80年代中期白马—虎牙强烈震群爆发之后,地震活动在沿各主要走滑断层带自西(北西)向东(南东)迁移的同时,逐渐向中部贡玛—达曲断裂带和南部鲜水河断裂带的东南段集中。地震活动的断裂构造联系主要表现为挤压剪切转换机制和典型的楔顶效应。研究区165个GPS速度矢量展现了与3个地块和以鲜水河断裂带为主的速度域、速度梯度带和速度扰动区。跨研究区南缘鲜水河断裂带的位移速率因贡玛—达曲断裂带汇聚而达到了6.5～8.6mm/a,而跨北缘东昆仑断裂带的位移速度只有1.8～2.2mm/a。因鲜水河断裂走向在其中南段发生向南的急剧偏转,垂直断层面的位移矢量分量不断增强,形成了汶川8.0级地震成核及NE向单边破裂的动力学条件。 相似文献
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The geometry of a fault zone exerts a major control on earthquake rupture processes and source parameters. Observations previously compiled from multiple faults suggest that fault surface shape evolves with displacement, but the specific processes driving the evolution of fault geometry within a single fault zone are not well understood. Here, we characterize the deformation history and geometry of an extraordinarily well-exposed fault using maps of cross-sectional exposures constructed with the Structure from Motion photogrammetric method. The La Quinta Fault, located in southern California, experienced at least three phases of deformation. Multiple layers of ultracataclasite formed during the most recent phase. Crosscutting relations between the layers define the evolution of the structures and demonstrate that new layers formed successively during the deformation history. Wear processes such as grain plucking from one layer into a younger layer and truncation of asperities at layer edges indicate that the layers were slip zones and the contacts between them slip surfaces. Slip surfaces that were not reactivated or modified after they were abandoned exhibit self-affine geometry, preserving the fault roughness from different stages of faulting. Roughness varies little between surfaces, except the last slip zone to form in the fault, which is the smoothest. This layer contains a distinct mineral assemblage, indicating that the composition of the fault rock exerts a control on roughness. In contrast, the similar roughness of the older slip zones, which have comparable mineralogy but clearly crosscut one another, suggests that as the fault matured the roughness of the active slip surface stayed approximately constant. Wear processes affected these layers, so for roughness to stay constant the roughening and smoothing effects of fault slip must have been approximately balanced. These observations suggest fault surface evolution occurs by nucleation of new surfaces and wear by competing smoothing and re-roughening processes. 相似文献
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S-S. Xu A. F. Nieto-Samaniego S. A. Alaniz-Álvarez L. G. Velasquillo-Martínez 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2006,95(5):841-853
The power-law exponent (n) in the equation: D=cL
n
, with D = maximum displacement and L = fault length, would be affected by deviations of fault trace length. (1) Assuming n=1, numerical simulations on the effect of sampling and linkage on fault length and length–displacement relationship are done in this paper. The results show that: (a) uniform relative deviations, which means all faults within a dataset have the same relative deviation, do not affect the value of n; (b) deviations of the fault length due to unresolved fault tip decrease the values of n and the deviations of n increase with the increasing length deviations; (c) fault linkage and observed dimensions either increase or decrease the value of n depending on the distribution of deviations within a dataset; (d) mixed deviations of the fault lengths are either negative or positive and cause the values of n to either decrease or increase; (e) a dataset combined from two or more datasets with different values of c and orders of magnitude also cause the values of n to deviate. (2) Data including 19 datasets and spanning more than eight orders of fault length magnitudes (10−2–105 m) collected from the published literature indicate that the values of n range from 0.55 to 1.5, the average value being 1.0813, and the peak value of n
d (double regression) is 1.0–1.1. Based on above results from the simulations and published data, we propose that the relationship between the maximum displacement and fault length in a single tectonic environment with uniform mechanical properties is linear, and the value of n deviated from 1 is mainly caused by the sampling and linkage effects. 相似文献
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西拉木伦河断裂作为华北板块与西伯利亚板块的最终缝合线,其西段的展布较为明确,但其东段尤其是在松辽盆地下部的延伸一直没有定论.本文通过对松辽盆地西部边界嫩江-八里罕断裂、中央断裂构造性质的研究,证实它们都具有左行走滑剪切的特征,据此初步提出了西拉木伦河断裂在松辽盆地下部被嫩江-八里罕断裂和中央断裂左行错移的认识.结合已报道的松辽盆地基底高精度锆石年龄数据,松辽盆地南部重力异常特征、MT剖面以及地壳和岩石圈厚度特征,认为西拉木伦河断裂在松辽盆地下部沿开鲁-通辽-科尔沁左翼中旗-长春-线展布. 相似文献
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Very high strains recorded in mylonites along the Alpine Fault, New Zealand: implications for the deep structure of plate boundary faults 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Oblique displacement on the Alpine Fault, which forms the principal structure along the Australian–Pacific plate boundary in South Island, New Zealand, has resulted in exhumation of a kilometre-wide mylonite zone in the hanging wall adjacent to the current brittle fault trace. The mylonites formed under amphibolite facies conditions at depths of ca. 25 km and have been uplifted during the past 5 Ma. A suite of 65–70 Ma pegmatite veins in the hanging wall Alpine schists has been progressively deformed within the mylonite zone and sheared out over a strike length of ca. 100 km. Measurements of the thickness distribution of the pegmatite veins within the non-mylonitised schists and at three localities within the progressively strained mylonites have been used to estimate strain values within the mylonites. The thicknesses approximate a log-normal distribution, with a mean value that is progressively reduced through the protomylonites, mylonites and ultramylonites. By assuming that the thickness distribution currently observed in the schists was the same for the pegmatites within the mylonites before strain, a model of deformation incorporating simple shear and simultaneous pure shear is used to strain the undeformed veins until a fit is obtained with the strained distributions. Shear strains calculated range from 12 to 22 for the protomylonites, 120 to 200 for the mylonites and 180 to 300 for the ultramylonites, corresponding to pure shear values of 1–3 in each case. These values are compatible with the strains predicted if most of the surface displacement on the fault over the past 5 Ma were accommodated within a 1–2-km-wide mylonite zone through the middle and lower crusts. The results suggest that processes such as erosional focussing of deformation and thermal weakening may cause intense strain localisation within the lower crust, with plate boundary deformation restricted to narrow zones rather than becoming increasingly distributed over a widening shear zone with depth. 相似文献
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Paul Wilson Rob L. Gawthorpe David Hodgetts Franklin Rarity Ian R. Sharp 《Journal of Structural Geology》2009,31(8):759-775
The geometry and architecture of a well exposed syn-rift normal fault array in the Suez rift is examined. At pre-rift level, the Nukhul fault consists of a single zone of intense deformation up to 10 m wide, with a significant monocline in the hanging wall and much more limited folding in the footwall. At syn-rift level, the fault zone is characterised by a single discrete fault zone less than 2 m wide, with damage zone faults up to approximately 200 m into the hanging wall, and with no significant monocline developed. The evolution of the fault from a buried structure with associated fault-propagation folding, to a surface-breaking structure with associated surface faulting, has led to enhanced bedding-parallel slip at lower levels that is absent at higher levels. Strain is enhanced at breached relay ramps and bends inherited from pre-existing structures that were reactivated during rifting. Damage zone faults observed within the pre-rift show ramp-flat geometries associated with contrast in competency of the layers cut and commonly contain zones of scaly shale or clay smear. Damage zone faults within the syn-rift are commonly very straight, and may be discrete fault planes with no visible fault rock at the scale of observation, or contain relatively thin and simple zones of scaly shale or gouge. The geometric and architectural evolution of the fault array is interpreted to be the result of (i) the evolution from distributed trishear deformation during upward propagation of buried fault tips to surface faulting after faults breach the surface; (ii) differences in deformation response between lithified pre-rift units that display high competence contrasts during deformation, and unlithified syn-rift units that display low competence contrasts during deformation, and; (iii) the history of segmentation, growth and linkage of the faults that make up the fault array. This has important implications for fluid flow in fault zones. 相似文献
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Fault growth and interactions in a multiphase rift fault network: Horda Platform,Norwegian North Sea
Physical models predict that multiphase rifts that experience a change in extension direction between stretching phases will typically develop non-colinear normal fault sets. Furthermore, multiphase rifts will display a greater frequency and range of styles of fault interactions than single-phase rifts. Although these physical models have yielded useful information on the evolution of fault networks in map view, the true 3D geometry of the faults and associated interactions are poorly understood. Here, we use an integrated 3D seismic reflection and borehole dataset to examine a range of fault interactions that occur in a natural multiphase fault network in the northern Horda Platform, northern North Sea. In particular we aim to: i) determine the range of styles of fault interaction that occur between non-colinear faults; ii) examine the typical geometries and throw patterns associated with each of these different styles; and iii) highlight the differences between single-phase and multiphase rift fault networks. Our study focuses on a ca. 350 km2 region around the >60 km long, N–S-striking Tusse Fault, a normal fault system that was active in the Permian–Triassic and again in the Late Jurassic-to-Early Cretaceous. The Tusse Fault is one of a series of large (>1500 m throw) N–S-striking faults forming part of the northern Horda Platform fault network, which includes numerous smaller (2–10 km long), lower throw (<100 m), predominantly NW–SE-striking faults that were only active during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. We examine how the 2nd-stage NW–SE-striking faults grew, interacted and linked with the N–S-striking Tusse Fault, documenting a range of interaction styles including mechanical and kinematic isolation, abutment, retardation and reactivated relays. Our results demonstrate that: i) isolated, and abutting interactions are the most common fault interaction styles in the northern Horda Platform; ii) pre-existing faults can act as sites of nucleation for 2nd-stage faults or may form mechanical barriers to propagation; iii) the throw distribution on reactivated 1st-stage faults will be modified in a predictable manner if they are intersected or influenced by 2nd-stage faults; iv) sites of fault linkage and relay-breaching associated with the first phase of extension can act as preferential nucleation sites for 2nd-stage faults; and v) the development of fault intersections is a dynamic process, involving the gradual transition from one style to another. 相似文献
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阿尔泰山活动断裂 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
文中介绍了位于亚洲腹地阿尔泰山地区的活动断裂。中国阿尔泰山 (阿尔泰山西南麓 )和蒙古阿尔泰山 (阿尔泰山的东麓 )以NNW向大型走滑断裂为主 ,科布多断裂是阿尔泰山东麓的一条主要NNW向走滑断裂 ,长度近 70 0km。第四纪中晚期右旋走滑速率可达 6 10mm/a ,其上发现有长逾2 0 0km的古地震形变带。富蕴断裂则是阿尔泰山西南麓的一条主要NNW向断裂 ,中晚第四纪的走滑运动速率为 (4± 2 )mm/a ,在中国阿尔泰山的西端还发育规模相对较小的NNW向右旋走滑断裂 ,中晚第四纪走滑速率为 (2± 1)mm/a。中国阿尔泰山 (阿尔泰山的西南麓 )还发育NWW向右旋走滑逆断裂 ,其规模相对较小 ,至中国阿尔泰山西端NWW向的额尔齐斯断裂具有明显的右旋走滑性质。蒙古阿尔泰山的南端则发育近东西向的左旋走滑逆断裂。在与戈壁阿尔泰山交汇部位 ,左旋走滑运动具主导作用。戈壁阿尔泰山发育的戈壁阿尔泰断裂带断续延伸可达 10 0 0km以上 ,目前的研究认为 ,其滑动速率为 12mm/a。其中的博格德断裂上 195 7年发生了戈壁阿尔泰 8.3级地震 ,形变带长约 2 5 0km。阿尔泰山活动断裂的规模、运动强度和强地震活动表明这里不仅受到遥远的印度板块北向推挤作用的影响 ,而且受到较近的地球动力学过程的影响或控制。 相似文献
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胶莱盆地构造演化规律 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
胶莱盆地是中生代走滑拉分盆地，其形成与发育受到沂沭断裂和五莲—即墨—牟平断裂的控制。从晚侏罗世—晚白垩世经历了莱阳期、青山期和王氏期的盆地发展阶段。构造活动使不同时期的盆地格局发生改变，不同阶段盆地的次级构造单元也随之变化。不同阶段次级构造单元的形成与演变反映了构造活动对盆地发育的控制作用，表现在各单元之间沉积相发生突变。扬子板块与华北板块的碰撞，控制郯庐断裂带(沂沭断裂带)和五莲—即墨—牟平断裂的运动方向和强度，进而控制胶莱盆地的形成与发育。同时盆地发育也受到太平洋板块的影响与控制。 相似文献