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1.
The oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of minerals from banded iron formations (BIFs) and high-grade ore in the region of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) were determined in order to estimate the temperature of regional metamorphism and the nature of rock-and ore-forming solutions. Magnetite and hematite of primary sedimentary or diagenetic origin have δ18O within the range from +2 to 6‰. During metamorphism, primary iron oxides, silicates, and carbonates were involved in thermal dissociation and other reactions to form magnetite with δ18O = +6 to +11‰. As follows from a low δ18Oav = ?3.5‰ of mushketovite (magnetite pseudomorphs after hematite) in high-grade ore, this mineral was formed as a product of hematite reduction by organic matter. The comparison of δ18O of iron oxides, siderite, and quartz from BIFs formed at different stages of the evolution of the Kursk protogeosyncline revealed specific sedimentation (diagenesis) conditions and metamorphism of the BIFs belonging to the Kursk and Oskol groups. BIF of the Oskol Group is distinguished by a high δ18O of magnetite compared to other Proterozoic BIFs. Martite ore differs from host BIF by a low δ18O = ?0.2 to ?5.9‰. This implies that oxygen from infiltration water was incorporated into the magnetite lattice during the martite formation. Surface water penetrated to a significant depth through tectonic faults and fractures. 相似文献
2.
The criteria for the evaluation of the REE composition of phosphorites and sedimentary rocks have been determined. These data are required to reconstruct depositional environments. Literature data on the geochemistry of some phosphorite deposits of Eurasia are considered. The REE patterns of Mesozoic phosphorites of the East European Platform are studied. On the basis of REE contents, the ratios of lanthanides and fields on the La–(Nd + Sm)–(Y + Dy), La–(Ce + Nd + Sm)–(Y + Dy), and LREE–MREE–(HREE×10) diagrams have been determined as indicators of climate and the depth and facies conditions of sedimentation. 相似文献
3.
It is shown that siderite is unstable during sedimentation, diagenesis, and metamorphism of sedimentary and volcanosedimentary rocks. Regularities in the distribution of siderite in Precambrian jaspilites (iron formations), metasomatic ores of the Bakal type, continental–marine coaliferous formations, and oolitic iron ores are discussed. The genesis of the Precambrian iron formations and Riphean–Lower Paleozoic elisional–hydrothermal deposits is considered. The genetic relation of nodular siderites from coaliferous formations and oolitic iron ores with lowmoor coal-forming peat deposits is noted. 相似文献
4.
N. V. Aksamentova 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2008,43(3):281-300
The paper presents characteristics of the least studied iron formations of the East European Craton (Archean banded iron formations of the calciphyre-metabasite-gneiss association), a typical member of granulite complexes of the Ukrainian Shield, Belarussian-Baltic region, and Voronezh crystalline massif. They are mainly composed of diverse metasedimentary rocks: aluminous gneisses; silicate-magnetite, magnetite, and barren quartzites; eulysites; calciphyres; and marbles associated with metavolcanic rocks. Data on chemical compositions of the metasedimentary rocks are summarized for the first time and their possible primary mineral composition has been reconstructed using the MINLITH software. It is shown that they could be formed from a lithogenetic series of sediments linked by gradual transitions and geochemical commonness of sediments: from fine-grained terrigenous insufficiently mature sediments to chemogenic sediments depleted in terrigenous material (ferruginous-siliceous, ferruginous-siliceous-carbonate, siliceous-carbonate, and carbonate sediments). The inferred primary mineral assemblage indicates sedimentation in the central parts of large paleobasins in a reducing environment characterized by deficit of oxygen and excess of carbon dioxide. Lithological specifics of the banded iron formations in different regions presumably reflect different distances of sedimentation zones from submarine hydrothermal discharge sites and sources of terrigenous material. The banded iron formations at the present-day erosion section of basement represent metamorphosed fragments of the lateral-facies zoning of rocks of the Archean sedimentary basins (or a single basin) of the East European Craton. Unlike other Early Precambrian banded iron formations of the East European Craton, rocks of the calciphyre-metabasite-gneiss association are marked by a high Mn content. 相似文献
5.
我国海相火山铁铜矿床的成因类型及其某些成矿特征的讨论 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
建国以来,我国在火山矿床的地质勘探和研究工作方面都积累了丰富的资料,并且有不少关于矿床成因和类型划分方面的叙述。作者近几年来有机会接触到一些这方面的工作。这里试将海底火山活动的重要产物之一——海相火山铁铜矿床作一个比较系统的成因类型的划分。限于水平,不当之处请批评指正。 相似文献
6.
Iron and phosphorite ores are very common in the geological record of Egypt and exploitable for economic purposes. In some cases these deposits belong together to the same geographic and geologic setting. The most common deposits include phosphorites, glauconites, and iron ores. Phosphorites are widely distributed as a belt in the central and southern part of Egypt. Sedimentary iron ores include oolitic ironstone of Aswan area and karstified iron ore of Bahria Oasis. Glauconites occur in the Western Desert associated with phosphorites and iron ores. As these ores are exploitable and phosphorus in iron ores and iron in phosphorites are considered as gangue elements, the iron–phosphorus relationship is examined in these deposits to clarify their modes of occurrences and genetic relationship based on previously published results.Phosphorus occurs mainly as carbonate fluorapatite (francolite). Iron, on the other hand, occurs in different mineralogical forms such as glauconites, hematite, limonite and goethite.In P-rich rocks (phosphorites) no relationship is observed between iron and phosphorus, which in turn indicates that the FeP model is unlikely to interpret the origin of the late Cretaceous phosphorites and the association of phosphorites and glauconites in Egypt. In Fe-rich rocks (iron ores and glauconites) also no relationship between iron and phosphorus is observed. The present work, therefore, does not support the hypothesis that there is a genetic relationship between phosphorus and iron in sedimentary rocks. 相似文献
7.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(6):995-1002
The analysis of the distribution of oxides and free elements in a basin in which sediments were later metamorphosed to slates and quartzites, leads the author to identify the Kursk iron basin as an example of Strakhov's conclusion that chemical segregation dominated the sedimentary process in Precambrian times, whereas mechanical transport has been dominant at least since the end of the Silurian.—M. E. Burgunker. 相似文献
8.
Jelle van Sijl Neil L. Allan Wim van Westrenen 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(13):3934-3947
Complexation of (trace) elements in fluids plays a critical role in determining element mobility in subduction zones, but to date, the atomic-scale processes controlling elemental solubilities are poorly understood. As a first step towards computer simulation of element complexation in subduction zone fluids, a thermodynamic cycle was developed to investigate the hydration environment and energetics of lanthanide complexes using density functional theory. The first solvation shell is explicitly defined and the remaining part of the aqueous fluid is modelled using a polarisable continuum model, which allows extrapolation to a broad pressure and temperature range.We illustrate our method by comparing solvation of lanthanide series elements in H2O in the presence of fluoride or chloride for conditions relevant to subduction zones. The energetics of lanthanide- and lanthanide-fluoride/chloride hydration complexes were determined computationally. Calculated hydration free energies for trivalent lanthanides with explicit eight- and nine-fold coordinated first hydration shells show good agreement with literature data at room pressure and temperature. The hydration free energy is more negative for smaller complexes (heavy lanthanides) relative to larger complexes (light lanthanides), with the difference between La and Lu in water amounting to 361 kJ mol−1. The hydration free energy of all lanthanide ions becomes less negative with increasing pressure (p) and temperature (T) up to 2.5 GPa and 1000 K (typical conditions in the upper part of subducting slabs). The free energy difference between light- and heavy-lanthanides remains essentially unchanged at elevated (p, T) conditions. There are minor geometrical differences in local hydration environment between light lanthanide-chloride (La-Nd) and heavy lanthanide-chloride (Pm-Lu) hydrated complexes, without a distinguishable energy difference. Complexation with fluoride is energetically more favourable than with chloride by 206 ± 4 kJ mol−1 across the entire lanthanide series. The association of fluoride-water and chloride-water fragments with lanthanide-water complexes is energetically more favourable for aqueous lanthanide complexes surrounded by fewer first hydration shell water molecules.The methods developed in this study, in conjunction with simulation of the energetics of trace element incorporation into minerals, open the possibility to use molecular modelling to constrain elemental behaviour in subduction zones. 相似文献
9.
10.
Problems of Iron and Phosphorus Geochemistry in the Precambrian 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The localization of economic sedimentary iron ore and phosphorite resources is discussed in comparative aspects. It is shown that the major economic resources of iron ore are hosted in Precambrian rocks, whereas the phosphorites are related to Upper Phanerozoic. High-temperature hydrothermal solutions served as an important source of iron for jaspilite ores. The low P2O5content therein indicates that the phosphorus deposition was only weakly related to the hydrothermal activity. Thus, the hydrothermal origin of phosphorite is denied from the geochemical standpoint. 相似文献
11.
Nodules consisting of fluorapatite are concentrated as a discrete band in the polymetallic sulfide ore of the Gamsberg deposit in central Bushmanland, South Africa. Their shape, zonal features, and geochemistry, in particular rare earth element (REE) abundances, are similar to authigenic francolite concretions that precipitate during diagenesis in organic-rich muds. As a result, the apatite nodules are regarded as primary. The nodules have a strong lithostratigraphic control, occurring at the transition of siliciclastic-hosted pyrite–sphalerite–graphite mineralization to calc-silicate-hosted pyrrhotite–sphalerite mineralization. Mineralogical and chemical evidence indicates that this transition also corresponds to a paleo-redox boundary that separates sediments deposited under oxygen-deficient conditions from those that developed in a more oxygenated environment. The apatite nodules can morphologically and chemically clearly be distinguished from coarse apatite grains that occur in oxide-facies iron formations stratigraphically above the ore horizon. However, similar REE profiles and in particular positive Eu anomalies in both types of apatite are indicative of a close genetic relationship between the two units and favor a common hydrothermal origin of the P. The contrasting morphologies and chemical signatures of the two occurrences can rather be attributed to differences in behavior of the phosphates during precipitation within the contrasting host sediments (chemical versus fine-grained clastic). Taking modern phosphorites as an analogue, these results are used to postulate a genetic model for the deposition of the sulfide ore and associated iron formations. The model envisages differentiation of the depositional basin into oxygen-deficient basin facies hosting the sulfide ore and oxygenated shelf facies, which are composed of manganiferous iron formations. The intimate association of sedimentary apatite with base metal sulfides indicates that basin conditions were conducive to the precipitation of both phases. This relationship might act as a potential exploration guide in similar basins elsewhere.Editorial handling: E. Frimmel 相似文献
12.
Sedimentation environments were reconstructed for the Early Vendian successions of the western slope of the Central Urals,
which comprises one of the most complete sections of the terminal Precambrian system in northern Eurasia. It was shown that,
despite the presence of several diamictite levels in the sections of the Serebryanka Group, mature and multiply recycled fine-grained
siliciclastic materials (CIA = 65–77) were delivered into the sedimentation basin over the whole Early Vendian. Based on the
lithochemical characteristics of shales, the climate of Serebryanka time can be estimated as semiarid-semihumid, similar to
that dominating in Late Vendian paleocatchments. Based on relatively high Mo/Mn values (0.011–0.024), it was suggested that
anoxic or similar conditions existed in the basin of Buton time, whereas other sedimentary complexes of the Serebryanka Group
were formed in well aerated environments. The systematics of Sr, Ba, Zr, Cu, and V in fine-grained siliciclastic rocks and
Sr isotopic data for carbonate rocks indicate that the sediments were accumulated in a fresh-water basin. The values of trace-element
indicator ratios, e.g., Th/Sc, La/Sc, Th/Cr and others, in the shales of the Serebryanka Group and Nd model age estimates
indicate that a variety of mainly Early Proterozoic complexes, ranging from granitoids to basic rocks, occurred in the Early
Vendian paleocatchments. The basic rocks were eroded most extensively probably in the end of Serebryanka time. Based on the
Ce/Ce* values of shales, it was concluded that submarine volcanism had no significant influence on sedimentation processes
in the Early Vendian. An exception is Koiva and Kernos time, when hematite-bearing shales were accumulated in association
with pillow basalts in some zones of the basin. The distribution of the compositions of shales from various formations of
the Serebryanka Group in discrimination diagrams suggests that the Early Vendian sedimentary sequences were formed in passive
geodynamic settings. 相似文献
13.
An analysis of rare earth elements in various types of supergene phosphorites established the following sequence of increasing average total contents (ppm): phosphorite from Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, 3.89; spelean coprolitic phosphorite, 21.98; phosphorite from the weathering zone of sedimentary rocks, 27.41; phosphorite from the weathering zone of endogenous rocks, 372.32; and lacustrine coprolitic phosphorite, 461.59. Supergene phosphorites, especially the most common among them from the weathering zone of sedimentary rocks, are significantly depleted relative to marine phosphorites both in average and maximum REE contents. The REE contents of supergene phosphorites are controlled by several factors, including the REE contents in the primary rocks affected by weathering, the physicochemical conditions of phosphorite formation, the presence of a biogenic component in the phosphatogenetic system, and the structural type of the phosphorites. There is a strong positive correlation within the group of light and, in part, middle REEs (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, and Eu) and between the heavy REEs Yb and Lu, whereas the correlation between these two groups is weaker or insignificant. Gd and Tb are well correlated with the elements of both groups. 相似文献
14.
贵州瓮安磷矿上震旦统陡山沱组地层和沉积环境 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
瓮安磷矿当时位于川黔滇台地东南边缘,是我国晚震旦世陡山沱期主要的磷矿之一。该区陡山沱组含磷地层中发现大量低等蓝藻和真菌、红藻、大型球状绿藻、疑源类及可能的后生动物化石,引起国内外地质学家和古生物学家的关注,尤其是最近报道从该地层中发现具细胞结构的海绵和动物胚胎化石,震动了各国古生物学界。瓮安磷矿的陡山沱组不整合于南沱组或板溪群之上,为灯影组浅灰白色白云岩层整合覆盖,以中部的古喀斯特侵蚀面为界而分为下、上两个岩性段,构成下段的白云岩—磷块岩—白云岩序列和上段的磷块岩—白云质生屑磷块岩—磷质白云岩序列。化石产于陡山沱组上段。 相似文献
15.
宁乡式沉积铁矿床的时空分布和演化 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
宁张式铁矿是我国最重要的沉积型铁矿床,广泛分布于我国南部的鄂、湘、赣、川、滇、黔、桂诸省以及甘南地区。含矿建造主要赋存于中上泥盆统,而以上泥盆统为主,可划分出７个成矿区,其中最重要的鄂西－湘西北成矿区。在１个矿床中通常有１～４层铁矿,其中有１个是主矿层,矿石主要由鲕状赤铁矿组成,次有菱铁矿、鲕绿泥石和褐铁矿,含铁品位一般为３０％～４５％,含磷通过偏高,介于０．４％～１．１％,中泥盆世和晚泥盆世沉积铁矿在分布范围、矿床规模、赋太和围岩建造和矿石特征等方面有一定差异,文章对鄂西－湘西北成矿区的矿宋时空演化作了重点论述,对铁矿的分布与岩相古地理的关系及矿床生成条件进行了讨论,指出含矿建造大多产于海侵程序的沉积岩系中,在湿热环境下较封闭或半封闭的古海盆,古海湾或潮坪中的浅海－滨海相沉积组合是有利的成矿古地理条件,提出要 相似文献
16.
17.
Allen P. Nutman Jan H. Allaart David Bridgwater Erich Dimroth Minik Rosing 《Precambrian Research》1984,25(4):365-396
The highly deformed c. 3800 Ma Isua supracrustal belt is a fragment of a more extensive Early Archaean sedimentary and volcanic succession intruded by and tectonically intercalated with tonalitic and granitic Amftsoq gneisses in the period 3800-3600 Ma. The supracrustal rocks recrystallised under amphibolite facies conditions between 3800 and 3600 Ma, in the Late Archaean and locally at c. 1800 Ma. Layered sequences of rock of sedimentary and probable volcanic origin form over 50% of the belt. Bodies of high MgAl basic rocks and ultramafic rocks were intruded into the layered sequences prior to isoclinal folding and intrusion of Amitsoq gneisses. The layered rocks which are < 1 km thick are divided into two sequences, that are in faulted contact with each other. The way-up of these sequences has been determined from facing-directions of locally-preserved graded layering in felsic metasediments at several localities. The overall upwards change in sedimentary succession is interpreted as showing change from dominantly basic to dominantly felsic volcanism which provided the major clastic component of the sediments. Clastic sedimentation took place against a background of chemical sedimentation, shown by interlayers of banded iron formation, metachert and calc-silicate rocks throughout the sequences. The felsic rocks locally preserve graded bedding and possible conglomerate structures, indicating deposition from turbidite flows and possibly as debris flows. Nodules in the felsic rocks contain structures interpreted as fiammé. There is an irregular enrichment in K2O/Na2O in many of the felsic rocks at constant SiO2 and Al2O3 content, interpreted as owing to alteration of original andesitic to dacitic volcanic rocks. Banded iron formations locally contain conglomeratic structures suggesting sedimentary reworking, possibly under shallow water conditions. Lithological and geochemical characters of the clastic components of the supracrustal sequences are consistent with derivation from felsic and basic volcanic rocks and do not require a continental source. 相似文献
18.
N. V. Aksamentova 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2008,43(6):549-576
The first comparative paleolithochemical characteristics of Early Precambrian ferruginous-siliceous formations of the East European Craton confined to four stratigraphic levels—Lower Archean, Upper Archean (Lopian), Lower Karelian, and Upper Karelian—are presented. Using the MINLITH method and software package for lithochemical calculations, the possible primary composition of metasedimentary rocks is reconstructed and paleogeographic settings of sedimentation are suggested. It is shown that different age formations represented initially lithogenetic groups with different compositions and quantitative relationships between the major types of sedimentary rocks with gradual transitions and genetic affinity. They accumulated in paleotectonic and facies settings that were specific for each stage of iron ore sedimentation, resulting in the development of four genetic (Bug, Algoma, Okolovo, and Lake Superior) types of ferruginous-siliceous formations. 相似文献
19.
K. A. Savko A. V. Samsonov V. M. Kholin N. S. Bazikov 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2017,25(2):123-145
The results of correlation between geological events in the period of 2.8?2.0 Ga provide grounds to assume that the Sarmatia lithospheric megablock definable in the southern part of the East European Craton belonged to the ancient Vaalbara supercontinent consisting of the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons. In the period of 2.8?2.6 Ga, all of them represented fragments of the continental crust consolidated at approximately 2.8 Ga and subjected to continental rifting, which was accompanied by intense basite volcanism. In the period of 2.50?2.45 Ga, these three cratons were characterized by similar tectonic settings and accumulation of banded iron formations. Precisely these banded iron formations of the largest Transvaal, Hamersley, Kursk, and Kremenchug?Krivoi Rog iron ore basins accumulated in the period of 2.50?2.45 Ga in a single oceanic basin serve as a basis for adequate paleotectonic reconstructions of the Vaalbara supercontinent. In the period of 2.45?2.20 Ga, all three cratons were subjected to a long-lasting break in sedimentation followed by activation of continental rifting with terrigenous sediment deposition, which terminated with basite volcanism ca. 2.2 Ga. These events gave start to the Vaalbara breakup, which represented a multistage process with alternating divergence and convergence phases of supercontinent fragments until the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe, Pilbara and Yilgarn, and Sarmatia and Volgo-Uralia cratons, respectively, became eventually united. 相似文献
20.
Analysis of the paleohydrodynamic characteristics of sedimentary environments allowed us to reconstruct formation conditions
of the Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone sequence (COS) in the Leningrad district. Reconstruction of the paleolithodynamic parameters
showed that the real timing of the sequence (sedimentation duration) is considerably less than the related stratigraphic scale
interval. Such a situation is also encountered in other sedimentary formations. Determination of the real sedimentation rate
can affect the assessment of mineral resources in sedimentary basin. 相似文献