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灾害生态学——生态学的一个重要发展方向 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对灾害生态学有关的基本概念与主要研究内容进行了探讨。认为灾害实际上是一种异常的生态学现象与过程，因此需要从生态学的角度加以研究，特别是要对灾害系统的发生成因、类型、时空分布、发展、危害、预测、控制和灾后恢复等的全过程生态学现象和规律以及相关技术进行研究。同时指出，当今，应围绕重大的全球性环境灾害问题，对其发生与发展的生态学机制与生态学后果，以及减轻、防范这些灾害的关键技术开展研究。 相似文献
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环境和灾害是威胁人类生存的两大挑战性问题。由人类活动导致的自然环境破坏和恶化是一个长期累积的过程,类似于人体所患的慢性疾病,对其认识和解决不仅依靠多种条件,也需要很长时间的持久努力。自然灾害的发生一般是短时间内的突然事件,类似人体的急性疾病。为最大限度地减轻自然灾害给人类社会造成的损失,需要实施事先预防、灾前预警、灾时应急和灾后重建的系统工程,其中地球科学家的责任之一是找出有效的宣传演练,使社会各界充分认识灾害的危险性,做好必要的防灾准备。最近20 a来中国的减灾实践经验还说明,为进一步提高减灾的效益,要用科学观念指导各领域的减灾工作,在国家一级层次上要实行多部门协调、多学科合作的综合管理,并注重对灾害发生的规律性研究。例如对群发性灾害链过程及其潜在影响的估计,这对制定区域性可持续发展规划具有重要意义。 相似文献
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阐述了武山县曾发生过的严重的地质灾害，以及现今仍存在的与地质条件和人为活动有关的县城规划安全的环境地质问题。指出这些安全隐患问题的不断累积将有可能引发地质灾害的危险。提出除了对环境地质问题有明确的认识外，还要充分利用自然条件，尊重自然地质作用的基本规律，籍以指导防止地质灾害的工作，并探讨了开展此项工作的两个方法。 相似文献
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从华蓥山所处的地理位置出发,全面的介绍了华蓥山地区近些年来的重力灾害发生的情况,可以看到重力灾害在本地区的影响之大,已经成为了本地区主要的灾害类型。通过各方面的调查研究,采用科学分析和经验指导相结合的方法,分析了引起重力灾害发生的各种因素,并重点从地质因素、水体因素、人为因素等3方面分析了华蓥山地重力灾害发生的成因,总结了可以引起重力灾害发生的外因和内因,可以看到重力灾害不单是某一个因素导致,而是由于众多的因素相互的影响所导致的。采取各种措施来预防灾害的发生,减少灾害给人类的生产和生活带来的危害。 相似文献
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矿山环境地质灾害问题及其勘查方法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
赵永久 《地质灾害与环境保护》2008,19(2):104-108
由于掠夺式开采以及环境保护滞后于经济发展,我国矿产资源开发利用产生了比较严重的环境地质灾害问题。为了保护矿山环境,本文论述了主要矿山地质灾害问题,包括地质灾害的类型、危害、诱发因素和产生机理,结合工作实际提出了矿山地质灾害的工程治理措施。地质灾害的勘查应该综合使用地球信息技术、地球物理技术和土质土力学实验等方法。最后提出了矿山环境地质灾害的预防对策,建立灾害的监测、预报和评估信息系统,这样才可以走矿山可持续发展的道路。 相似文献
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中国活动构造与环境灾害研究中的若干重大问题 总被引：20，自引：10，他引：20
活动构造与环境灾害是密切相关的。活动构造可以直接引起地质灾害,构造活动引发的地震又可以派生出一系列地质灾害,人类不恰当的工程活动还可以恶化地质构造环境而加剧地质灾害。在活动构造与环境灾害相关性研究方面,我国急待启动四大科学问题的研究工作:基于现代大陆动力学的中国大陆区域地壳稳定性分区评价研究;青藏高原隆升与地质灾害;活动断裂的工程危害及其防治;地质灾害的内外动力耦合成因机理。 相似文献
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区域地壳稳定性研究现状与趋势 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
回顾了区域地壳稳定性发展历史及现状。区域稳定评价应和工程实际要求紧密结合 ,逐步实现由场地评价场地利用地质工程设计的转变 ;在理论上紧密结合岩石圈动力学 ,大陆动力学等当代地球科学发展前沿 ;在分析评价上 ,考虑内外地球动力作用的耦合 ,将地球内外动力地质灾害统一起来分析 ,建立统一地质灾害动力学模型 ,最终实现区域地壳稳定性研究的系统化和定量化 相似文献
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河沟谷区管道敷设方式和地质灾害的关系探析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着涩宁兰管道投产,沿管道地质灾害酿成人员伤亡、财产损失和环境污染等灾难也逐步凸显。在河沟谷区,地质灾害发育密度高,对管道的威胁较大,灾害后果较为严重。介绍交切和平行管道敷设方式。通过对野外调查数据的分析,发现交切敷设的管道地质灾害的发育密度和风险等级远远大于平行敷设的管道。单从风险控制角度来说,油气长输管道在类似自然环境中选线时,建议以平行河沟谷敷设为主,且尽量考虑沿谷缘山梁带敷设穿越。 相似文献
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Based on the formation and development analysis of the environmental geological disaster of land subsidence, earth fissures and other geological disasters in the North China, it showed these disasters caused a very serious problem in some areas of the North China, such as the deep groundwater exploitation cone, which is accumulated with great damage and loss and is hard to be controlled, therefore, great attention should be paid. It is considered that the formation of the deep groundwater cone is the root of various geological environmental problems, and the groundwater cone recovery is the key to solve other environmental problems 相似文献
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黄土由于湿陷性、大孔隙、水敏性等特点,导致黄土地区的地质灾害广布,并且各灾种之间表现出明显的链生效应,使得黄土地区地质灾害的成因机理及防治研究愈发复杂。本文通过分析整理黄土地区典型灾害及灾害链事件,归纳了黄土地区灾害的发育现状,详细描述了两条典型的黄土地质灾害链式结构,并以天水大沟滑坡-泥石流灾害为例,阐述了黄土灾害链链生过程中的放大效应。根据黄土灾害研究现状,凝练了黄土灾害链研究中的3个关键问题,针对性地提出各自的研究思路,并指出今后需更加注重黄土灾害链的风险评价及断链措施方面的研究。本文针对黄土地区灾害链研究中若干问题的初步思考,旨在为后续的灾害链研究提供科学建议。 相似文献
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文章简要评述了地质灾害基础理论与应用技术发展现状、滑坡灾害多种监测预报判据的利弊。利用综合信息处理决策方法,提出了基于权变理论的滑坡灾害监测预报新思路。分析了滑坡成灾的权变特征、环境因素和决策因素,建立了滑坡灾害预报决策概念模型。进一步探讨了在预报决策中应遵循的动态性及满意性原则,为提高地质灾害监测预报理论的科学性提供了新的理论依据与技术途径。 相似文献
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The compilation of the data for past disasters is vital for taking lessons from the past, investigating their reasons, preventing the loss in the future and for disaster planning-related works. In Turkey, especially in Istanbul which has a historical background of more than 8000 years, the demand for backdated disaster data increases to determine the dangers that the city is faced with and to analyze them. The purpose of our work is to develop a hazard profile identification model for Istanbul by using “Analytic Hierarchy Process.” Therefore, we searched for different types of disasters and hazard classifications in various national and international databases. We scrutinized the kinds of disasters, hazards and hazard characteristics that should be used for a proposed model. By examining “Istanbul’s 2000 Years of Disaster Database” and 100 years of Republic’s statistics prepared for Istanbul, we identified the disaster categories and criteria, ran the Analytic Hierarchy Process and created a hazard profile model for Istanbul. Consequently, we proved that the most important types of disasters that affect Istanbul are geophysical disasters followed by climatological, hydrological, meteorological and technological disasters. The work also shows us that the districts which have a high rate of the population such as Bagcilar, Kucukcekmece and Esenyurt are more vulnerable to these hazards. 相似文献
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对海洋地质灾害进行评估意义重大,但目前对海洋地质灾害灾情评估的研究有待加强。已有研究方法通过建立评估指标体系,运用系统工程理论和层次分析方法,确定灾情等级,为减灾防灾提供依据。灾情评估模型有助于快速地进行灾情评估。本文认为,应该加强对海洋地质灾害的基础性研究工作,包括灾害的成因机制、分布规律、发展趋势、致灾因素、危害程度、预防措施等方面。 相似文献
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H. Daniel Stillwell 《Natural Hazards》1992,6(2):131-159
Natural hazards and disasters occur widely throughout the world. Disasters can be costly both in terms of human lives and property and ecosystem disruption. Higher death tolls in developing nations may be the result of poverty, rapid population growth, urbanization, and inadequate communication facilities. The purpose of this study is to show patterns of major catastrophic events in Latin America so that their impacts can be evaluated and compared.Latin America was selected because of the variety of recent events commanding wide attention: earthquakes in Mexico, volcanic eruptions in Colombia, hurricanes and floods in Haiti, and drought and mudflows in Brazil. Spatial and temporal aspects of natural disasters are presented in nine tables and 21 maps. The tables give selected disaster data by country for volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and atmospheric disturbances from the 16th century to 1989. Most data is derived from disasters occurring during the 20th century and include number of events, people killed, people affected, and U.S.$ damage. Maps show environmental settings for disasters and allow detailed comparison among countries. Floods account for the greatest number of major events in the most countries, earthquakes cause the most deaths and damage, while droughts affect the most people. Peru surpasses all others in susceptibility to major disasters. Assessment of vulnerability to hazards, improved economic opportunities, and an increased social and political concern for poor people should help reduce future losses from natural disasters in Latin America. 相似文献
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As natural and man-made disasters have been increasing, interest in preventing crises and/or mitigating the associated consequences has been growing as well. When dealing with predictable disasters, there is a limited time for effective response, and people should be evacuated in a short time to minimize the fatalities. In such extraordinary situations, attention should be given to making better use of existing infrastructure. The aim of this study is to present a model for optimizing street directions in order to increase the outbound capacity of the network. However, because of the magnitude of the problem, an optimal solution cannot be reached through ordinary methods. Hence, the simulated annealing algorithm, which is a meta-heuristic technique, is used. Computational results on a case study demonstrate that this technique yields considerable improvement in the objective function of the problem which is total travel time of road network users.
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Forecasting the Conditional Probabilities of Natural Disasters in Canada as a Guide for Disaster Preparedness 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Mohammed H. I. Dore 《Natural Hazards》2003,28(2-3):249-269
A variety of natural disasters occur in Canada. Yet apart from simple ``return period' calculations, no apparent research seems to have made systematic use of the OCIPEP database on all natural disasters in Canada over the period of 1900 to 2000. This paper (a) describes the main characteristics of natural disasters in Canada, and (b) presents a methodology that is a first attempt to use the database to forecast conditional probabilities of each type of natural disaster. The forecast probabilities can then be used to work out the expected social costs of each type of natural disaster. The expected costs in turn suggest what kind of policy priorities are indicated for disaster preparedness. The key results of this methodology are that Hydrometeorological Disasters are increasing over time and of these, the ranking in order of priority for preparedness should be droughts, heat waves, floods and ice storms. 相似文献
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面临21世纪的中国水资源问题 总被引：30，自引：1，他引：29
新中国成立后,水利建设成绩巨大,面临２１世纪,中国水资源的除害兴利,出现了一些新情况和新问题;我国是缺水严重的国家,工农业和城市生活都缺水,而用水十分浪费,水污染很严重;我国又是洪水灾害频发的国家,因此迫切需要组织多学科研究水利建设的新战略;将建立节水型社会作为基本国策,防治江河洪水灾害。 相似文献