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1.
The Maikop Formation, deposited in eastern Azerbaijan during Oligocene and Early Miocene times, contains prolific source rocks with primarily Type II organic matter. Paleontological analyses of dinoflagellate cysts revealed a Lower to Upper Oligocene age for the investigated succession near Angeharan. A major contribution of aquatic organisms (diatoms, green algae, dinoflagellates, chrysophyte algae) and minor inputs from macrophytes and land plants to organic matter accumulation is indicated by n-alkane distribution patterns, composition of steroids and δ13C of hydrocarbon biomarkers. Microbial communities included heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, chemoautotrophic bacteria, as well as green sulfur bacteria. Higher inputs of terrigenous organic matter occurred during deposition of the Upper Oligocene units of the Maikop Formation from Angeharan mountains. The terpenoid hydrocarbon composition argues for angiosperm dominated vegetation in the Shamakhy–Gobustan area.High primary bioproductivity resulted in a stratified water column and the accumulation of organic matter rich sediments in the Lower Oligocene units of the Maikop Formation. Organic carbon accumulation during this period occurred in a permanently (salinity-) stratified, mesohaline environment with free H2S in the water column. This is indicated by low pristane/phytane ratios of all sediments (varying from 0.37–0.69), lower methylated-(trimethyltridecyl)chromans ratio in the lower units and their higher contents of aryl isoprenoids and highly branched isoprenoid thiophenes. Subsequently, the depositional environment changed to normal marine conditions with oxygen deficient bottom water. The retreat of the chemocline towards the sediment–water interface and enhanced oxic respiration of OM during deposition of the Upper Oligocene Maikop sediments is proposed.Parallel depth trends in δ13C of total OM, n-alkanes, isoprenoids and steranes argue for changes in the regional carbon cycle, associated with the changing environmental conditions. Increased remineralisation of OM in a more oxygenated water column is suggested to result in low TOC and hydrocarbon contents, as well as 15N enriched total nitrogen of the Upper Oligocene units.  相似文献   

2.
The international interest in shale oil has recently provoked special attention to the Russian unconventional oil-source formations, including the Bazhenov Formation of West Siberia, domanik deposits in the Volga–Ural region, and the lower Maikop Group of the Cis-Caucasus. High contents of para-autochthonous soluble organic matter (bitumen) in clayey–carbonate, clayey–siliceous, carbonate–clayey–siliceous rocks with low filtration–capacity properties results in significant uncertainties in the identification of the generation potential of organic matter (OM). Examination of a large database on the OM of the Bazhenov Formation allowed us to propose an optimum complex technique for study of the source rock potential and assessment of the amount of produced hydrocarbons in the kerogen-rich sediments. The investigations include a combination of Rock Eval pyrolysis prior to and after extraction with different solvents, the comparison of bituminological and pyrolytic characteristics, and the determination of the group composition of soluble organic matter, as well as chromatography and chromato-mass spectrometry.  相似文献   

3.
通过有机碳测定、岩石热解分析、显微组分定量分析、饱和烃色谱、色谱-质谱等实验分析,对莺琼盆地中新统海相烃源岩的地球化学特征进行了研究,探讨了不同层位烃源岩的生烃潜力。结果表明：莺琼盆地中新统海相烃源岩有机质丰度总体较低,大部分烃源岩为中等烃源岩,有机质类型以Ⅱ2型和Ⅲ型为主,有机质热演化主要处于成熟阶段。烃源岩显微组分组成具有富含镜质组、壳质组+腐泥组次之、贫含惰性组的特征。烃源岩沉积环境主要为弱氧化-弱还原环境,具有陆生高等植物和低等水生生物生源混合输入的特征。莺歌海盆地梅山组烃源岩综合评价为中等烃源岩,生烃潜力相对较好,三亚组烃源岩综合评价为较差—中等烃源岩,具有一定的生烃潜力。琼东南盆地梅山组和三亚组烃源岩综合评价为中等烃源岩,具有相当的生烃潜力。  相似文献   

4.
According to the drilling results,there are three sets of source rocks of the Cenozoic Group in the Qiongdongnan Basin,including the Yacheng Formation transitional facies mudstone,the Oligocene Lingshui Formation semi-enclosed marine facies mudstone,and the Miocene neritic-bathyal facies mudstone.The hydrocarbon generating conditions of the source rocks in the study area are mainly controlled by sedimentary environment and organic matter input.The abundance of organic matter in the Oligocene source rocks which were formed in a low-energy back shore environment is confined by organic matter input and hydrodynamic condition.The Miocene source rocks formed in the open marine environment lack terrestrial organic matter input,whose organic matter abundance is constrained by the primary production of the ocean and the preservation condition of organic matter.In addition,the redox conditions are also significant to the formation of source rocks in the study area.According to the differences in key factors controlling the development of source rocks in different time periods and structural belts revealed by drilling practice,three development patterns of source rocks have been put forward.The first one is the transitional facies model featuring a great deal of terrestrial organic matter and weakly hydrodynamic conditions which are apt to develop high effective source rocks in the Yacheng Formation.The second one is the semi-enclosed marine facies featuring abundant terrestrial organic matter,weakly hydrodynamic condition and fine preservation condition in the central depression zone,which are apt to form fine-quality source rocks in the Lingshui Formation.The third one is the marine facies model featuring strong hydrodynamics in the shore-shallow area of northern continental shelf and the lack of benthic algae which are against the development of source rocks.It can be predicted that the continental slope is the perfect place to form source rocks where adequate amounts of light favor the photosynthesis of plants,besides the fine preservation and weakly hydrodynamic conditions.In the deep sea area,although accompanied with weakly hydrodynamic conditions and a reduction environment,it is not suitable for the development of source rocks on account of less aquatic organisms causing low primary production.  相似文献   

5.
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6.
莺-琼盆地海相烃源岩特征及高温高压环境有机质热演化   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地存在渐新统海岸平原-半封闭浅海相和中新统浅海相两套海相烃源岩。其中,渐新统烃源岩发育于琼东南盆地早第三纪半地堑,存在海岸平原和半封闭浅海两类烃源岩组合。海岸平原含煤烃源岩有机质丰度高,富含陆源有机质,具有很好的生气潜力;半封闭浅海相烃源岩TOC含量总体低于1.0%,但其规模大且存在TOC1.5%的较高丰度段,故亦具有较大的生气能力。中新统海相烃源岩主要分布于莺歌海盆地裂后热沉降形成的中央坳陷,其有机质丰度横向变化比较大,位于中央坳陷带的烃源岩有机质丰度较高,TOC大多在0.40%～2.97%之间,有机质以气型干酪根为主。盆地的高地温为有机质向天然气转化提供了有利的条件,尤其是热流体活动使浅层有机质超前熟化,但地层超压对有机质热演化也有一定的抑制作用。盆地模拟结果显示,莺-琼盆地主要凹陷烃源岩大量生气时间较晚,与圈闭形成期的时空配置好,有利于成藏。  相似文献   

7.
The results of the thorough study of organic matter (OM) in the Oligocene-Miocene Maikop sequence of the North Caucasus are considered. It is shown that its distribution within the Maikop sequence is characterized by irregular patterns. Despite that these rocks show the elevated TOC content, their hydrocarbon-generating potential is, as a rule, low. The low quality of OM is partly related to its intense anaerobic decomposition in anoxic environments with terrigenous sedimentation. The elevation of OM concentrations and hydrocarbon-generating potential could be connected with the reinforced phytoplankton influx into sediments. Sediments deposited in the second half of the Early Oligocene were synchronously enriched in OM. This enrichment chronologically corresponded to the restoration of connection with the World Ocean of the formerly partly isolated and freshened basin. Most probably, this event resulted from the sharp increase in biological productivity.  相似文献   

8.
为了解莺歌海盆地海相烃源岩有机质形成机制,本研究引入地球生物学方法正演烃源岩形成过程,弥补盆地样品条件的不足,再结合有机地球化学方法,综合研究莺歌海盆地海相烃源岩有机质形成机制,建立烃源岩发育模式.研究认为:莺歌海盆地中新统发育浅海相烃源岩,有机质类型以Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型为主,为混合型生源母质,现今凹陷内大部分烃源岩处于高熟-过成熟生气阶段.海相烃源岩以古生产力和保存条件为主要控制因素,平面上,莺歌海盆地东方区中新统烃源岩发育条件优于乐东区;纵向上,梅山组可能是有利的烃源层段.研究成果为正确认识莺歌海盆地烃源岩形成机制并准确评价其资源潜力提供了重要依据.   相似文献   

9.
The Oligocene–Miocene Maikop Series is a world-class source rock responsible for much of the oil and gas found in the South Caspian Basin. It is composed of up to 3 km of marine mudstone, and contains a nearly continuous record of deposition during progressive tectonic closure of the basin as the Arabian Peninsula converged northward into Eurasia. Historically, the stratigraphy of this interval has been difficult to define due to the homogenous nature of the fine-grained, clay-dominated strata. Outcrop exposures in eastern Azerbaijan allow direct observation and detailed sampling of the interval, yielding a more comprehensive stratigraphic context and a more advanced understanding of syndepositional conditions in the eastern Paratethys Sea. Specifically, the present investigation reveals that coupling field-based stratigraphic characterization with geochemical analyses (e.g., bulk elemental geochemistry, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, bulk stable isotope geochemistry) yields a more robust understanding of internal variations within the Maikop Series. Samples from seven sections located within the Shemakha–Gobustan oil province reveal consistent stratigraphic and spatial geochemical trends. It is proposed that the Maikop Series be divided into three members based on these data along with lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic data reported herein. When comparing Rupelian (Early Oligocene) and Chattian (Late Oligocene) strata, the Rupelian-age strata commonly possess higher TOC values, more negative δ15Ntot values, more positive δ13Corg values, and higher radioactivity relative to Chattian-age rocks. The trace metals Mo and V (normalized to Al) are positively correlated with TOC, with maximum values occurring at the Rupelian–Chattian boundary and overall higher average values in the Rupelian. Across the Oligocene–Miocene boundary, a slight drop in V/Al, Mo/Al ratios is observed, along with drops in %S and TOC. These results indicate that geochemical signatures of the Maikop Series are regional in nature, and furthermore that analogous fine-grained sections may be better characterized and subdivided using similar techniques. In general, geochemical indicators suggest that the basin was in limited communication with the Tethys Sea throughout the Oligocene–Early Miocene, with suboxic to anoxic conditions present during the Oligocene and to a lesser extent in the Miocene. This increased isolation was likely due to tectonic uplift to both the south and north of the study area, and greatly enhanced by global sea-level fluctuations. These data serve as the basis for a more detailed understanding of the tectonic evolution of the region, and support a standardized chemostratigraphic division of the important petroleum source interval.  相似文献   

10.
Ocean Drilling Program Leg 207 recovered thick sequences of Albian to Santonian organic-carbon-rich claystones at five drill-sites on the Demerara Rise in the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Dark-colored, finely laminated, Cenomanian–Santonian black shale sequences contain between 2% and 15% organic carbon and encompass Oceanic Anoxic Events 2 and 3. High Rock-Eval hydrogen indices signify that the bulk of the organic matter in these sequences is marine in origin. However, δ13Corg values lie mostly between −30‰ and −27‰, and TOC/TN ratios range from 15 to 42, which both mimic the source signatures of modern C3 land plants. The contradictions in organic matter source indicators provide important implications about the depositional conditions leading to the black shale accumulations. The low δ13Corg values, which are actually common in mid-Cretaceous marine organic matter, are consequences of the greenhouse climate prevailing at that time and an associated accelerated hydrologic cycle. The elevated C/N ratios, which are also typical of black shales, indicate depressed organic matter degradation associated with low-oxygen conditions in the water column that favored preservation of carbon-rich forms of marine organic matter over nitrogen-rich components. Underlying the laminated Cenomanian–Santonian sequences are homogeneous, dark-colored, lower to middle Albian siltstones that contain between 0.2% and 9% organic carbon. The organic matter in these rocks is mostly marine in origin, but it occasionally includes large proportions of land-derived material.  相似文献   

11.
The origin of the oil in Barremian–Hauterivian and Albian age source rock samples from two oil wells (SPO-2 and SPO-3) in the South Pars oil field has been investigated by analyzing the quantity of total organic carbon (TOC) and thermal maturity of organic matter (OM). The source rocks were found in the interval 1,000–1,044 m for the Kazhdumi Formation (Albian) and 1,157–1,230 m for the Gadvan Formation (Barremian–Hauterivian). Elemental analysis was carried out on 36 samples from the source rock candidates (Gadvan and Kazhdumi formations) of the Cretaceous succession of the South Pars Oil Layer (SPOL). This analysis indicated that the OM of the Barremian–Hauterivian and Albian samples in the SPOL was composed of kerogen Types II and II–III, respectively. The average TOC of analyzed samples is less than 1 wt%, suggesting that the Cretaceous source rocks are poor hydrocarbon (HC) producers. Thermal maturity and Ro values revealed that more than 90 % of oil samples are immature. The source of the analyzed samples taken from Gadvan and Kazhdumi formations most likely contained a content high in mixed plant and marine algal OM deposited under oxic to suboxic bottom water conditions. The Pristane/nC17 versus Phytane/nC18 diagram showed Type II–III kerogen of mixture environments for source rock samples from the SPOL. Burial history modeling indicates that at the end of the Cretaceous time, pre-Permian sediments remained immature in the Qatar Arch. Therefore, lateral migration of HC from the nearby Cretaceous source rock kitchens toward the north and south of the Qatar Arch is the most probable origin for the significant oils in the SPOL.  相似文献   

12.
Quantitative analyses of palynomorph assemblages, particulate organic matter (kerogen), and total organic carbon (TOC) have been made on samples of the Albian–Cenomanian Kharita and Bahariya formations encountered in the Abu Gharadig-5 well, Western Desert, Egypt. Two assemblage palynozones are defined: Assemblage Zone A (Kharita Formation) of late Albian–early Cenomanian age and Assemblage Zone B (Bahariya Formation) of early–middle Cenomanian age. Palynofacies of the Kharita Formation suggest that sedimentation of these strata took place in a warm, shallow, nearshore-marine environment. The deposition of the lower Bahariya Formation took place initially in similar conditions but subsequently further offshore in somewhat deeper water of the inner shelf. The relatively high percentage of Ephedripites, Afropollis and elaterate pollen in both formations indicates an arid climate. The Kharita Formation yields kerogen types III and IV whereas the assemblages recovered from the Bahariya Formation contain types II and III. The TOC is generally between 0.42 and 0.65% in the Kharita Formation, while it ranges between 0.42 and 0.80% in samples of the Bahariya Formation. The spores and pollen grains are pale in colour; hence little source potential for hydrocarbons is indicated.  相似文献   

13.
应用全岩有机岩石学分析方法,对库车坳陷北部山前带中生界三叠系和侏罗系烃源岩的显微组分、主要富氢组分、有机质类型及热演化程度进行了研究。结果表明：库车坳陷北部山前带侏罗系克孜勒努尔组烃源岩显微组分总含量最高,恰克马克组烃源岩最低。中生界烃源岩显微组分组成具有镜质组含量高、壳质组和惰性组相对发育、腐泥组贫乏的特征。不同层位具有一定差异性,克孜勒努尔组和塔里奇克组中镜质组含量较高,恰克马克组壳质组相对发育。孢子体、壳屑体、角质体和藻类体是其主要的富氢组分,恰克马克组富氢组分相对含量最高。烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,有利于生气,镜质组反射率Ro为056%~187%,热演化程度处于成熟-高成熟阶段。克拉苏—依奇克里克构造带冲断前缘烃源岩显微组分总含量与热演化程度均相对较高,为烃源岩的最大成熟生烃中心。烃源岩高生烃潜力与高的壳质组含量和低的陆源有机质含量有关。  相似文献   

14.
A set of organic-rich shales of the upper Permian Longtan Formation, which is widely developed in the northeastern part of the Sichuan Basin, is a key formation for the next step of exploration and development. At present, most studies on this set of formations have focused on the reservoir characteristics and reservoir formation mechanism of the shales, and basic studies on the palaeoenvironment and organic matter(OM) enrichment mechanism have not been fully carried out. In this paper, we recov...  相似文献   

15.
Six types of “molecular fossil” indicators are summarized, by which the sources of organic matter (OM) in the sedimentary rocks of the Lower Tertiary Shahejie Formation in the Dongpu Basin can be traced and the redox and paleosalinity conditions restored.  相似文献   

16.
南黄海盆地古近系烃源岩生烃潜力及原油来源,目前研究比较薄弱.通过对南部坳陷烃源岩和原油样品的有机地球化学分析,揭示古近系烃源岩和原油地球化学特征,并进行油源对比.结果表明南部坳陷古近系烃源岩主要发育在阜四段和阜二段,有机质丰度中等-好,有机质类型为Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型,有机质为低成熟-成熟阶段.阜四段烃源岩形成于贫氧、较高盐度环境,阜二段烃源岩形成于厌氧、相对低盐度环境.原油的饱和烃含量较高,UCM鼓峰较小,已进入成熟阶段,对比结果显示戴南组原油可能来源于阜四段烃源岩,而阜三段原油可能与阜二段烃源岩有关.   相似文献   

17.
利用东海盆地长江坳陷古新统美人峰组烃源岩的元素、热解、干酪根δ13C、镜质体反射率、岩石薄片、X射线衍射等资料,对长江坳陷美人峰组不同层段烃源岩进行沉积环境分析及生烃潜力评价。研究结果表明:美人峰组烃源岩的沉积环境整体表现为温暖潮湿的弱氧化淡水环境,古盐度和古气候是控制美人峰组烃源岩发育的主要环境因素。美人峰组第一段和第二段沉积时期,气候温暖潮湿,有大量陆源有机质输入,水体盐度相对较高,有机质保存条件较好,有机质丰度高,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,含少量II型,有机质已进入低成熟—成熟演化阶段,是美人峰组最具生烃潜力的层段;第三段和第四段沉积时期,气候相对干热,陆源碎屑及有机质输入少于第一段和第二段,水体盐度较低,不利于有机质保存,有机质丰度较低,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,有机质以低成熟演化阶段为主,生烃潜力不大;第五段和第六段沉积时期,气候恢复为温湿状态,有机质丰度较第三段和第四段高,有机质类型为Ⅲ型,但有机质热演化程度低,处于未熟状态,为无效烃源岩。随着埋深增加,美人峰组烃源岩的有机质成熟度变高,具有更大的生烃潜力。  相似文献   

18.
Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene rocks in the northeastern Caucasus were examined in the most representative Chirkei section (Sulak River basin). Sharp lithogeochemical distinctions between them were revealed. The results of the study of nannoplankton demonstrated that the Eocene/Oligocene interface occurs slightly below the boundary between the Belaya Glina and Khadum formations. The studied section revealed a series of nannoplankton bioevents facilitating its stratigraphic subdivision. It has been established that organic matter (OM) in rocks of the Khadum Formation is characterized by a relatively high degree of maturity. Probably, the material of mainly marine genesis contains a terrigenous OM admixture. Positive oxygen isotope anomaly in the upper part of the Belaya Glina Formation reflects global climate changes (cooling) near the Eocene/Oligocene interface. Limitation of the anomaly by the upper boundary of the Belaya Glina Formation is likely related to changes in water salinity variations in the Early Oligocene basin and intense early diagenetic processes in rocks therein. Lithological, geochemical, and paleoecological data suggest that the Khadum paleobasin was depleted in oxygen. Such environment was unstable with periodic intensification or attenuation. Paleoecology in the Belaya Glina basin was typical of normally aerated basins.  相似文献   

19.
松辽盆地嫩江组一段和二段发育的油页岩是极其优质烃源岩, 生物标志化合物参数指示油页岩母质生源主要来自于水生生物其繁盛受温湿气候和湖泊富营养化控制.岩石学、元素地球化学、生物标志化合物等参数表明, 高盐和缺氧条件下的稳定水体分层是嫩一段油页岩沉积时期有机质保存的主控因素, 而嫩二段油页岩沉积时期水体盐度分层明显减弱, 此时藻类个体增大和孤立藻数量增多条件下的高生物生产力有利于有机质富集.为揭示嫩江组不同沉积环境下油页岩发育的控制因素, 建立了嫩一段油页岩沉积时期保存条件控制和嫩二段油页岩沉积时期生物生产力控制的两种有机质富集模式, 这对含氧淡水大型陆相湖泊的有机质富集成因探讨具有重要借鉴意义.   相似文献   

20.
Samples of Recent–Miocene fish and marine mammal bones from the bottom of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and Miocene Maikop deposits (Transcaspian region) are studied by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique combined with the chemical and energy-dispersive (EDX) analyses. Changes of lattice parameters and chemical composition of bioapatite during the fossilization and diagenesis suggest that the development of skeletal apatite proceeds from the dahllite- type hydroxyapatite to the francolite-type carbonate-fluorapatite. It is assumed that a jump-type transition from dahllite to francolite during the initial fossilization reflects the replacement of biogeochemical reactions in living organisms, which are subject to nonlinear laws of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, by physicochemical processes according to the linear equilibrium thermodynamics.  相似文献   

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