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1.
Brittle fracture processes were hypothesized by several researches to cause a damage zone around an underground excavation in sulfate-rich clay rock when the stress exceeds the crack initiation threshold, and may promote swelling by crystal growth in newly formed fractures. In this study, laboratory experiments such as unconfined and confined compression tests with acoustic emission monitoring, and microstructural and mineralogical analyses are used to explain brittle fracture processes in sulfate-rich clay rock from the Gipskeuper formation in Switzerland. This rock type typically shows a heterogeneous rock fabric consisting of distinct clayey layers and stiff heterogeneities such as anhydrite layers, veins or nodules. The study showed that at low deviatoric stress, the failure behavior is dominated by the strength of the clayey matrix where microcracks are initiated. With increasing deviatoric stress or strain, growing microcracks eventually are arrested at anhydrite veins, and cracks develop either aligned with the interface between clayey layers and anhydrite veins, or penetrate anhydrite veins. These cracks often link micro-fractured regions in the specimen. This study also suggest that fracture localization in sulfate-rich clay rocks, which typically show a heterogeneous rock fabric, does not take place in the pre-peak range and renders unstable crack propagation less likely. Sulfate-rich clay rocks typically contain anhydrite veins at various scales. At the scale of a tunnel, anhydrite layers or veins may arrest growing fractures and prevent the disintegration of the rock mass. The rock mass may be damaged when the threshold stress for microcrack initiation is exceeded, thus promoting swelling by crystal growth in extension fractures, but the self-supporting capacity of the rock mass may be maintained rendering the possibility for rapidly propagating instability less likely. 相似文献
2.
F. J. FLANAGAN L. J. SCHWARZ J. J. ROWE A. F. DORRZAPF JR 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1977,1(1):61-66
The available clay and feldspar reference samples, rather than the frequently used rock reference samples, are suggested as standards for archaeological pottery studies because their trace-element contents are more like those of the artefacts. Such samples may provide a basis for correlating archaeological studies throughout the world. The assumption that bottles of such reference samples should have homogeneous trace-element contents because of the nature of the materials has been confirmed by the analysis of variance of trace -element data by instrumental neutron activation analysis. 相似文献
3.
粘土矿物对有机质生烃的催化作用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
烃源岩的有机质主要以有机粘土复合体的形式存在。有机质生烃是一种有机粘土化学反应。反应过程中,有机质与粘土之间存在质子和电子迁移,粘土通过对水分子的吸附和离解为有机质加氢裂解提供H+,而有机质生成的有机酸激活了粘土的催化活性,也为蒙皂石伊利石化反应创造了条件。烃源岩不同粘土矿物的选择性催化特征是影响油气组成的最重要因素。粘土的催化活性大小和发育时间是决定烃源岩生烃潜力大小的因素。由于烃源岩在蒙皂石伊利石化阶段具有最大的催化活性,而且与有机质生烃反应同步,因此富含伊$蒙混合层的烃源岩是世界含油气盆地的最有利烃源岩。不同地质时期的烃类地质储量与烃源岩膨胀性粘土的丰度有密切关系。 相似文献
4.
晋北罕见的“烧变高岭岩”研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
晋北大同及浑源一带,在上石炭世太原统四号煤系中,常见有洁白色的粘土岩,外貌酷似“人工熟料”,其成因与煤层的自燃作用有关。由于原岩主要矿物为高岭石故命名这种洁白色的粘土岩为“烧变高岭岩”。 相似文献
5.
为了探索西南喀斯特地区土壤中黏土矿物组成及其含量的变异规律,以贵州省普定县和荔波县不同石漠化阶段典型土壤的黏土矿物为例,采用x-射线衍射仪图谱分析方法,计算得到黏土矿物组成及其含量,探讨不同石漠化阶段黏土矿物组成变化规律及其含量之间的线性关系。结果表明：不同石漠化阶段黏土矿物的组成是相同的,均为高岭石、蒙脱石和伊利石;在未石漠化、轻度石漠化、中度石漠化阶段,蒙脱石在剖面表层的质量分数分别为27．82％、29．34％、58．32％,高岭石分别为21．39％、31．81％、36．93％,伊利石分别为50．79％、38．85％、4．75％;在西南喀斯特地区,各石漠化阶段伊利石与蒙脱石的含量之间以及伊利石和高岭石的含量之间都呈显著的线性相关,相关系数分别为-0．9703、-0．9456;西南喀斯特地区土壤相似的成土作用和成土环境造成了黏土矿物相同的组成,而黏土矿物含量的差异说明各成土作用的程度或阶段是不同的;粉粒中的黏土矿物主要为石英和白云母,而砂砾中的黏土矿物主要为石英。 相似文献
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7.
Geological repositories have been considered a feasible option worldwide for storing high-level nuclear waste. Clay rock is
one of the rock types under consideration for such purposes, because of its favorable features to prevent radionuclide transport
from the repository. Coupled hydromechanical processes have an important impact on the performance of a clay repository, and
establishing constitutive relationships for modeling such processes are essential. In this study, we propose several constitutive
relationships for elastic deformation in indurated clay rocks based on three recently developed concepts. First, when applying
Hooke’s law in clay rocks, true strain (rock volume change divided by the current rock volume), rather than engineering strain
(rock volume change divided by unstressed rock volume), should be used, except when the degree of deformation is very small.
In the latter case, the two strains will be practically identical. Second, because of its inherent heterogeneity, clay rock
can be divided into two parts, a hard part and a soft part, with the hard part subject to a relatively small degree of deformation
compared with the soft part. Third, for swelling rock like clay, effective stress needs to be generalized to include an additional
term resulting from the swelling process. To evaluate our theoretical development, we analyze uniaxial test data for core
samples of Opalinus clay and laboratory measurements of single fractures within macro-cracked Callovo-Oxfordian argillite
samples subject to both confinement and water reduced swelling. The results from this evaluation indicate that our constitutive
relationships can adequately represent the data and explain the related observations. 相似文献
8.
为揭示黔北下石炭统含铝岩系的沉积环境,本文利用贵州遵义县后槽TC718剖面系统试样的粘土矿物进行x一射线衍射测试及特征分析。含铝岩系粘土岩与下伏桐梓组粘土页岩在矿物组合和成分上均有明显的差异,水云母的结晶度指数、开形指数在剖面纵向上有三个变化拐点：一是含铝岩系与下伏桐梓组粘土页岩分界处;二是含铝岩系上、下段的接触带;三是含铝岩系顶部含炭质粘土岩出现的临界面。其变化特征表明,本区下石炭统含铝岩系粘土岩段为海相或海陆过渡相,铝质岩段为残积一坡积相,顶部为大陆湖沼相;下奥陶统桐梓组页岩段为海相。 相似文献
9.
利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜及X射线衍射等分析资料对鄂尔多斯盆地东部主要含气层系黏土矿物的特征进行分析,盆地东部黏土矿物主要受物源区母岩、沉积相和成岩作用特征等方面影响,不同层系黏土矿物受影响程度不同,其中二叠系石千峰组千五段和石盒子组盒八段受物源区母岩和沉积相影响较大,山西组二段和太原组受成岩作用和沉积相影响作用明显;加强对不同层系黏土矿物的特征研究,可明确主要含气层系储层的潜在敏感性,这个初步结论对有针对性地保护储层和储层改造具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
10.
SUN Xiang DENG Jun WANG Qingfei GONG Qingjie YANG Liqiang WANG Changming 《《地质学报》英文版》2010,84(6):1415-1427
<正>Red clay type gold deposits,located in the south of China,are situated not only in orogenic belts,but also in inner cratons,where climate is tropical-subtropical with clear arid and humid.The lateritic weathering crust often can be divided into five zones,including topsoil,siliceous duricrust zone,multi-color zone(or red clay zone in some deposits),pallid zone and saprolite zone from surface to the base rock,several of which are absent in some deposits.The base rocks are composed mainly of carbonate rocks with minor clastic rocks,intermediate-basic volcanic rocks and intermediate-acid and alkalic intrusions.The orebodies are mainly located in the multi-color zone with part of them in the pallid and saprolite zones.The ore sources include orebodies of Carlin-type gold deposits and porphyry gold deposits,as well as gold-rich base rocks.The red clay type gold deposits experienced early-stage endogenic gold mineralization and laterization during the Tertiary and Quaternary.The areas with endogenic gold deposits,especially Carlin-type gold deposits and porphyry gold deposits in karst depressions on the plateau,structual erosional platforms in the middle-lower mountains,and intermountain basins in southern China are well worth studying to trace red clay type gold deposits. 相似文献
11.
Jonny Rutqvist Liange Zheng Fei Chen Hui-Hai Liu Jens Birkholzer 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(1):167-186
This paper presents simulation results related to coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (THM) processes in engineered barrier systems (EBS) and clay host rock, in one case considering a possible link to geochemistry. This study is part of the US DOE Office of Nuclear Energy’s used fuel disposition campaign, to investigate current modeling capabilities and to identify issues and knowledge gaps associated with coupled THMC processes and EBS–rock interactions associated with repositories hosted in clay rock. In this study, we simulated a generic repository case assuming an EBS design with waste emplacement in horizontal tunnels that are back-filled with bentonite-based swelling clay as a protective buffer and heat load, derived for one type of US reactor spent fuel. We adopted the Barcelona basic model (BBM) for modeling of the geomechanical behavior of the bentonite, using properties corresponding to the FEBEX bentonite, and we used clay host rock properties derived from the Opalinus clay at Mont Terri, Switzerland. We present results related to EBS host–rock interactions and geomechanical performance in general, as well as studies related to peak temperature, buffer resaturation and thermally induced pressurization of host rock pore water, and swelling pressure change owing to variation of chemical composition in the EBS. Our initial THM modeling results show strong THM-driven interactions between the bentonite buffer and the low-permeability host rock. The resaturation of the buffer is delayed as a result of the low rock permeability, and the fluid pressure in the host rock is strongly coupled with the temperature changes, which under certain circumstances could result in a significant increase in pore pressure. Moreover, using the BBM, the bentonite buffer was found to have a rather complex geomechanical behavior that eventually leads to a slightly nonuniform density distribution. Nevertheless, the simulation shows that the swelling of the buffer is functioning to provide an adequate increase in confining stress on the tunnel wall, leading to a stabilization of any failure that may occur during the tunnel excavation. Finally, we describe the application of a possible approach for linking THM processes with chemistry, focusing on the evolution of primary and secondary swelling, in which the secondary swelling is caused by changes in ionic concentration, which in turn is evaluated using a transport simulation model. 相似文献
12.
论高岭石粘土和铝土矿研究的新进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
过去我国地质界向前苏联学习,把球粘土(Ballclay)作为高岭土或耐火粘土的一个变种,使我们找矿走入误区,以致后来从美国进口球粘土。其实球粘土的结晶性质这个内在因素与高岭土或耐火粘土常不相同,则派生的性能更不一样,应成为独立的矿种,还可与国际接轨。又过去国内外学者认为高岭石高度有序为热液型的,而沉积型的为无序高岭石。但笔者等的研究,我国高岭石高度有序而规模大且均匀稳定的,应算沉积型的紫矸(古生代高岭石软质粘土),可以作流动性好的造纸涂料。又我国硬水铝石岩溶铝土矿,应属于生物有机质成矿作用的沉积型铝土矿。 相似文献
13.
Boom clay can be considered as a transversely isotropic geomaterial. However, due to lack of experimental evidence and data base, it is still difficult to describe the transversely isotropic plastic behavior of this argillaceous rock. In this paper, we present first, by means of an experimental approach, the main features of the mechanical properties of Boom clay. Then, combining the transversely isotropic elastic model and the modified Mohr–Coulomb criterion, a suitable constitutive model is introduced so as to fully describe the mechanical behavior of the studied material, in which, an elastic damage law which takes into consideration, the transversely isotropic effect, a plastic hardening law and a plastic damage law were introduced to describe the nonlinear elastic, hardening and softening behavior of Boom clay. As a preliminary step, the evolution law of both elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio during the elastic stage was obtained by direct analysis of the test data. The synchronism of the elastic damage in both transversal and axial directions was proved by this method. Some of the parameters of the model in the elastic stage were also determined by direct analysis method and further verified by back analysis. Other unknown parameters in the model were determined by back analysis. 相似文献
14.
15.
粘土矿物对形成过渡带气的催化作用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文分析了有机质在粘土矿物中的赋存状态，测定了粘土矿物的表面酸、实验模拟了低演化程度的烃源岩及其抽提物干酪根＋不同粘土矿物的催化机制、并通过粘土催化醇脱水反应对粘土过渡带有机质成气机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明，过渡带气的形成主要是受蒙脱石粘土矿物的催化所致，其原因是成岩过程中蒙脱石向混层矿物转化在蒙脱石晶间发生大量的铝代硅，因此在粘土表面产生电荷不平衡而形成酸性，井以路易斯酸和布郎酸作用于有机质，使碳－碳键发生断裂以形成气态烃。 相似文献
16.
目前关于自生粘土矿物对深层孔隙结构及油气运聚的影响方面的研究十分薄弱.综合利用铸体薄片、全岩XRD、扫描电镜、恒速压汞等测试手段,分析自生粘土矿物对孔隙连通性、孔喉直径及其分布的影响,并结合埋藏史和生烃史探讨了低渗透砂岩不同孔隙结构类型的油气差异富集条件.珠海组深部储层压实作用较强,自生粘土矿物含量较高.碎屑颗粒以线接触-凹凸接触为主,识别出"孔隙+粗喉道"和"喉道主控"2种孔隙结构类型,前者孔隙体积和粗喉道占比较高,后者主要以细喉道为主;自生粘土矿物分割占据大量孔喉空间,自生伊利石主要为孔喉充填型,自生绿泥石主要为颗粒包壳型;珠海组储层与下渐新统恩平组烃源岩不整合接触形成纵向"下生上储"、横向连续分布的有利源储组合,烃源岩持续生烃.珠海组是典型的深埋藏碎屑岩低渗储层,仍具备良好的储集条件,储层发育受机械压实作用和自生粘土矿物共同控制;压实作用是原生孔隙损失的初始因素,以绿泥石和伊利石为代表的自生粘土矿物高度发育是制约优质储层发育的关键因素. 相似文献
17.
对第四纪典型风成马兰黄土、受成壤作用影响较大的第五层古土壤、新近纪红粘土、埋藏化石的红粘土围岩层的磁组构分析表明:新近纪红粘土的磁组构参数P、F值界于马兰黄土—第五层古土壤与经流水改造的化石围岩之间,L均值与风成黄土相当, Q均值接近于水成红粘土化石围岩,而在事件性沉积方面又类似于风成马兰黄土、第五层古土壤;磁组构参数F-L、P-Q组合图位于马兰黄土—第五层古土壤与经流水改造的化石围岩过渡带。反映红粘土沉积物既具有风成原地堆积物的磁组构参数特征,又有经历了后期流水改造的化石围岩的特点,是风成原地堆积与风动力搬运而来的母质颗粒经后期流水改造共同作用的产物。 相似文献
18.
论述了淄川-博山一带的伊利石化高岭石粘土岩的区域地质概况及成矿地质条件,按自然分布结合地质情况,划分为3个成矿带,叙述了各成矿带分布及含矿层特征。以南坡矿区为例,详细论述了矿层赋存特征,矿体的规模、厚度及其质量,研究了矿石类型、化学成分及主要物理性能指标,类比研究了加工技术性能,经简单水选即可达到较为理想的选矿指标,具有高效、低成本优势;结合有关研究,认为该类粘土岩是在较高温度条件下由高岭石粘土岩加钾水化转变而成。山东省该类矿床总体勘查程度低,具有较好的找矿潜力,但优质粘土资源找矿难度大。 相似文献
19.
黔桂地区深水相二叠系-三叠系界线附近黏土岩研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
对贵州断杉、纳水以及广西柳桥3条深水相剖面上的二叠系-三叠系界线附近黏土岩的研究结果表明,在断杉、柳桥剖面黏土岩中的黏土矿物主要由伊-蒙混层、蒙脱石和高岭石组成,碎屑物质中存在六方双锥石英、锆石等与火山活动有关的矿物;在纳水剖面黏土岩中未发现与火山活动有关的迹象.由此可知华南大部分地区在晚二叠世曾受强烈的火山作用影响,但也有少部分深水相地区未受影响或影响很小.同是深水相P-T界线剖面附近的黏土岩以及同一剖面不同层位的黏土岩中的黏土矿物和碎屑物质存在较大的差异,其原因可能是与火山作用的强弱、离火山活动中心的远近以及所处地理位置有关. 相似文献
20.
Clay smear is a collection of fault processes and resulting fault structures that form when normal faults deform layered sedimentary sections. These elusive structures have attracted deep interest from researchers interested in subsurface fluid flow, particularly in the oil and gas industry. In the four decades since the association between clay-smear structures and oil and gas accumulations was introduced, there has been extensive research into the fault processes that create clay smear and the resulting effects of that clay smear on fluid flow. We undertake a critical review of the literature associated with outcrop studies, laboratory and numerical modeling, and subsurface field studies of clay smear and propose a comprehensive summary that encompasses all of these elements. Important fault processes that contribute to clay smear are defined in the context of the ratio of rock strength and in situ effective stresses, the geometric evolution of fault systems, and the composition of the faulted section. We find that although there has been progress in all avenues pursued, progress has been uneven, and the processes that disrupt clay smears are mostly overlooked. We highlight those research areas that we think will yield the greatest benefit and suggest that taking these emerging results within a more process-based framework presented here will lead to a new generation of clay smear models. 相似文献