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1.
The Feiran–Solaf metamorphic belt consists of low-P high-T amphibolite facies, partly migmatized gneisses, schists, amphibolites and minor calc-silicate rocks of metasedimentary origin. There are also thick concordant synkinematic sheets of diorite, tonalite and granodiorite orthogneiss and foliated granite and pegmatite dykelets. The gneissosity (or schistosity) is referred to as S1, and is almost everywhere parallel to lithological layering, S0. This parallelism is not due to transposition. The gneissosity formed during an extensional tectonic event (termed D1), before folding of S0. S1 formed by coaxial pure shear flattening strain (Z normal to S0, i.e. vertical; with X and Y both extensional and lying in S1). This strain also produced chocolate tablet boudinage of some layers and S1-concordant sills and veins. S1 has a strong stretching lineation L1 with rodding characteristics. Within-plane plastic anisotropy (lower ductility along Y compared to along X) resulted in L1-parallel extensional ductile shears and melt filled cracks. Continued shortening of these veins, and back-rotation of foliations on the shears produced intrafolial F1 folds with hinges parallel to the stretching lineation. F1 fold asymmetry variations do not support previous models involving macroscopic F1 folds or syn-gneissosity compressional tectonics. The sedimentary protoliths of the Feiran–Solaf gneisses were probably deposited in a pre-800 Ma actively extending intracratonic rift characterizing an early stage of the break-up of Rodinia.  相似文献   

2.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(6):417-430
The Longi-Taormina Unit forms the “Dorsale calcaire” of the Peloritani Alpine Belt (southern Calabria-Peloritani Arc). It is made by a thick sedimentary cover of Meso-Cenozoic age overlying a Variscan weakly metamorphosed Cambrian to Carboniferous succession.

The Palaeozoic series consists of pelitic to arenaceous sediments containing layers of acidic and basic volcanics. The acidic volcanics are affected by the “Caledonian” compressional deformations and are referred to Early Ordovician. The basic rocks belong to two different volcanic cycles; the first, not dated, is ascribed to the Caledonian cycle according to its geochemical signature; whereas the second, middle-late Devonian in age, is interpreted to have formed in the framework of pre-Variscan extensional tectonics. During the Variscan Orogeny (330 Ma), the area recorded metamorphism up to subgreenschist-to-greenschist facies and two main deformation phases, marked by syn-schistose early folds (Dv1), overprinted by dominantly NW-SE trending late folds (Dv2).

During the Aquitanian, deformation related to the Alpine Orogeny led to imbrication of the Palaeozoic and Meso-Cenozoic series. The sedimentary cover was affected by a series of N090° to N130° trending folds. Detailed stratigraphical and structural investigations on the tectonic contact between the Longi-Taormina Unit, and the overlying Fondachelli Unit indicate that this structure is part of a frontal thrust ramp which developed during the Aquitanian.

Our geological and structural studies on the Cambrian to Aquitanian rocks of the Longi-Taormina Unit of the Calabria-Peloritani Arc enable to unravel the complex geodynamic history of the central-western Mediterranean area.  相似文献   

3.
大别-苏鲁造山带不同岩片(块)经历了不同的褶皱变形.榴辉岩块(或透镜体)和硬玉石英岩片经历了高压-超高压背景下的两幕褶皱变形之后,在区域性第一幕变形期间主要发生透镜化为主,后期与围岩共同经历紧闭同斜第二幕褶皱.而其它岩片主要经历了现今野外可见的区域性三幕褶皱,其中区域性第一幕褶皱为片内残留褶皱,在斜长角闪岩透镜体中多见,宏观规律不明.区域性第二幕褶皱在露头尺度多见,轴面为折劈理,局部强烈置换成片理化带(复合片理或第二期片理),恢复第三幕褶皱改造作用后,揭示出各种岩片中的各级尺度的第二幕褶皱都为轴面北西倾南东倒、轴迹走向为NNE向的紧闭不对称褶皱,不对称性一致反映其指向与各种岩片向南东的逆冲运动有关.第三幕褶皱为以片理或折劈理为变形面的宽缓褶皱,轴迹走向NWW,枢纽向西倾伏.韧性剪切带为非透入性构造,分早晚两期,早期为韧性逆冲,新县穹隆以南,运动学标志指示向北逆冲,错切第二幕褶皱,结合新县穹隆北部向南的逆冲特征,反映这些韧性逆冲断层多数为第二幕大型褶皱翼部的次级逆冲断层;晚期为韧性滑脱带,其发育局限于几个岩性差异较大的接触带,带内伸展型折劈理发育,并对挤压构造样式有重要的改造作用.华北克拉通东部地块是华北克拉通的重要组成,其盖层古生界和三叠系在印支运动期间经历了一幕宽缓褶皱作用,其轴迹方向主体也为NWW向.这一褶皱构造明显在变形时间、变形样式和展布方向上都和大别-苏鲁造山带中的第三幕褶皱非常一致,说明它们具有动力学上的必然联系.同时,研究表明在华北克拉通东部地块中没有经历大别-苏鲁造山带中区域性第一、第二幕褶皱变形的记录,故本文认为印支期这两幕变形主要发生在华北板块东南缘的边界上,并没有波及到板内,而且从东向西高压-超高压岩石剥露具有穿时性.只有当华北板块和华南板块在第二幕变形之后构成了统一块体后,第三幕变形才波及华北板内.  相似文献   

4.
Structural studies of Lower Permian sequences exposed on wave‐cut platforms within the Nambucca Block, indicate that one to two ductile and two to three brittle — ductile/brittle events are recorded in the lower grade (sub‐greenschist facies) rocks; evidence for four, possibly five, ductile and at least three brittle — ductile/brittle events occurs in the higher grade (greenschist facies) rocks. Veins formed prior to the second ductile event are present in some outcrops. Further, the studies reveal a change in fold style from west‐southwest‐trending, open, south‐southeast‐verging, inclined folds (F1 0) at Grassy Head in the south, to east‐northeast‐trending, recumbent, isoclinal folds (F1 0; F2 0) at Nambucca Heads to the north, suggesting that strain increases towards the Coffs Harbour Block. A solution cleavage formed during D1 in the lower grade rocks and cleavages defined by neocrystalline white mica developed during D1 and D2 in the higher grade rocks. South‐ to south‐southwest‐directed tectonic transport and north‐south shortening operated during these earlier events. Subsequently, north‐northeast‐trending, open, upright F3 2 folds and inclined, northwest‐verging, northeast‐trending F4 2 folds developed with poorly to moderately developed axial planar, crenulation cleavage (S3 and S4) formed by solution transfer processes. These folds formed heterogeneously in S2 throughout the higher grade areas. Later northeast‐southwest shortening resulted in the formation of en échelon vein arrays and kink bands in both the lower and higher grade rocks. Shortening changed to east‐northeast‐west‐southwest during later north‐northeast to northeast, dextral, strike‐slip faulting and then to approximately northwest‐southeast during the formation of east‐southeast to southeast‐trending, strike‐slip faults. Cessation of faulting occurred prior to the emplacement of Triassic (229 Ma) granitoids. On a regional scale, S1 trends east‐west and dips moderately to the north in areas unaffected by later events. S2 has a similar trend to S1 in less‐deformed areas, but is refolded about east‐west axes during D3. S3 is folded about east‐west axes in the highest grade, multiply deformed central part of the Nambucca Block. The deformation and regional metamorphism in the Nambucca Block is believed to be the result of indenter tectonics, whereby south‐directed movement of the Coffs Harbour Block during oroclinal bending, sequentially produced the east‐west‐trending structures. The effects of the Coffs Harbour Block were greatest during D1 and D2.  相似文献   

5.
The Mana district, located in the northern part of the Birimian Houndé greenstone belt in western Burkina Faso, is a world-class Paleoproterozoic orogenic gold district (∼8 Moz) including five gold deposits (Fofina, Nyafé, Siou, Wona-Kona and Yaho). These deposits are located in specific lithostratigraphic domains, and gold is controlled by various structural features. Deposit- and regional-scale mapping, intrusion age and geochemistry, as well as airborne aeromagnetic and electrical resistivity geophysical data, were used to decipher the tectonic evolution of each gold deposit and the district. Five deformational and four gold mineralizing events were recognized.The first deformation event (D1MD: E-W oriented shortening) affected the metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Lower Birimian group. This early deformation episode was correlated with the formation of gently N-plunging folds (F1MD) and N-S-striking thrusts faults coeval with emplacement of the pre- to synkinematic Wona-Kona and Siou plutons dated at ∼2172 Ma, under greenschist facies metamorphism. The quartz-carbonate veins (V1MD) at Fofina and Siou formed during D1MD at Eoeburnean time, manifesting the first gold event at approximately ∼2172 Ma.The following deformation event (D2MD: E-W oriented extension) is associated with the deposition of the Upper Birimian group (Mana basin) overlying the Lower Birimian group. The geometry of the Mana basin is controlled by the Mana and Maoula shear zones. The Tarkwaian-type rock formation overlying the Upper Birimian group, controlled by the Wona-Kona and Siou shear zones, is constrained at the end of D2MD or at the beginning of the D3MD event with a maximum deposition age at ∼2113 Ma.The third deformation event (D3MD: E-W to WNW-ESE transpression) affected the entire supracrustal rock. Such event is correlated with the formation of map-scale F3MD folds and dextral shear zones during the Eburnean orogeny (∼2113–2090 Ma). A second gold mineralizing event occurred during D3MD and is manifested by quartz-carbonate veins (V3MD) and disseminated sulfides at the Yaho, Fofina and Nyafé and possibly Wona-Kona deposits.The fourth deformation event (D4MD: NNW-SSE transpression) is correlated with sinistral shearing along the major transcurrent faults and the development of asymmetric NNE-striking folds (F4MD) associated with vertical fold axes. Syn-D4MD mineralization is characterized mainly by a strong silicification (Si4MD) with disseminated pyrite and arsenopyrite along the Wona-Kona shear zone and by tiny quartz-carbonate veinlets (V4MD). This event is considered the main gold-bearing event in the western margin of the Mana district.The fifth and last deformation event (D5MD) is brittle in character and was responsible for the formation of E-W subvertical crenulation cleavages and reverse faults under overall N-S shortening. This late deformation event is tentatively associated with a last gold event recorded as free gold associated with muscovite in brittle fractures developed in competent orebodies at the Wona-Kona and Siou deposits. This event could be as young as ∼2022 Ma, the age obtained from Ar-Ar datation of muscovite-schists at the Wona-Kona deposit.Our main contribution is that we decipher multiple gold mineralizing events at the district scale based on deposit- and regional-scale mapping. It is interpreted that gold was introduced as early as ∼2172 Ma and possibly as late as ∼2022 Ma during at least 3 or even 4 shortening tectonic events in a timeframe not yet recognized at the district scale for all the Birimian belts.  相似文献   

6.
Two major epigenetic gold-forming events are recorded in the world-class gold province of southwest Ghana. A pre-Tarkwaian event was the source of the world-class Tarkwa palaeoplacers whereas post-Birimian and Tarkwaian deformation, which was related to the Eburnean orogeny, gave rise to the world-class (e.g. Prestea) to giant (e.g. Obuasi) orogenic gold deposits which have made the region famous for more than 2,500 years. A maximum age of 2133±4 Ma for Tarkwaian sedimentation is provided by 71 of 111 concordant SHRIMP II U–Pb dates from detrital zircons in Tarkwaian clastic rocks from Damang and Bippo Bin, northeast of Tarkwa. The overall data distribution broadly overlaps the relatively poorly constrained ages of Birimian volcanism and associated Dixcove-type granitoid emplacement, indicating syntectonic development of the Tarkwaian sedimentary basin. These zircon ages argue against derivation of the palaeoplacer gold from an orogenic gold source related to the compressional phase of an orogeny significantly older than the Eburnean orogeny. Instead, they suggest that the gold source was either orogenic gold lodes related to an earlier compressional phase of a diachronous Eburnean orogeny or ca. 2200–2100 Ma intrusion-related gold lode. The CO2-rich fluid inclusions in associated vein-quartz pebbles are permissive of either source. At the Damang deposit, an epigenetic, orogenic lode-gold system clearly overprinted, and sulphidised low-grade palaeoplacer hematite–magnetite gold occurrences in the Banket Series conglomerate within the Tarkwaian sedimentary sequence. Gold mineralisation is demonstrably post-peak metamorphism, as gold-related alteration assemblages overprint metamorphic assemblages in host rocks. In alteration zones surrounding the dominant, subhorizontal auriferous quartz veins, there are rare occurrences of hydrothermal xenotime which give a SHRIMP U–Pb age of 2063±9 Ma for gold mineralisation. The similar structural timing of epigenetic gold mineralisation in Tarkwaian host rocks at Damang to that in mainly Birimian host rocks elsewhere in southwest Ghana, particularly at Obuasi, suggests that 2063±9 Ma is the best available age estimate for widespread orogenic gold mineralisation in the region. Argon–argon ages of 2029±4 and 2034±4 Ma for hydrothermal biotite from auriferous quartz veins appear to represent uplift and cooling of the region below about 300 °C, as estimates of the temperature of gold mineralisation are higher, at around 400 °C. If peak metamorphism, with temperatures of about 550 °C, is assumed to have occurred at about 2100 Ma, the biotite ages, in combination with the xenotime age, suggest a broadly constant uplift rate for the region of about 1 km per 10 million years from about 2100 to 2025 Ma.  相似文献   

7.
《China Geology》2019,2(4):478-492
The Narooma-Batemans Bay (NBB) area along the southeast coast of Australia is a part of the eastern zone of the Early Paleozoic Lachlan Orogen. In the NBB, a set of rock association consisting of turbidites, siliceous rock, basic lava, and argillaceous melange zone is mainly developed. According to systematic field geological survey, the deformation of 3 stages (D1, D2, and D3) was identified in the NBB. At stage D1, with the original bedding S0 in a nearly east-west trending as the deformation plane, tight folds, isoclinal folds, and other structures formed in the NBB accompanied by structural transposition. As a result, crenulation cleavage developed along the axial plane of the folds and schistosity S1 formed. At stage D2, with north-south-trending schistosity S1 as the deformation plane, a large number of asymmetrical folds and rotated porphyroclasts formed owing to thrusting and shear. At stage D3, left-lateral strike-slip occurred along the main north-south-trending schistosity. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of tectonic deformation in the NBB and summary of previous research results, it is determined that the early-stage (D1) deformation is related to Ordovician Macquarie arc-continent collision and the deformation at stages D2 and D3 is the result of the westward subduction of Paleo-Pacific Plate. That is, it is not the continuous westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate that constitutes the evolution model of the NBB as previously considered.  相似文献   

8.
The Beit Bridge Complex of the Central Zone (CZ) of the Limpopo Belt hosts the 519 ± 6 Ma Venetia kimberlite diatremes. Deformed shelf- or platform-type supracrustal sequences include the Mount Dowe, Malala Drift and Gumbu Groups, comprising quartzofeldspathic units, biotite-bearing gneiss, quartzite, metapelite, metacalcsilicate and ortho- and para-amphibolite. Previous studies define tectonometamorphic events at 3.3–3.1 Ga, 2.7–2.5 Ga and 2.04 Ga. Detailed structural mapping over 10 years highlights four deformation events at Venetia. Rules-based implicit 3D modelling in Leapfrog Geo™ provides an unprecedented insight into CZ ductile deformation and sheath folding. D1 juxtaposed gneisses against metasediments. D2 produced a pervasive axial planar foliation (S2) to isoclinal F2 folds. Sheared lithological contacts and S2 were refolded into regional, open, predominantly southward-verging, E–W trending F3 folds. Intrusion of a hornblendite protolith occurred at high angles to incipient S2. Constrictional-prolate D4 shows moderately NE-plunging azimuths defined by elongated hornblendite lenses, andalusite crystals in metapelite, crenulations in fuchsitic quartzite and sheath folding. D4 overlaps with a: 1) 2.03–2.01 Ga regional M3 metamorphic overprint; b) transpressional deformation at 2.2–1.9 Ga and c) 2.03 Ga transpressional, dextral shearing and thrusting around the CZ and d) formation of the Avoca, Bellavue and Baklykraal sheath folds and parallel lineations.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

New field and petrographic data from the Birimian of the Kolia-Boboti Basin in the Kédougou-Kéniéba inlier indicate two phases of gold mineralization related to Eburnean tectono-magmatic events. Syn- to late-tectonic (D2/D3) mineralization, controlled by stockwork sulphide-bearing quartz-chlorite and quartz-carbonate veins, is associated with fluid circulation related to magmatic intrusions. V2 veins and disseminated assemblages are mainly composed of quartz + chlorite + pyrite and ± gold. Haematite and arsenopyrite are added in the sediments (pelite, greywake, sandstone, quartzite, and marble) and albite in the felsic rocks (andesite, rhyolite, granodirite, and diorite). V3 veins assemblage is composed of quartz + carbonate + pyrite + chalcopyrite and ± gold. Pyrrhotite appears in the sediments (greywacke, quartzite, marble). Sericite, tourmaline, haematite, and magnetite are common in both V2 and V3 assemblages. The first sulphide-bearing quartz-chlorite assemblage is related to the hydrothermal activity of the Eburnean D2 deformation, which was focused mostly along NW- to NNE-trending tectonic structures. The second sulphide-bearing quartz-carbonate assemblage is associated with hydrothermal activity during late Eburnean D3 deformation, mainly located in NE- to E–W-trending tectonic structures. Gold is correlated with the abundance of sulphides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite), and sulphide stockworks are more abundant in the veins sub-parallel (V2b) or oblique (V2c) to the N–S- to NNE-oriented S2 foliation, as well as in the N45°–N90°-oriented V3 veins. V1 veins, which are related to D1 Eburnean tectonics, are highly deformed (folded and boudinaged) and are poor in sulphides. The host structures of mineralization (V2 and V3 veins) represent the low- and medium-stress domains resulting from the Eburnean D2 and D3 tectonic phases, respectively. The intra-crystalline deformation of the quartz grains associated with these three vein types indicates relatively low temperatures. These different features suggest that most of the mineralization was associated with sulphides formed during the D2 and D3 Eburnean tectono-magmatic events dated around 2080 ± 0.9 and 2061 ± 15 Ma, respectively.  相似文献   

10.
Birimian supracrustal sequences in NE Burkina Faso are dominated by meta-volcaniclastic greywacke, intercalated meta-conglomerate, siltstone and shale. The sequences where subjected to two phases of deformation and contact metamorphosed to hornblende–hornfels facies during emplacement of pyroxenite–gabbro–norite (Yacouba Mafic complex), granodiorite–tonalite (Tin Taradat granodiorite–tonalite) and dolerite dykes.Structural studies indicated that the NE-trending, first-order crustal-scale Markoye Shear Zone (MSZ; Markoye Fault of [Jeambrun, M., Delfour, J., Gravost, M., 1970. Carte géologique de L’Oudalan. Bureau De Recherches Geologiques et Miniéres, Burkina Faso.]) has undergone at least two phases of reactivation concomitant to two phases of regional deformation. The first phase of deformation, D1, resulted in the formation of NNW-NW trending folds and thrusts during dextral-reverse displacement on the MSZ. The deformation is termed the Tangaean Event and predates the Eburnean Orogeny. D2 phase involved a period of SE–NW crustal shortening and sinistral-reverse displacement on the MSZ, and is correlated to the Eburnean Orogeny 2.1 Ga. Deformation in D2 is characterised by NE-trending regional folds (F2) and a pervasive NE-trending foliation (S2-C to S2). Within the MSZ, deformation is characterised by NNE-trending zones of mylonite that are bordered in the hangingwall and footwall by pseudotachylite veins. Buck quartz-carbonate veins and quartz cataclasite veins crosscut the mylonite zones and are, in turn, crosscut by quartz–chlorite–(muscovite) shears that formed during reactivation of the MSZ late in D2. Several generations of veins are recognised at the Essakane main deposit (EMZ): Arsenopyrite–pyrite–gold mineralization in quartz veins formed in D1 during metasomatic alteration of the host rocks; Vein-stockwork gold mineralization is interpreted to have formed late in D2.  相似文献   

11.
Two well-developed mesoscopic folds, D_2 and D_3, which postdate the middle amphibolite metamorphism, were recognized in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. NW–SE trending D_2 folds developed during NE–SW horizontal bulk shortening followed by NE–SW trending D_3 folds, which developed during SE–NW shortening. Micro- to mesoscopically the NW–SE trending S2 crenulation cleavage, boudins and mineral stretching lineations are overprinted by D_3. The newly established NW–SE trending micro- to mesoscopic structures in Munda termed D_2, which postdated F_1/F_2, is synchronously developed with F3 structures in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. We interpret that D_2 and D_3 folds are counterclockwise rotated in the tectonic event that has evolved the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis after the main phase Indian plate and Kohistan Island Arc collision. Chlorite replacement by biotite in the main matrix crenulation cleavages indicates prograde metamorphism related with D_2. The inclusion of muscovite and biotite in garnet porphyroblasts and the presence of staurolite in these rocks indicate that the Barrovian metamorphic conditions predate D_2 and D_3. We interpret that garnet, staurolite and calcite porphyroblasts grew before D_2 because the well developed S2 crenulation cleavage wraps around these porphyroblasts.  相似文献   

12.
Detailed field-structural mapping of Neoproterozoic basement rocks exposed in the Wadi Yiba area, southern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia illustrates an important episode of late Neoproterozoic transpression in the southern part of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). This area is dominated by five main basement lithologies: gneisses, metavolcanics, Ablah Group (meta-clastic and marble units) and syn- and post-tectonic granitoids. These rocks were affected by three phases of deformation (D1–D3). D1 formed tight to isoclinal and intrafolial folds (F1), penetrative foliation (S1), and mineral lineation (L1), which resulted from early E-W (to ENE-WSW) shortening. D2 deformation overprinted D1 structures and was dominated by transpression and top-to-the-W (?WSW) thrusting as shortening progressed. Stretching lineation trajectories, S-C foliations, asymmetric shear fabrics and related mylonitic foliation, and flat-ramp and duplex geometries further indicate the inferred transport direction. The N- to NNW-orientation of both “in-sequence piggy-back thrusts” and axial planes of minor and major F2 thrust-related overturned folds also indicates the same D2 compressional stress trajectories. The Wadi Yiba Shear Zone (WYSZ) formed during D2 deformation. It is one of several N-S trending brittle-ductile Late Neoproterozoic shear zones in the southern part of the ANS. Shear sense indicators reveal that shearing during D2 regional-scale transpression was dextral and is consistent with the mega-scale sigmoidal patterns recognized on Landsat images. The shearing led to the formation of the WYSZ and consequent F2 shear zone-related folds, as well as other unmappable shear zones in the deformed rocks. Emplacement of the syn-tectonic granitoids is likely to have occurred during D2 transpression and occupied space created during thrust propagation. D1 and D2 structures are locally overprinted by mesoscopic- to macroscopic-scale D3 structures (F3 folds, and L3 crenulation lineations and kink bands). F3 folds are frequently open and have steep to subvertical axial planes and axes that plunge ENE to ESE. This deformation may reflect progressive convergence between East and West Gondwana.  相似文献   

13.
Palaeoproterozoic black shales form an essential part of the Birimian volcanosedimentary belt in Burkina Faso, West Africa. The mean Rmax values and the atomic H/C values of the bulk carbonaceous matter (BCM), together with rock structures and mineral assemblages, indicate that these carbon‐rich rocks were metamorphosed to sub‐greenschist and low‐grade greenschist facies. X‐ray diffraction reveals that the (002) ‘graphite’ peak width in half maximum (FWHM) ranges from 0.43 to 0.71 °2θ in sub‐greenschist facies and from 0.27 to 0.41 °2θ in greenschist facies rocks, but the d(002) values in both groups of rocks are approximately the same (～3.35 Å). The BCM of individual samples is composed of particles with very variable shape, reflectance and Raman spectra. Type I particles that predominate in sub‐greenschist facies are fine‐grained, irregular or elongate bodies 1 to 3 μm in size. Their maximum reflectance (Rmax) ranges between 2.5% and 8.2%, and Raman parameters R1 and R2 range from 0.5 to 1.4 and 0.5 to 0.8, respectively. Type II particles are lath‐shaped, up to 40 μm large bodies, commonly arranged parallel to white mica flakes. The number of these particles increases from sub‐greenschist to greenschist facies. Maximum reflectance varies between 6% and 11.2% and R1 and R2 Raman parameters range from 0.05 to 0.7 and from 0.1 to 0.5, respectively. Type III particles occur in hydrothermally altered and sheared rocks; these are nodular aggregates composed of grains up to 10 μm in size. This type of particles has very high reflectance (Rmax = 11–15%) and its Raman spectra indicate a very high degree of structural ordering corresponding to well‐ordered graphite. Type I particles represent original organic matter in the metasediments. Type II particles are believed to have been formed either in situ by solid‐state transformation of Type I particles or by crystallization from metamorphic fluids. Gradual graphitization of the Type I organic particles and the growth of lath‐shaped Type II particles from a fluid phase is assumed to have taken place under the peak metamorphic conditions associated with the burial of Birimian sediments during thrust tectonism, progressive tectonic accretion and crustal thickening during the D1 event of the Eburnean orogeny. The growth of equant, high‐reflectance postkinematic nodular aggregates of Type III particles is ascribed to the reduction of CO2‐rich fluids during a hydrothermal event associated with Late Eburnean D2 exhumation and strike–slip movements. Type I carbonaceous particles were only slightly affected by high‐temperature, low‐pressure contact metamorphism during intrusion of Late Eburnean magmatic bodies, whereas formation of Type II or III particles was not recorded in contact‐metamorphosed rocks at all.  相似文献   

14.
The supracrustal rocks in the easternmost part of the Proterozoic fold belt of North Singhbhum, eastern India, are folded into a series of large upright folds with variable plunges. The regional schistosity is axial–planar to the folds. The folds were produced by a second phase of deformation (D2) and were preceded by D1 deformation, which gave rise to isoclinal folds (mapped outside the study area) and the locally preserved, bedding-parallel schistosity. A shearing deformation during D2 was responsible for the sheath-like geometry of a major fold. The axial planes were curved by D3 warping. The first metamorphic episode (M1) of low-pressure type produced andalusite porphyroblasts prior to, or in the early stage of, D1 deformation. The main metamorphism (M2), responsible for the formation of chloritoid, kyanite, garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts, was late- to post-D2 in occurrence. The Staurolite isograd separates two zonal assemblages recorded in the high-alumina and the low-alumina pelitic schists. Geothermobarometric calculations indicate the peak metamorphic temperature to be 550 °C at 5.5 kb. Fluid composition in the rocks before and during M2 metamorphism was buffered and fluid influx, if any, was not extensive enough to overcome the buffering capacity of the rocks. From M1 to M2, the P–T path is found to have a clockwise trajectory, that is consistent with a tectonic model involving initial asthenospheric upwelling and rifting, followed by compressional deformation leading to loading and heating.  相似文献   

15.
In the western part of the North Singhbhum fold belt near Lotapahar and Sonua the remobilized basement block of Chakradharpur Gneiss is overlain by a metasedimentary assemblage consisting of quartz arenite, conglomerate, slate-phyllite, greywacke with volcanogenic material, volcaniclastic rocks and chert. The rock assemblage suggests an association of volcanism, turbidite deposition and debris flow in the basin. The grade of metamorphism is very low, the common metamorphic minerals being muscovite, chlorite, biotite and stilpnomelane. Three phases of deformation have affected the rocks. The principal D1 structure is a penetrative planar fabric, parallel to or at low angle to bedding. No D1 major fold is observed and the regional importance of this deformation is uncertain. The D2 deformation has given rise to a number of northerly plunging major folds on E-W axial planes. These have nearly reclined geometry and theL 2lineation is mostly downdip on theS 2surface, though some variation in pitch is observed. The morphology of D2 planar fabric varies from slaty cleavage/schistosity to crenulation cleavage and solution cleavage. D3 deformation is weak and has given rise to puckers and broad warps on schistosity and bedding. The D2 major folds south of Lotapahar are second order folds in the core of the Ongarbira syncline whose easterly closure is exposed east of the mapped area. Photogeological study suggests that the easterly and westerly closing folds together form a large synclinal sheath fold. There is a continuity of structures from north to south and no mylonite belt is present, though there is attenuation and disruption along the fold limbs. Therefore, the Singhbhum shear zone cannot be extended westwards in the present area. There is no evidence that in this area a discontinuity surface separates two orogenic belts of Archaean and Proterozoic age.  相似文献   

16.
刘肇昌 《地质科学》1984,(2):208-215
片内无根褶皱是变质岩系中分布广泛的一种小型构造,它的存在是面理置换的重要判据之一(特纳等,1963),对于认识区域性面理的成因,恢复区域构造具有重要意义。本文对四川北部南江上两地区火地垭群中片内无根褶皱进行了研究。  相似文献   

17.
Granulite-facies rocks occurring north-east of the Chilka Lake anothosite (Balugan Massif) show a complex metamorphic and deformation history. The M1–D1 stage is identified only through microscopic study by the presence of S1 internal foliation shown by the M1 assemblage sillimanite–quartz–plagioclase–biotite within garnet porphyroblasts of the aluminous granulites and this fabric is obliterated in outcrop to map-scale by subsequent deformations. S2 fabric was developed at peak metamorphic condition (M2–D2) and is shown by gneissic banding present in all lithological units. S3 fabric was developed due to D3 deformation and it is tectonically transposed parallel to S2 regionally except at the hinge zone of the F3 folds. The transposed S2/S3 fabric is the regional characteristic structure of the area. The D4 event produced open upright F4 folds, but was weak enough to develop any penetrative foliation in the rocks except few spaced cleavages that developed in the quartzite/garnet–sillimanite gneiss. Petrological data suggest that the M4–D4 stage actually witnessed reactivation of the lower crust by late distinct tectonothermal event. Presence of transposed S2/S3 fabric within the anorthosite arguably suggests that the pluton was emplaced before or during the M3–D3 event. Field-based large-scale structural analyses and microfabric analyses of the granulites reveal that this terrain has been evolved through superposed folding events with two broadly perpendicular compression directions without any conclusive evidence for transpressional tectonics as argued by earlier workers. Tectonothermal history of these granulites spanning in Neoproterozoic time period is dominated by compressional tectonics with associated metamorphism at deep crust.  相似文献   

18.
Three fold generations have been recognized in Svecofennian rocks (±1,800 Ma) from West Uusimaa, SW Finland. The first one (F1) might be related to thrusting and imbrication tectonics at plate collision contacts. The main generation (F2) is due to a N-S horizontal crustal shortening, which created at first E-W trending upright folds in the whole region and later tightened these F2 folds in the western part of the belt, whereas conjugate shear zones and tectonic lenses of competent rock bodies developed in the eastern part. Simultaneously the metamorphic conditions rose from amphibolite- to granulite-facies in this eastern part, which is known as the West Uusimaa Complex. The amphibolite- to granulite-facies transition zone along the western boundary of the granulite-facies complex is studied in detail. A number of prograde mineral reactions are telescoped in this transition zone: the breakdown of biotite and amphibole to ortho- ±clino-pyroxene in metaigneous rocks, the appearance of garnet in cordierite-bearing metapelites and the appearance of scapolite in calcareous rocks. Distinct mineralogical changes also occur in this zone which cross cuts all major structures and rock units and are only affected by late-F3 folding (open, disharmonic folds with approximately N-S trending axial planes) and young shear zones, associated with pseudotachylite generation. The absence of any evidence of block faulting and tilting of the crust that could be associated with the granulite complex suggests that the whole region represents one crustal level. A fluid-inclusion study indicates similar pressures for the amphibolite facies and the granulite facies domains. Application of various independent geothermobarometric methods suggest a low pressure (3–5 K bar) and a temperature increase from 550–650° C to 700–825° C, associated with a decreasing water activity (0.12O<0.4) and a general increasing CO2 activity. Fluid inclusions strongly suggest an isobaric amphibolite/granulite transition. There-fore the granulite-facies complex is designated a thermal dome. Whole rock chemical data show that granulite-facies metamorphism is isochemical. Constraints for the Svecokarelian crustal evolution are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
In the central Aegean, the Cycladic island of Amorgos consists of two high‐pressure (HP) units, the marble‐rich Amorgos unit, which is correlated to the Mesozoic ‘cover’ sequence of the Menderes Massif, and the Cycladic Blueschist unit. New structural data show that the deformation history of the Amorgos HP‐rocks was principally governed by early Oligocene (or late Eocene)–early Miocene ductile to brittle thrusting (D1–D3) followed by middle–late Miocene oblique contractional movements (D4–D5). The D1 phase caused syn‐blueschist‐facies ductile thrusting of the Cycladic Blueschist unit over the Amorgos unit, with ambiguous kinematics. Progressive deformation under continuous NW–SE compression produced a sequence of imbricate NW‐directed thrusts (D2/3) characterized by a stratification of fault‐related rocks, with mylonitic zones (D2) giving way downwards to cataclastic zones (D3). Ductile D2 thrusting synchronous to greenschist‐facies retrogression, was accompanied by mega‐sheath folding during constrictional and general shear deformation. Brittle D3 thrusting was associated with NW‐verging F3 folds trending at a high‐angle to the transport direction. Orthogonal contraction gave way to transpression during which the compression orientation changed from NW–SE (D4) to NE–SW (D5). Back‐arc related NW–SE pure extension (D6) seems to have been established in post‐late Miocene times and related high‐angle normal faulting affected HP‐rocks only after they had already reached the uppermost crustal levels. Oligocene–early Miocene deformation history is interpreted to indicate syn‐compressional exhumation of HP‐rocks possibly in an extrusion wedge. In this case, Amorgos HP‐rocks should have occupied the base of the extrusion wedge. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

20.
The Arthur Lineament of northwestern Tasmania is a Cambrian (510 ± 10 Ma) high‐strain metamorphic belt. In the south it is composed of metasedimentary and mafic meta‐igneous lithologies of the ‘eastern’ Ahrberg Group, Bowry Formation and a high‐strain part of the Oonah Formation. Regionally, the lineament separates the Rocky Cape Group correlates and ‘western’ Ahrberg Group to its west from the relatively low‐strain parts of the Oonah Formation, and the correlated Burnie Formation, to its east. Early folding and thrusting caused emplacement of the allochthonous Bowry Formation, which is interpreted to occur as a fault‐bound slice, towards the eastern margin of the parautochthonous ‘eastern’ Ahrberg Group metasediments. The early stages of formation of the Arthur Lineament involved two folding events. The first deformation (CaD1) produced a schistose axial‐planar fabric and isoclinal folds synchronous with thrusting. The second deformation (CaD2) produced a coarser schistosity and tight to isoclinal folds. South‐plunging, north‐south stretching lineations, top to the south shear sense indicators, and south‐verging, downward‐facing folds in the Arthur Lineament suggest south‐directed transport. CaF1 and CaF2 were rotated to a north‐south trend in zones of high strain during the CaD2 event. CaD3, later in the Cambrian, folded the earlier foliations in the Arthur Lineament and produced west‐dipping steep thrusts, creating the linear expression of the structure.  相似文献   

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