共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
2.
GIS and ANN coupling model: an innovative approach to evaluate vulnerability of karst water inrush in coalmines of north China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Evaporites, including rock salt (halite) and gypsum (or anhydrite), are the most soluble among common rocks; they dissolve
readily to form the same types of karst features that commonly are found in limestones and dolomites. Evaporites are present
in 32 of the 48 contiguous states in USA, and they underlie about 40% of the land area. Typical evaporite-karst features observed
in outcrops include sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, and springs, whereas other evidence of active evaporite karst
includes surface-collapse structures and saline springs or saline plumes that result from salt dissolution. Many evaporites
also contain evidence of paleokarst, such as dissolution breccias, breccia pipes, slumped beds, and collapse structures. All
these natural karst phenomena can be sources of engineering or environmental problems. Dangerous sinkholes and caves can form
rapidly in evaporite rocks, or pre-existing karst features can be reactivated and open up (collapse) under certain hydrologic
conditions or when the land is put to new uses. Many karst features also propagate upward through overlying surficial deposits.
Human activities also have caused development of evaporite karst, primarily in salt deposits. Boreholes (petroleum tests or
solution-mining operations) or underground mines may enable unsaturated water to flow through or against salt deposits, either
intentionally or accidentally, thus allowing development of small to large dissolution cavities. If the dissolution cavity
is large enough and shallow enough, successive roof failures can cause land subsidence and/or catastrophic collapse. Evaporite
karst, natural and human-induced, is far more prevalent than is commonly believed. 相似文献
3.
娄底地区地质灾害概况及其防治 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
娄底地区的地质灾害主要有:塌陷、地裂、房裂、滑坡、地震等。对人们生命财产影响最大的是塌陷与滑坡,这些灾害主要是由于工程地质环境不良、加上人类活动触发所致。塌陷主要出现在岩溶发育的断裂带及其附近,尤其是当地下水位降深和排水量增大时。目前,地下采空区、河道及交通道路两侧以及受破坏的陡坡都存在地质灾害隐患。应加强对地质灾害的综合研究,提高抗灾防灾科学技术水平。 相似文献
4.
Stephanie E. Chang Timothy L. McDaniels Joey Mikawoz Krista Peterson 《Natural Hazards》2007,41(2):337-358
This paper addresses the problem of interdependent failures of critical infrastructures in disasters. Disruptions to critical
infrastructure systems such as electric power or transportation frequently cause major social and economic loss in disasters,
both directly and through failures in one system leading to or compounding disruptions in another. Strategic approaches regarding
infrastructure failures are needed to guide community mitigation and preparedness efforts. This paper defines and provides
a conceptual framework for investigating infrastructure failure interdependencies (IFIs) from the standpoint of societal impacts.
In order to identify empirical patterns, a unique database has been developed of IFIs observed in major electric power outage
events. This paper presents analysis of this data for a major Canadian disaster, the 1998 Ice Storm that affected the northeastern
region of the country. The analysis identifies IFIs due to power outage caused by the storm that are of greatest societal
concern. These represent potential foci for effective, targeted pre-disaster mitigation and preparedness efforts. The framework
and approach are broadly applicable across a range of natural and human-induced hazards. 相似文献
5.
Seismometer arrays have been widely applied to record collapse by controlled explosion in mines and caves. However, most underground failures are natural events, and because they can occur abruptly, underground failures represent a serious geological hazard. An accelerometric array installed on 4 September 2008 has been used to manage the geological risk of the Peschiera Springs drainage plant of Rome??s aqueduct, which is located in the Central Apennines approximately 80?km from Rome, Italy. The plant occupies a karstified carbonatic slope that is extensively involved in gravitational deformations, which are responsible for underground failures such as cracks and collapses. To distinguish among different types of recorded events, an automated procedure was implemented based on the duration, peak of ground acceleration (PGA) and PGA variation in the recordings of the plant??s accelerometric stations. The frequencies of earthquakes and micro-earthquakes due to underground failures are, in general, well correlated. Nevertheless, many underground failure sequences can be directly associated with the continuous deformations that affect the slope. The cumulative Arias intensity trend derived for the underground failures combined with the failure and earthquake frequencies enabled the definition of a control index (CI) that identifies alarming or emergency conditions. The CI can be used as a tool for managing the geological risk associated with the deformational processes that affect the drainage plant. 相似文献
6.
成永刚 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2006,17(4):46-51
清(远)至连(州)公路是广东省粤西北山区第一条一级高等级公路。地质条件复杂,构造发育,路堑边坡高陡,建成通车后时有边坡变形破坏发生,对公路的正常营运造成了严重威胁。作者通过大量的现场调查研究,在地层岩性、地质构造、水的作用以及人为作用等因素基础上,将清-连公路边坡主要变形破坏类型划分为以下6类:坡面冲刷、崩塌、落石、坍塌、滑坡、表层溜坍、剥落。其中前4种灾害规模大、数量多,对公路运输威胁较大。并分别对不同边坡变形破坏的特征机理及其发展趋势进行了深入的分析研究,有针对性地提出了清-连公路边坡变形破坏防治的基本原则和减灾防灾策略,希望能对清-连一级公路顺利的实施升级改造有所帮助,以减轻或防止灾害造成的损失,确保公路的畅通和行车安全。 相似文献
7.
在大量建设城市地下轨道交通及城市更新工程的背景之下,我国城市岩溶地质灾害日趋严重。文章以深圳市3个岩溶地面塌陷事件为例,开展岩溶地下工程地质环境影响区的划定研究。首先运用高频岩溶地下水气压力监测技术对工程影响实际范围进行监测分析,然后结合工程施工参数、岩溶塌陷主要影响因素与水文地质试验参数,采用定性分析和量化计算的综合研究方法,推导出岩溶地下工程地质环境影响范围理论计算经验公式。结果表明:岩溶地下工程影响范围主要与渗透系数、工程深度成正比,与土层厚度成反比,推导的半定量理论公式适用于岩溶承压水条件下,可快速为缺乏地下水监测资料的岩溶地区地下工程安全建设及城市防灾减灾工作提供依据。 相似文献
8.
采用莫尔－库仑准则作为岩体的剪切屈服条件、极限应变作为剪切损伤判据、最大拉应力作为拉伸损伤判据,建立了适合岩体的弹塑性各向异性损伤数值模型。运用该数值模型研究了施工过程不施作支护结构和施作支护结构情况下地下采场覆岩的动态损伤演化过程,并与不施作支护结构时岩体采用弹性模型的数值结果进行了对比。数值试验重现了施工过程地下采场覆岩的动态损伤演化过程,从而为进一步优化支护结构设计、施工以及预防和控制地下采场塌方等工程事故提供了一种新的数值试验手段。 相似文献
9.
新疆煤田火烧区特征及灭火问题探讨 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
煤田火烧区的存在，给勘探、建井、开矿均带来一定的危害。重点论述新疆煤田火烧区的特征、危害和主要形成因素，经过各种勘探方法的对比，选用地面物探方法(磁法和自然电场法)查清了煤层火烧区的分布范围和煤层地下燃烧状态。物探成果资料经钻孔验证技术效果良好，根据煤层高温燃烧区定期观测剖面测定结果，对新疆煤田火烧区储量的损失作了科学的推算。对煤田高温燃烧区灭火方法及灭火工程的验收程序效果提出了合理化建议。 相似文献
10.
矿井电法探测突水陷落柱在任楼煤矿的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
井下工作面侧帮超前探测技术是矿井直流电阻率探测新技术之一。本文阐述了该技术基本探测原理及其在陷落柱突水前探测采煤工作面内部陷落柱的应用。结果表明,该技术能探测含水导水陷落柱位置及其富水性,从而预防陷落柱突水淹井事故的发生,为煤矿井下防治水起到了重要作用。 相似文献
11.
通过对泰安市城区地质环境条件的深入分析,系统阐述了泰安市城市地下空间开发与地质环境因素之间的相互影响关系,一方面城市地下空间开发受到地表水、地下水水位、水质及岩溶塌陷地质灾害等地质环境因素的制约,而地下空间开发建设又反过来影响和改变着城区地下水环境、土壤环境,并有可能提高城区岩溶塌陷发生的机率,因此建议有关部门在规划建设城市地下空间的同时要加强地质环境保护。 相似文献
12.
水利水电工程是一项系统工程,涉及面广,影响范围大,地质灾害与地质环境及工程建设活动密切相关,既相互依存,相互作用,又相互影响,地质灾害类型相对较多,对工程的影响也各不相同。加强地质灾害的预防对促进水利水电工程建设健康协调发展具有重要而深远的意义。本文在对水利水电工程地质灾害进行成因分析的基础上,对地质灾害综合预防与地质环境保护措施进行探讨。 相似文献
13.
为了研究岩溶山区地下采矿活动对上覆岩层及山体的变形影响,依托贵州纳雍普洒“8.28”特大崩滑案例,在现场地质调查的基础上,分析了纳雍普洒“8.28”崩塌体特征和山体变形发展过程,采用UDEC离散元数值方法研究了地下采动作用诱发强烈岩溶山体崩滑失稳过程及变形特征。结果表明:山体上部灰岩溶蚀强烈,形成众多裂隙和岩溶管道,在地下采动作用下经历了较长的变形发展过程;地下采动影响下,山体上覆岩层向采空区方向变形,并随着顶板岩层冒落,岩层变形显著增大;上覆岩层深大裂隙对山体变形有重要影响,上部岩层沿着裂隙向下形成沉降带,同时裂隙也得以扩展;崩塌区前缘岩体由于开挖卸荷,向坡外发生挤出变形,前缘阻滑力降低;随着采空区不断扩大,山体稳定性不断降低,最终山体整体溃屈,发生破坏。普洒崩滑模式为“山体后缘拉裂沉陷—裂隙扩展贯通—整体溃屈”。本研究为开展西南地区地下采动对岩溶坡体稳定性影响评价提供借鉴。 相似文献
14.
通过野外实地调查与室内资料分析,文章总结了河北省公路沿线崩塌地质灾害的类型及其特征．并对其发育规律及成因进行了初步探讨。目的是为科学合理地评价预测崩塌地质灾害的发展趋势与可能造成的危害提供科学依据。 相似文献
15.
大宝山矿经过多年的地下开采及民采,形成大量不规则的、规模及空间位置不明的地下采空区群,对其后续采矿活动的矿工人身安全和矿山开采设施造成了极大危害。本文通过对大宝山采空区相关影响因素的研究,介绍了对该矿山采空区地面塌陷地质灾害的预测的基本思路和分析方法,对其有可能发生地面塌陷灾害的地段进行了预测评估,并探讨了相应的综合治理措施。 相似文献
16.
徐州岩溶塌陷时空分布规律及成因分析 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
文章通过对以往岩溶地面塌陷勘查工作成果进行系统梳理,揭示了徐州地区裸露型岩溶和覆盖型岩溶的分布规律及历史上岩溶塌陷的时空分布特征,发现塌陷的分布具有明显的规律性:(1)塌陷受废黄河断裂带控制,离废黄河断裂带越近岩溶发育越强烈,离废黄河断裂带较远的部位岩溶发育明显减弱;(2)塌陷主要分布于浅部岩溶强烈发育地段的奥陶系灰岩中,少数分布于寒武系灰岩之中;(3)塌陷集中分布在古河道形成的,砂性土单层结构地段,少数分布在砂性土-黏性土双层结构地段;(4)塌陷全部位于岩溶水开采降落漏斗内。结合岩溶塌陷的时间与地下水的动态活动过程之间的关系,全面分析地面塌陷形成的原因,提出了古河道与废黄河断裂带的重叠部位为岩溶地面塌陷发生的有利部位,但最终发生地面塌陷则是人类工程活动过程引起岩溶水位剧烈波动——大幅、快速下降的结果。该研究成果可为徐州市今后进一步防治岩溶塌陷地质灾害提供地质科学依据,有重要的实用价值。 相似文献
17.
武汉市工程施工引发岩溶塌陷机理分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
文章对武汉市岩溶塌陷进行了全面梳理,主要对由工程施工引发的岩溶塌陷进行了归纳总结,按施工类型将其分为4大类,对其在不同地质条件下引发岩溶塌陷的成因机理、致塌模型进行举例分析,得出结论:钻探施工诱发的岩溶塌陷以岩层顶板破坏—垂直渗压致塌模式及崩解—土洞顶部破坏—加载致塌模式为主;桩基础施工以岩层顶板破坏—渗流液化致塌模式为主;抽排地下水诱发的岩溶塌陷为潜蚀-吸蚀致塌模式,荷载振动诱发的岩溶塌陷为潜蚀—振动—加载致塌模式。武汉市岩溶塌陷以钻探、桩基施工诱发为主,因其容易破坏岩土体结构、水动力条件,具有猛烈而快速的特点;抽取地下水影响范围较广,隐蔽、不易察觉;振动荷载只能作用于土洞形成后。 相似文献
18.
通过资料分析与实地调查相结合,对成渝经济区南部城市群孕灾条件和地质灾害空间分布特征进行了区域对比分析。研究结果表明,城市群由南而北、自西向东在地形地貌、地质构造、地层岩性等孕灾地质背景及降雨、地震活动、人类工程活动等诱发因素方面均有明显不同,进而导致地质灾害空间分布及发育特征的差异。西部中高山峡谷区地层岩性及地质构造极为复杂,地形起伏大,活动断裂发育且地震活动较为频繁,地质灾害具有规模大、泥石流相对发育、沿构造线和河流线状分布的特点;南部低中山及岩溶发育区地形起伏较大,地质构造及岩性较复杂,碳酸盐岩极为发育,采矿活动强烈,以地面塌陷相对发育为主要特点;北部红层丘陵区地质构造及岩性简单,地形起伏小,人类工程活动强烈,地质灾害类型单一、数量多、规模小,分布上具有面上松散分布、局部相对集中的特点。 相似文献
19.
Assessment of Debris-Flow Hazards of Alluvial Fans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A strategy is presented for the assessment ofdebris-flow hazards on alluvial fans on the basis ofa case study carried out on the southern foot of astratovolcano named Mt. Yatsugatake. Transformation ofcommercial forests into a golf course was planned ata corner of the Kikkakezawa fan. The case studyinvolves an assessment of hazards due to debris flowsof different magnitudes and their recurrenceintervals. The environmental conditions for therecurrence of these debris flows are discussed as wellas the extent of the areas affected by them. In orderto generalize the case study, concepts of hazardpotential, hazard and risk for debris flows onalluvial fans are established. Accordingly, the hazardpotential is the possible hazards at any location onan alluvial fan in an indefinitely long time period,which can be assessed on the basis of hydrological andother geoscientific investigations. Hazards associatedwith a particular land use can be evaluated on thebasis of the hazard potential considering the locationand the time period associated with the land use. Riskcan be further assessed considering the life styles inthis land and the social conditions. 相似文献