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裂陷盆地在拉张过程中存在的韧性变形一直没有得到理论界的关注。两种常用的伸展量计算方法("地壳厚度变化计算法"和"断层平衡复原法")的巨大差异是由于盆地的韧性伸展分量导致的。本文建立了一套基于以上两种方法耦合应用的盆地韧性伸展量和断层滑移伸展量计算模型,并应用于渤海湾盆地。经计算,渤海湾盆地的韧性伸展量大约占总伸展量的40%左右,这是用"断层平衡复原法"计算的伸展量总是小于"地壳厚度变化计算法"计算的伸展量的真正原因。渤海湾歧口凹陷的伸展计算结果显示韧性变形速率与断层滑移速率呈正比关系,盆地在裂陷期不仅断层滑移剧烈,韧性变形速率也很大。 相似文献
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裂陷盆地断层的形成和演化——目标砂箱模拟实验与认识 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
摘要 断层的分布、活动和演化是裂陷盆地构造研究的核心,也是其油气勘探的关键。大量高精度的三维地震资料表明裂陷盆地内断层分布组合十分复杂,无法用经典构造地质学理论——Anderson模式作出合理的解释, 现有的模式（叠加模式和斜向伸展模式等）也还没有很好地揭示裂陷盆地断层复杂性的实质和断层形成和演化的内在规律。本文以渤海湾盆地张巨河构造带和北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷两个有高精度三维地震资料覆盖、断层分布与组合十分复杂并富含油气的典型裂陷盆地区为原形,进行了目标砂箱模拟实验,再现了目标区构造的基本特征。砂箱实验所揭示裂陷盆地断裂系统的基本特征是：1）基底先存构造（主要所控制的断层构成了盆地断裂系统的基本格架;2）断层的形成与演化决定于基底先存断裂的取向、区域伸展方向及伸展量。首先形成的是有刚性边界基底先存断裂控制的断层。其次,形成的是薄弱带基底先存断裂控制的断层。继而,形成的是小型基底先存断裂控制的断层。最后,在远离基底先存构造的区域,形成与伸展方向垂直的新生断层。3）伸展作用早期,断层的方位主要决定于基底先存断裂的方位。随着伸展量的增大,受伸展方向的影响越来越大,晚期形成的断层常反映区域伸展作用方向。4）不协调递进伸展变形过程是导致裂陷盆地复杂断层体系的根本原因。上述砂箱模拟实验揭示的裂陷盆地在不协调性伸展作用下断层的形成与演化规律可以利用“不协调性准则”从理论上给予解释,表明在裂陷盆地中具有普遍意义。 相似文献
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裂陷盆地与强拆离盆地：陆内伸展盆地的两个端元 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大陆伸展构造体系具有两种端元特征，即裂谷环境和强烈的伸展地体。这些不同的构造样式形成并被记录在不同的伸展盆地中，陆内的裂陷作用通常出现在具有正常地壳厚度和热均衡的地区。裂陷沉降普遍伴随阗碱性－拉斑玄武岩岩浆活动具有大倾角的边界断层，小于１ｍｍ／ａ的滑移速率，以及小幅度伸展特征。 相似文献
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以渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷22条区域地震剖面的构造解释为基础,利用平衡剖面技术计算了不同位置剖面的伸展量、伸展率和伸展系数,并分析了伸展量的时空分布规律。研究表明,黄骅坳陷新生代具有幕式伸展的特点,而且伸展量的时空分布极不均匀。空间上,伸展量主要是由盆地主边界断层伸展位移造成的,主边界断层位移较大处的伸展量也相应较大;时间上,水平伸展运动可以分为始新世、渐新世和新近纪3个时期,其中,始新世伸展主要发生在盆地南部,渐新世发生在中北部,新近纪伸展量较小,主要发生在中部。伸展量时空分布是受盆地构造变形、构造演化控制的。始新世,NNE向沧东断层的伸展位移是控制盆地伸展变形的主要因素,且沧东断层在盆地南区的伸展位移量较大。渐新世,NNE向沧东断层在盆地中北区的伸展位移量相对较大,同时盆地内部NNE向基底断层的右旋走滑诱导的NE向基底正断层对盆地伸展变形做出贡献。新近纪,盆地在后裂陷的热沉降过程中NNE向基底断层仍然有右旋走滑位移,致使盆地中部发育NE向盖层正断层。 相似文献
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渤海湾古近纪盆地可以划分为3个裂陷带和1个裂陷区，都分布在上地幔隆起部位。盆地构造变形可以分为伸展构造和走滑构造两个相对独立、相互关联的新生代构造系统。伸展卡句造由不同尺度的伸展断层和与伸展断层垂直或斜交的变换断层构成连锁断层系统，在盆地区具有分散的透人性特点，并控制着古近纪断陷的分布和演化。在伸展构造变形基础上叠加了3条北北东向—北东向右旋走滑断裂(带)，后者及其伴生构造组成盆地中的呈带状展布的新生代走滑构造系统。伸展构造是一种“水平层状的”薄皮构造。正断层向深部收敛或终止于中地壳内的拆离断层面上。走滑构造是一种“垂直带状的”厚皮构造。浅层的走滑断层以多种方式并入到深断裂带中。这两种构造系统是盆地区新生代时期主动裂陷和被动裂陷两种作用机制的具体表现。 相似文献
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“不协调伸展”作用下裂陷盆地断层的形成演化模式 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用"不协调伸展"的目标砂箱模拟实验成果和新的脆性断裂力学模型——"不协调性准则",分析了裂陷盆地断层形成和演化的控制影响因素,建立了裂陷盆地断裂系统形成和演化的新模式——"不协调伸展"模式。该模式显示:"不协调伸展"的递进变形过程是导致裂陷盆地断裂系统的复杂性的根本原因,实质是不同方向、性质和规模的基底先存构造(主要是先存断裂)的活动性方面存在差异,导致所控制形成的断层在走向、形成的先后次序、规模等方面存在差异,从而形成复杂的断层组合;"不协调伸展"模式是裂陷盆地断裂系统形成和演化的基本型式,复杂的断裂系统可以在方向不变的区域伸展构造作用下在递进变形过程中逐渐形成;裂陷盆地断裂系统虽然比较复杂,但断层的形成和演化是有序的,分布是有规律的,可以通过"不协调性准则"加以分析和预测。 相似文献
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“不协调伸展”作用下裂陷盆地断层的形成演化模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用“不协调伸展”的目标砂箱模拟实验成果和新的脆性断裂力学模型——“不协调性准则”,分析了裂陷盆地断层形成和演化的控制影响因素,建立了裂陷盆地断裂系统形成和演化的新模式——“不协调伸展”模式。该模式显示：“不协调伸展”的递进变形过程是导致裂陷盆地断裂系统的复杂性的根本原因,实质是不同方向、性质和规模的基底先存构造(主要是先存断裂)的活动性方面存在差异,导致所控制形成的断层在走向、形成的先后次序、规模等方面存在差异,从而形成复杂的断层组合;“不协调伸展”模式是裂陷盆地断裂系统形成和演化的基本型式,复杂的断裂系统可以在方向不变的区域伸展构造作用下在递进变形过程中逐渐形成;裂陷盆地断裂系统虽然比较复杂,但断层的形成和演化是有序的,分布是有规律的,可以通过“不协调性准则”加以分析和预测。 相似文献
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海拉尔盆地为典型的小型断陷湖盆,具有"下断上凹"的二元结构,"洼槽控油、隆起带控油"特征明显。本文在系统研究构造演化特征的基础上,分析了不同类型隆起带形成演化历史及对油气的控制作用。研究表明,海拉尔盆地构造演化历经了5个阶段:即铜钵庙组山间盆地、南一段和南二段被动裂陷盆地、南三段和南四段主动裂陷盆地、大磨拐河组-伊敏组断-坳转化盆地和青元岗组坳陷盆地。经历了3期强烈变形和2期强烈改造,被动裂陷的走滑作用导致反向断层及其下盘翘倾隆起,形成"长期淋滤造储、近洼不整合输导、反向断层遮挡" 的成藏有利条件,最终成为被动裂陷层序有利油气富集区带。主动裂陷伸展作用形成小型滚动背斜和中央隆起带,小型滚动背斜带形成"小而肥"构造油藏,而中央隆起带形成典型的复式油气聚集带。南屯组沉积末期构造反转,导致部分中央背斜带隆升剥蚀,断裂切割破碎,进而导致大气水下渗淋滤,有效改造基岩潜山储层,成为基岩潜山油藏的富集带。伊敏组沉积末期,形成正反转断层和反转期活动的正断层两种调整型断层,将早期聚集在断陷构造层的油气调整到大磨拐河组,聚集在反转构造及其边部,形成次生油气聚集带。 相似文献
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Extension in the Afar depression occurs on steeply dipping normal faults of many scales. An estimate for cumulative extension can be derived by summing the heave of these faults using digital topographic data, supplemented by field observations of fault dip. If it can be established that the distribution of faults exhibits self-similarity, an estimate of the contribution from faults too small to appear on the digital imagery can be incorporated into the integrated estimate for cumulative extension. A field study of faulting was undertaken within the Dobe and Guma grabens of Central Afar. A fractal dimension of 0.48 was obtained for the measured population of fault throws (n = 92) in 3 traverses totaling 42 km, a value interpreted to represent the dominant contribution to extension from faults with large throw. The local extension rate across Guma graben is estimated to be between 0.06 and 0.24 mm/year. The higher topographic position of the floor of Guma graben, relative to the sediment filled, adjacent floors of Dobe and Immino grabens is perhaps an indication of a slower rate of extension across Guma graben as compared to Dobe and Immino grabens, assuming they all initiated at the same time. 相似文献
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The Sierra de San Miguelito is a relatively uplifted area and is constituted by a large amount of silicic volcanic rocks with ages from middle to late Cenozoic. The normal faults of the Sierra de San Miguelito are Domino-style and nearly parallel. The cumulative length and displacement of the faults obey power-law distribution. The fractal dimension of the fault traces is -1.49. Using the multi-line one-dimensional sampling, the calculated exponent of cumulative fault displacements is -0.66. A cumulative curve combining measurements of all four sections yielded a slope of -0.63. The displacement-length plot shows a non-linear relationship and large dispersion of data. The large dispersion in the plot is mainly due to the fault linkage during faulting. An estimation of extensional strain due to the normal faults is ca. 0.1830.The bed extension strain is always less than or equal to the horizontal extension strain. The deformation in the Sierra de San Miguelito occurred near the surface, producing pervasive faults and many faults are too small to appear in maps and sections at common scales. The stretching produced by small faults reach ca. 33% of the total horizontal elongation. 相似文献
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应用分形理论和灰色系统理论方法，对中国断层系分维及其灰色预测问题进行了探讨。首先，计算并分析了中国断层系分维及其空间变化特征；其次，在计算中国大陆和南岭地区不同地质历史时期断层系分维、揭示断层系具有的跨尺度分形特征的基础上，对分维变化进行了灰色预测，其结果表明：分形理论与灰色理论结合是研究断层系时空间特征的有力工具，中国大陆下一期断层系分维预测值为1.5995，预示中国大陆下一期断层系空间结构的复杂程度将有所增加。 相似文献
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鄂西清江上游及邻区活动断裂分形结构特征 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
本文利用分形理论,分析了清江上游及邻区活动断裂的分形结构特征,进而揭示单条活动断裂的分维值大小,反映了其结构复杂程度、构造发育阶段及构造活动性特性;而小范围地区线性构造分维值的大小反映了不同地区断裂构造的差异运动;同时,探讨了活动断裂分维值与其现今活动强度的关系。分维值可作为活动断裂的定量描述。 相似文献
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Faulting occurs over a large range of scale, parts of which are sampled by various techniques (e.g., microscopy, outcrop measurement, mapping, seismic reflection and other forms of remote sensing). Use of a single technique to measure displacement or strain will not sample faults at all scales and hence will give a biased estimate. In order to assess this bias, a knowledge of the distribution over all scales is needed.
Many samples of fault displacement appear to follow a power-law distribution, with departures which can be attributed to sampling effects. The number of faults with a displacement u is given by N(u) = Cu−D. The power-law distribution of displacement is consistent with similar distributions of other fault parameters and earthquake magnitudes. When sampling along a line (e.g., a bedding trace on a map or section), a self-similar fault population would have D = 1, whereas self-affine geometries yield D≠ 1. Displacement and extension are dominated by small faults when D > 1 and by large faults when D < 1. When sampling over areas or volumes these critical values are 2 and 3, respectively.
A set of strike-slip faults from the Badajoz-Córdoba Shear Zone, Spain, were sampled at two different scales using 1:50000 maps and outcrop measurements. Displacement ranges over 6 orders of magnitude. These and other fault populations typically have D ranging from 0.6 to 1.5.
The power-law relationship may be integrated to yield estimates of the displacement (or extension) for faults which lie beyond the resolution of the sampling system. For example, a knowledge of D allows the extension measured on a map or seismic section to be “corrected” for faults whose displacement is below the resolution of the survey. Based on an overall estimate of D = 0.9 for the Badajoz-Córdoba data, only some 40% of the extension would be recorded by map-scale faults. A corrected extension of 41% along the shear zone is estimated; which if typical for the entire 300 km zone represents some 87 km of along-strike extension. Thus, work suggests that significant displacement occurs on faults which are too small to be interpreted from conventional seismic profiles and geological maps. 相似文献
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The aim of this study is to demonstrate how the 12 October 1992 Cairo earthquake relates to the spatial geometry of the northern Egyptian fault systems. A box-counting algorithm was used, in a focused down approach (from regional to local scales) to analyze the fractal dimensions of the existing faults. The results indicate that these faults display fractal geometries that are self-similar over two to three orders of magnitude. It is shown that the northwest-southeast (Northern Red Sea) trending fault system has the lowest fractal dimension value. Coincidentally, this fault trend is the one that the fault plane solution shows to be active. 相似文献
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河北平原地区断层系的分形特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
断层形成机理的复杂性和时空展布的不规则性,传统的评价方法往往很难取得令人满意的定量化结果,应用分形理论可以对断裂构造系进行定量评价,断层分维是断层数量、规模、组合方式及动力学机制的综合体现,因此分维值的大小可以作为断层构造复杂程度一个定量化指标。运用分形理论,对河北平原区主要断裂构造带进行了定量评价。得出河北平原区NNE向分维值为1.358,纬向断层系分维值为1.183,河北平原区活断层系空间分维值较高,这和研究区地震活动频繁、地质灾害多发一致。最后对河北平原区、渭河盆地和川滇断层系分形值和地震活动性进行了分析对比,发现地震空间分布和分形值的大小有对应关系,且渭河盆地、川滇的分形值大于河北平原地区,河北平原所发生的地震多沿NNE向呈带状分布。 相似文献
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《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2021,81(4):125803
Central Alborz Metallogenic Belt is a major mineral province of northern Iran placed at the northern margin of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone. This study aimed to at recognition the affiliation between reverse/thrust faults and Pb-Zn carbonate-hosted mineral deposition using fractal modeling. Thrusting is the major mechanism of faulting in this region in terms of length, frequency and density. The carbonate-hosted Pb and Zn occurrence/deposit were classified using the concentration-number fractal method. All faults then are categorized based on fault density, and concentration-area fractal methods are utilized for the thrust faults. According to our analysis, main fault density zones are situated at the central and western parts of the Alborz Mountains. Relationship among the major fault density zones and the Pb-Zn carbonate-hosted occurrences/deposits using logratio matrix reveals that there is a proper connection between reverse/thrust faults and the Zn-Pb carbonate-hosted occurrences/deposits. Moreover, the results were controlled by four ore deposits/prospects in this region which shows high-grade ores directly relate to faults especially reverse/thrust faults based on their distribution. This research indicates that this method can be used for other various ore deposit types that have been distributed by faulting. 相似文献
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黄骅坳陷中区断裂系统分形研究 总被引：12，自引：10，他引：2
利用分形几何方法分析了黄骅坳陷中区断裂分布的分形特征,以探讨该区断裂系统的发育规律及其与油气的关系。利用数盒子方法进行分析表明,黄骅坳陷中区断裂系统在标度区间1.75～7km具有很好的统计自相似性。根据断裂分维值等值线可知,海岸线两侧断裂分维值分布规律有着明显不同,显示了两侧断裂系统在形成机制上的差异性。研究区分维值自西向东逐渐增大,在歧口凹陷南北两侧有着最高的分维值。结合黄骅坳陷中区断裂系统的形成机制及油田的分布,初步探讨了断裂分形特征与黄骅坳陷中区断裂系统的形成机制及断裂分形特征与油田分布之间的关系。研究结果表明,断裂系统分维值的变化特征与断裂的发育规律有着很好的相关性,断裂发育程度高的地区其分维值也更高,也将更有利于油气的运聚。 相似文献
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WANG Nan LIU Yongshun PENG Nian WU Cailai LIU Ningqiang NIE Baofeng YANG Xiaoyu 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(1):121-132
Quantitative analyses of the spatial distribution of fault structures can provide a theoretical basis for forecasting prospective ore deposits. Characteristics and complexity of fault structure distribution in the Qitianling area, Southern Hunan Province, China, were quantitatively calculated and appraised by fractal and multifractal methods to evaluate the relation between fault structures and ore-prospecting potential. The results show that the lengths of faults can be modeled as multifractals. Multifractal spectra evidently reflect the characteristics of the scaling of fault structures. The boxcounting dimension value(D) of fault structures is equal to 1.656, as indicates complexity of the spatial distribution of faults and favorable structural conditions for the formation of ore deposits. Moreover, the D values of sub-regions were calculated and isopleths of their fractal dimension values were plotted accordingly. Overlay analyses of isopleths of fractal dimension values and distributions of known ore deposits show that areas with the larger fractal dimension values of fault structures have more ore deposits. This spatial coupling relationship between D values and ore deposits can be used to forecast and explore other ore deposits. On the basis of complexity theory for ore-forming systems, three exploration targets with high D values were delineated as prospective ore deposits. 相似文献