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1.
This paper investigates the ways in which national and regional policies relate to farming activities and concerns amongst the rural population in an area of southern Africa. The struggle to make a living through farming was a common theme to emerge from research about changing livelihoods in response to both variability in the environment and changes in policy. This local discourse echoed regional debates about land and agrarian reform in post-apartheid South Africa and the uncertain future of mixed farming in Botswana. It also raised broader questions about the viability of the future of small-medium-scale farming systems in rural areas in Africa, especially those within dynamic dryland environments such as the Kalahari. This paper looks specifically at the links between poverty and asset holding and aims to identify the ways in which people are or are not able to utilise or mobilise these assets in times of need. We argue that this can vary significantly between seemingly similar settlements, and similar households and that understanding this complexity is the key to recognising how future interventions many impact upon people’s lives. Too often, in the quest to produce understandings of poverty and livelihoods, the complexity, incongruity and reality of day-to-day practices are overlooked. Thus we seek to draw out the interactions between policy and natural resource use, and the capital asset changes involved in these interactions, which influence the sustainability of livelihoods and the differing levels of poverty and vulnerability. 相似文献
2.
The co-production of land use and livelihoods change: Implications for development interventions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In a previous paper [McCusker, B., Carr, E.R., 2006. The co-production of livelihoods and land use change: Case studies from South Africa and Ghana. Geoforum 37 (5), 790–804], we argued that land use and livelihoods could best be understood as co-produced, where land use and livelihoods are not separate objects of knowledge related to one another through abstract processes, but different manifestations of social processes through which individuals and groups come to understand the challenges facing their everyday lives, the various resources available to them to negotiate these challenges, and the strategies by which they can conduct that negotiation. In this paper, we examine the theoretical basis for “co-production” with the goal of using this approach to inform development interventions. 相似文献
3.
South Africa is unique in that its globally significant biodiversity, which is under significant threat, coexists with an apartheid history of dispossession that produced a starkly unequal land ownership pattern and widespread rural poverty. It is in this context that the post-apartheid government must fulfil constitutional and international obligations to safeguard environmental assets as well as undertake land reform benefiting the previously dispossessed. Consequently, there is a continuous challenge of reconciling complex and often conflicting relationships between poverty, inequitable access to resources, and the protection of biodiversity. Current efforts to conserve the Cape Floral Kingdom emphasize partnerships between private landowners and existing nature reserves to promote sustainable utilisation of biodiversity. This paper presents a case study exploring how this approach might be reconciled with land rights and opportunities for land-based livelihoods among farm dwellers in the Baviaanskloof area of the Eastern Cape. The paper identifies systemic and structural tensions in current attempts to reconcile biodiversity conservation and farm dwellers’ interests, and documents issues of process and principle that could become important in the future. In doing so, it highlights the influence of on-farm power relations and overly complex institutional arrangements in determining the real extent of participation by affected farm dwellers and the efficacy of social safeguard policies. Findings also caution against an over-reliance on ecotourism as the major occupation and the paper argues instead for support for multiple livelihood strategies. 相似文献
4.
Maano Ramutsindela 《GeoJournal》2012,77(6):753-763
A persistent theme in land and agrarian studies is the appropriation of land and natural resources by mostly Western foreigners and the inequitable division of land and natural resources between Indigenous people and white settlers. It was this overt racial inequality in land ownership and the accompanying structures of oppression that led to the rise of liberation movements in Africa, South America and Asia. Most, if not all, land and agrarian reform programmes in the former colonies take the racial inequality in land as their point of departure. The same applies to the process of changing the inequalities in the use and ownership of natural resources such as wildlife, fisheries and forests. Whereas critical scholarship and social movements vehemently opposed the racialized nature of land dispossession, less attention has been paid to the persistence of racialized tenure systems. The silence on the racial character of land and natural resource tenure is rather surprising given that colonial tenure systems were based on race and racist grounds. This paper draws on examples from nature conservancies and communal land reform in southern Africa to argue that the dual land and natural resource tenure inherent from colonialism and apartheid remains intact in contemporary southern Africa. It also suggests that the democratic governments in the region and critical scholarship have failed to challenge the racialized character of land tenure. Instead, they continued to reinvent orthodox views of society and culture. Race seems to matter most in property regimes in the region in as far as it relates to equity rather than its initial categorization of people. The consequences of the persistence of the racialized tenure systems are that the success or failure of land and resource use and management reproduces racial explanations. 相似文献
5.
The prediction of land erosion rates under different types of land use is difficult because of the large number of variables involved. This paper attempts to isolate the most important characteristics of land contributing to its crodibility, and then describes the geomorphological approach used to assess and map land erosion potential in the Kamberg area of the Drakensberg mountains, South Africa. Emphasis is placed on the fact that land erosion potential varies with land use type, and recreational land use only is considered.The terrain at Kamberg could be divided into four sections, each displaying a degree of internal homogeneity in land erosion potential, yet distinguishable from its neighbours through geomorphological and topographic characteristics. Inherent subjectivity in terrain evaluation techniques, and lack of threshold values for variables concerned constitute the main weaknesses of the method used, and because of this, such work should be undertaken only by an experienced field geomorphologist. 相似文献
6.
This paper examines the melding of two discourses in southeastern Zimbabwe: land reform and wildlife management. The former seeks to redistribute large, ‘under-utilized’ landholdings to smallholders whilst the latter needs extensive land holdings to be viable. These two discourses are rooted in very different models of development. The land reform exercise emphasizes direct redistribution, equity and land for crops; whilst the wildlife management discourse tends to stress maximizing foreign exchange earnings, encouraging public-private partnerships and trickle down. Yet there has been a recent flurry of interest in the development of ‘wildlife models’ for land reform which would combine the two. This paper investigates whether the competing discourses about land for smallholders and wildlife-based land reform are compatible or can be successfully reconciled. It traces the ways they have come together in Zimbabwe’s southeast lowveld and examines the ‘science’ and politics underlying their melding. Finally it explores the potential implications for rural people’s livelihoods of this development. It concludes that land reform and wildlife management can be reconciled, but probably not in a particularly equitable way: it is more likely to provide an opening for an equitable land reform agenda to be usurped by local and non-local elites with wildlife interests. 相似文献
7.
The questions of how land use change affects climate, and how climate change affects land use, require examination of societal and environmental systems across space at multiple scales, from the global climate to regional vegetative dynamics to local decision making by farmers and herders. It also requires an analysis of causal linkages and feedback loops between systems. These questions and the conceptual approach of the research design of the Climate-Land Interaction Project (CLIP) are rooted in the classical human-environment research tradition in Geography.This paper discusses a methodological framework to quantify the two-way interactions between land use and regional climate systems, using ongoing work by a team of multi-disciplinary scientists examining climate-land dynamics at multiple scales in East Africa. East Africa is a region that is undergoing rapid land use change, where changes in climate would have serious consequences for people’s livelihoods, and requiring new coping and land use strategies. The research involves exploration of linkages between two important foci of global change research, namely, land use/land cover (LULC) and climate change. These linkages are examined through modeling agricultural systems, land use driving forces and patterns, the physical properties of land cover, and the regional climate. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are being used to illustrate a diverse pluralism in scientific discovery. 相似文献
8.
The co-production of livelihoods and land use change: Case studies from South Africa and Ghana 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Land use change and livelihood systems are often analyzed separately or with one “driving” the other. This “driver-feedback” relationship has been buttressed by approaches to social process that are often far too static. Actors are confronted with a bundle of choices that they must negotiate as they create pathways of change. These choices are always bound up in relations of power and the knowledges that are the conditions for and results of these relations. We suggest that land uses and livelihood are different manifestations of the social processes by which individuals and groups negotiate the everyday conditions that shape their lives. We propose a framework that extends current understandings of the relationship between land use change and livelihoods by treating social relations of power as the entry point into this complex relationship. We underpin our arguments with empirical examples from South Africa and Ghana that locate power/knowledge relations in the context of social change in both study areas. 相似文献
9.
Maano F. Ramutsindela 《Geoforum》2002,33(1):15-24
This article presents a discussion of one of the first large-scale community based rural land claims in South Africa. The Makuleke land claim was highly contentious, as it involved more than 20 stakeholders: government departments, local communities and their chiefs, NGOs, mining companies, commissions and task teams, and individuals; all pursuing vested and conflicting interests. [According to the former Chief of the Defence Force, General George Meiring, “the whole area (was) riddled with claims. Many of the claims came from people who visited (the area) once in a blue moon” (WildNet Africa, 1997. News File, May 9)]. Moreover, the greater part of the claim lies within the Kruger National Park, thus, drawing statutory environmental conservation policies into the ambit of land reform. The analysis presented here juxtaposes historical material and trajectories of restitution in order to shed light on the contestation between national goals and community interests. 相似文献
10.
Alistair Fraser 《Geoforum》2007,38(2):299-311
Market-Led Agrarian Reform (MLAR), which is advocated by the World Bank and is being implemented in various contexts around the world, is a more neo-liberal approach to land reform than that we have seen implemented in the past. MLAR principles have underpinned South Africa’s land reform programme, being based on the ‘willing-seller, willing-buyer’ principle, which guarantees market-related prices to sellers. Evidence presented in this paper, however, raises serious questions about the extent to which the South African government has held on to MLAR principles. Specifically, the paper argues that South Africa’s peculiar geo-historical context has in some instances led the government to fuse market-led approaches with more authoritarian interventions that dictate to land reform beneficiaries how the land will be used. A case in point is the government’s approach to the restitution of land rights to communities dispossessed from the Levubu area of Limpopo province. As the paper illustrates, the government has imposed on the intended beneficiaries a so-called ‘strategic partnership’ between them and agribusinesses. Although the government touts the approach as a way to protect the commercial viability of the land and to transfer skills from white farmers to the beneficiaries, the terms of the Levubu solution may turn out to be less than favourable for the beneficiaries. 相似文献
11.
纵观南非、埃及的水资源管理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
南非地处南半球,是非洲大陆最大的国家,地处非洲大陆南端.埃及跨亚、非两洲,大部分位于非洲东北部.两国都属资源性缺水国家,两国从各自的国情出发,实行着切合实际的、严格的水资源管理政策.我国和南非、埃及有着人口多、耕地资源少、水资源紧张等相同特点,两国在水资源管理、保护和节约等方面的诸多成功经验和做法值得我国学习和借鉴. 相似文献
12.
P. Q. Siyongwana 《GeoJournal》2005,64(3):199-213
The political changes in South Africa after 1994 necessitated that the Bantustans, the main servers of apartheid planning,
be re-incorporated into the mainstream of South Africa, implying the transformation of apartheid residential planning. Since
then there has been much speculation about the type of transformation that would be implemented in the Bantustans to effect
change in a non-racial South Africa. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of post-apartheid territorial restructuring
in the former South African Bantustans. Examining and elucidating the manner in which the diverse social, economic and political
factors have manifested themselves in the process of transformation of spatial residential planning in Umtata (the former
capital city of the Transkei Bantustan) since 1994 is the central theme of this paper. Using property registers together with
changes in legislative policies and land ownership, the transformation pattern was analysed in the former Bantustan capital
city (Umtata). The findings indicate that the new South African policies and development strategies have been partially successful
in eliminating the incongruencies of the past with regard to access to housing in Umtata. More critical is that this paper
suggests that there still remains a greater challenge lingering from the influence of the Bantustan government in the city. 相似文献
13.
C. M. Rogerson 《GeoJournal》1993,30(1):21-28
This paper examines the present state of urban agriculture in South Africa and analyses its potential for poverty alleviation. Currently, the scale of cultivation taking place in South Africa is relatively small as compared to other developing countries. The key explanation for the undeveloped urban agricultural sector is the greater returns to land and labour which may be earned from backyard shacks and alternative informal income opportunities in the city. Informal cultivation is primarily a survival niche of the most marginalized and most vulnerable groups in urban areas, in particular for elderly women. Policy issues are raised concerning urban agriculture in post apartheid urban reconstruction. 相似文献
14.
Lucy Kaplan 《GeoJournal》2004,60(3):217-227
Skills development for tourism has attracted only a limited scholarship in the developing world. In this paper the role of
skills development in advancing South Africa's tourism-led development strategy is investigated. Skills development has a
central role to play in ensuring the effective and sustainable transformation and development of the tourism industry in developing
countries and, in the case of South Africa, in ensuring that poorer South Africans begin to benefit from this industry. It
is argued that the current lack of an integrated and co-ordinated approach to tourism skills development seriously limits
the potential of skills development to impact positively on tourism transformation and development in South Africa.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Despite progressive policies and guidelines to ensure gender equity in the South African land reform programme, the achievement
to date is less impressive. In agreement with others we view gender related challenges in the land reform programme as the
result of (1) inconsistent interpretations of gender equity and (2) uncertainty on how women specifically should be targeted
in the land reform programme. The paper proposes to promote gender equity by introducing of a supply-led strategy with class
sensitive gender targets within the land redistribution component of the land reform programme.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Ben Wisner 《GeoJournal》1995,37(3):335-348
Rapid and spatially concentrated urbanization in South Africa has brought with it significant health and safety hazards. Political democracy and the dismantling of apartheid open the possibility of vigorous community participation in the identification and mitigation of such hazards. However there are severe obstacles to combining the expert knowledge of outside scientists with local knowledge of residents of the townships and squatter camps. This papers describes the common genesis of urban environmental hazards and the split between expert and local knowledge. They arise as twin products of the apartheid system that destroyed rural livelihoods, forcing Africans into over-crowded urban enclaves, denied them most educational opportunities and skilled employment, and denigrated local knowledge and self-help initiatives. This legacy must be overcome in the interest of hazard reduction in the New South Africa. 相似文献
17.
Brij Maharaj 《GeoJournal》2002,56(1):47-57
While South Africa's political transformation has been lauded internationally, one of the greatest challenges facing the post-apartheid
democratic government is undocumented immigration. There has been a xenophobic tendency to stigmatise immigrants, particularly
those from other African countries as criminals, as people who undermine economic development and take jobs from locals. The
aim of this paper is to critically review changing policies towards undocumented migration in post-apartheid South Africa.
More specifically, the paper will present a historical context to migration; question whether there are millions of illegal
immigrants in South Africa; identify reasons for the increasing influx of migrants into the country; analyse the rise of xenophobia
in the Republic; discuss problems associated with migrants; and assess changing immigration policies. The main reason for
leaving their home countries was a lack of employment opportunities. Therefore the migrants could be regarded as economic
refugees.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Ben Mosiane 《GeoJournal》2009,74(6):541-549
This article examines the idea of ‘flexibility’ within the context of a city. It uses the idea of livelihoods to contribute
to the debates on flexibility, particularly on the role that ordinary people play in the transformative potential of cities.
A closer examination of ordinary people’s activities show that although livelihoods are crucial to how they adapt to the changing
social and economic conditions, such activities largely constitute survival strategies. Importantly, and without subscribing
to a paradigm that promotes a city as a closed space, the continuing socio-spatial divisions in the city of Rustenburg, South
Africa underscore the fact that ordinary people’s remarkable resourcefulness occurs under circumstances of marginality. 相似文献
19.
《Geoforum》2017
In the recent explosion of attention given to the land grabbing phenomenon, contract farming has been identified as a potentially inclusive alternative for smallholders to outright acquisition of farm land by agri-business capital. This paper responds to these claims by resituating contract farming as an equally important form of land control. The focus of the paper is a case study of potato contract farming in Maharashtra, India. While there is ‘nothing new’ about contract farming as a mode of agriculture production in India, its influence on patterns of agrarian change is poorly understood. Adopting an agrarian political economy-informed livelihoods approach, the paper argues that rather than an inclusive alternative to land grabbing, contract farming in the study site represents another way that capital is coming to control land in rural India, with just as important implications for agrarian livelihoods. While some individual households have improved their livelihoods through participation, the contract scheme acts to reinforce already existing patterns of inequality. In particular, the unequal power relations between firm and farmer skew the capture of benefits towards the firm, and render participating households vulnerable to indebtedness and loss of autonomy over land and livelihood decisions. 相似文献
20.
P. J. Stickler 《GeoJournal》1990,22(3):329-333
Many large Black settlements are downgraded or made invisible on maps of South Africa. This form of subjective generalisation gives a false prominence to small White towns. A more realistic map of the major settlements in South Africa is presented. The problems associated with mapping of Black settlements are discussed. These include the lack of census data, absence of official recognition of places, difficulties of place naming and the lack of functional imcomparability with other places. 相似文献