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1.
Physicochemical conditions of formation for wolframite, cassiterite and columbite and the principal factors which contribute to the Nb^-, Ta^- variation in wolframite and cassiterite were experimentally studied under hydrothermal environments. It has been shown that wolframite, cassiterite, columbite, mierolite, tapiolite can be synthesized under wide ranges of temperature and pressure (300-600℃, 500---2,000 bars). Wolframite and cassiterite can be crystallized under either alkaline or acid conditions. Columbite may be formed in solution with a pH of 2--4, while columbite and microlite crystallize within a pH range of 3-8. In the presence of Ta and Nb, the variation of Ta and Nb in wolframite and cassiterite is found to be controlled largely by solution pH, oxidation-reduction potentials and reaction dynamics.Wolframite crystallizing from acid solution is rich in Ta, while eassiterite in Ta and Nb. On the other hand, Nb, is strongly concentrated in wolframite formed from weakly alkaline selutions, while cassiterite formed under the same condition carries higher content of Ta. Oxidation favors the entry of Ta and Nb into wolframite. Ta and Mb occur as isomorphous impurity or inclusions in wolframite and cassiterite. The maximum content of Ta2O5 in wolframite as isomorphous constituents can be as high as 6.10 percent under the experimental conditions.  相似文献   

2.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(3):745-763
Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite(TTG) suites constitute a large proportion of the Archean geological record;however,the geodynamic processes that generated them,and Archean continental crust in general,remain a subject of debate.The concentrations and ratios of Sr,Y,La,Yb,Nb,and Ta in TTGs are commonly used to determine the depth of melting of their metabasic sources.The trace element composition of melt produced by metabasic source rocks during anatexis is strongly affected by the presence and abundance of pressure-sensitive minerals,such as plagioclase(Sr-bearing),garnet(Y-and HREE-bearing),and rutile(Nb-and Ta-bearing).Elevated Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios and low concentrations of Nb and Ta in TTGs are generally considered to indicate melting at high pressures(≥2.0 GPa).The depth of melting is a key factor in determining the origin of TTGs as this provides critical information on the tectonic setting of their generation.We use phase equilibrium and trace element modelling to explore the effects of three potential influences on TTG trace element compositions:fractionation of trace elements into peritectic garnet cores,progressive melt loss from the source,and source bulk composition.We model three different compositions of Archean basalts along thermal gradients of 500℃/GPa,750℃/GPa,and 1000℃/GPa.The models produce maj or and trace element melt compositions that are generally consistent with measured compositions of TTGs.Although Sr/Y,La/Yb,Nb,and Ta exhibit pressure-dependent behaviour,other factors also affect these values.Garnet fractionation causes Sr/Y and La/Yb to reach much greater values and in this scenario,the values also increase with increasing temperature.Source bulk composition has an effect in all scenarios and most strongly influences La/Yb,Nb,and Ta.Overall,these results show that Sr/Y,La/Yb,Nb,and Ta can reach values generally considered to be indicative of high pressure melting at a range of P-T conditions including P 2.0 GPa.Consequently,trace element compositions of TTGs alone may provide a misleading impression of the depth of melting of metabasites and the geodynamic environment of Archean crustal growth and reworking.  相似文献   

3.
This study focuses on experiments of Au and Cu dissolved in vapor phase in hydrothermal fluids. Experiments prove that Au and Cu can re-distribute in vapor phase and liquid phase during separation of Au- and Cu-bearing supercritical fluids to vapor and liquid phases. These experimental results can illustrate some ore geneses, where boiling phenomena of ore fluids were found. Au- and Cubearing NaHCO3-HCl solutions were heated up to more than 350℃ in the main vessel, and then passed through a phase separator in a temperature range from 250℃ to 300℃, separated into vapor and liquid phases. We collected and analyzed the liquid and vapor samples separately, and found that Au and Cu dissolved and distributed in vapor phase. In some cases, the concentrations of Au and Cu in vapor are higher than those in liquid phase. Those experiments are used to interpret field observations of fluid inclusion data of some Au and Cu deposits, and demonstrate that some Au and Cu ore deposits are derived from metals transportation in vapor phase.  相似文献   

4.
Amphibole is a rock-forming mineral widely existing on the earth. It is easily dissolved and altered during the later stage of diagenesis and mineralization, and often forms chloritization, which is an important indicator for prospecting. To explore amphibole's dissolution process and alteration mechanism, dissolution experiments were carried out under acidic conditions using pargasite-rich amphibole as raw material, and the effects of temperature, p H, and experiment duration on amphibole alteration were investigated. Experimental samples and products were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscope, electron probe micro analyzer, and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that many pores and erosion edges are produced after amphibole dissolution, and there is a clear interface between the dissolved residual portion and the parent. The dissolved residual portion remains in the amphibole phase, but as the temperature and time increase, the intensity of the diffraction peak of the phase in the product decreases, and the peak position shifts to a small angle. Many clay minerals such as chlorite and griffithite formed on the amphibole surface. In an environment with strong acidity(p H=3), the amount of chamosite increases with temperature(180°C→210°C→240°C), whereas clinochlore is only increased in a 150–210°C environment. Griffithite growth was observed in the acidic(p H=6) and low temperature(180°C) environments. Based on this analysis, large radius Cl– enters the amphibole lattice or cracks to promote dissolution. The Al-poor and Ca-and Fe-rich regions between the edge and core of the amphibole are caused by dynamic equilibrium in amphibole dissolution and alteration process, which is an essential indicator for the beginning of amphibole dissolution-alteration. Diffusion and the coupled dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism accomplishes the process of dissolution and alteration to form clay minerals. The energy of the system determined by temperature and p H is the key to controlling the rate of growth and nucleation of clay minerals. High temperature and strong acidity will dissolve more iron from amphibole, which is conducive to chlorite growth. Compared to chlorite, griffithite is more sensitive to temperature. Griffithite attaches on the amphibole surface with a star-like in a weak acid and low-temperature environment. The results of this study can provide a mineralogical basis for the analysis of hydrothermal alteration processes and the division of alteration zones.  相似文献   

5.
The Xining Basin,located on northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,is adjacent to the Qaidam Bsim and Gobi-desert.Therefore,thick,integrated deposits of loess or paleo-sol sequence were well developed.As is well known,there is much paleo-environmental information recorded in loess and plaeo-sol.So if we deal with paleo-environmental index from different an gles ,especially from loess geochemistry,some important and detailed paleo-environmental evolutional information will be acquired.Based on this,the authors determined the contents of Sr and Ca contained in acid-soluble fraction from the bottom to the top of the Panzishan section.This section was obtained through making a well about 17 m in depth,including S1 paleo-sol that was developed during the last interglacial period.According to the results,it is found that variations in contents of Sr and Ca are well correlated with conversion of loess and paleo-sol.In loess deposits,the contents of Sr and Ca are higher than those in paleo-sol deposits.It is known that loess was deposited under cold-dry climate conditions and paleo-sol was developed during warm-humid climate episodes.It is concluded that due to their mobile behaviors,under cold-dry climate conditions,Sr and Ca are stagnant during weak weathering,but under warm-humid climate conditions,Sr and Ca are easily leached and transported in aqueous solution.Therefore,they can be utilized as indicatiors of climate changes.Moreover,variations in contents of Sr and Ca are more sensitive than susceptibility.The mobile behaviors of Sr and Ca contained in acid-soluble fraction can serve as a new quantitative index to evaluate paleo-environmental changes on the plateau.  相似文献   

6.
The majority of coalbed methane(CBM) in coal reservoirs is in adsorption states in coal matrix pores. To reveal the adsorption behavior of bituminous coal under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions and to discuss the microscopic control mechanism affecting the adsorption characteristics, isothermal adsorption experiments under hightemperature and high-pressure conditions, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments and CO2 adsorption experiments were performed on coal samples. Results show that the adsorption capacity of coal is comprehensively controlled by the maximum vitrinite reflectance(Ro, max), as well as temperature and pressure conditions. As the vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption capacity of coal increases. At low pressures, the pressure has a significant effect on the positive effect of adsorption, but the effect of temperature is relatively weak. As the pressure increases, the effect of temperature on the negative effect of adsorption gradually becomes apparent, and the influence of pressure gradually decreases. Considering pore volumes of pores with diameters of 1.7-100 nm, the peak volume of pores with diameters 10-100 nm is higher than that from pores with diameters 1.7-10 nm, especially for pores with diameters of 40-60 nm, indicating that pores with diameters of 10-100 nm are the main contributors to the pore volume. The pore specific surface area shows multiple peaks, and the peak value appears for pore diameters of 2-3 nm, indicating that this pore diameter is the main contributor to the specific surface area. For pore diameters of 0.489-1.083 nm, the pore size distribution is bimodal, with peak values at 0.56-0.62 nm and 0.82-0.88 nm. The adsorption capability of the coal reservoir depends on the development degree of the supermicroporous specific surface area, because the supermicroporous pores are the main contributors to the specific pore area. Additionally, the adsorption space increases as the adsorption equilibrium pressure increases. Under the same pressure, as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption space increases. In addition, the cumulative reduction in the surface free energy increases as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases. Furthermore, as the pressure increases, the surface free energy of each pressure point gradually decreases, indicating that as the pressure increases, it is increasingly difficult to adsorb methane molecules.  相似文献   

7.
Presented in this paper are some primary data on the well temperature, stratigraphical level and thickness of uranium mineralization in a certain uranium, ore deposit.Taking these data as the parameters.for the temperatures, pressures and geochemical conditions of uranium mineralization under ideal geological conditions, which constitute a finite variable series, in conjunction with the catastrophe theory developed by Rene Thorn (1968), we have proposed a swallow-tail model fitting to uranium mineralization.This model provide insights into the mechanism of uranium mineralization.The results of our study show that the uranium mineralizing process is a discontinuous or catastrophic event. Temperatures and pressures are considered important thermodynamic trap conditions which control the distribution pattern of uranium mineralization, and the principle of correspondence between the temperature and pressure conditions for uranium mineralization has been also derived, Geological bodies of minerogenetic importance serve as favourable geochemical media for capturing ore-forming materials. Uranium mineralization of industrial importance depends on a delicate coupling between temperature, prassure, and geechemical condition. The spurs of uranium mineralization in the model constitute the surface K, referred to as the surface of mineralizing enrichment on which minerogenetic dominance is expected.The model provides quantiatitively clnes to the process of uranium mineralization,i.e.,a process from quantitative change to qualitative change.  相似文献   

8.
The experimental study on the melting of potassic basalt and eclogite with about 2% waterat 800-1300℃ and 1.0-3.5 GPa shows that the solidi of both rocks are significantly lower thanthose obtained from the previous experiments of the same type of rocks under dry conditions,and the former which is enriched in potassium has a lower melting point than the latter. It is con-sistent with the previous study. The melting temperature of eclogite increases with pressure,whereas potassic basalt has similar properties only at 1.5—2.5 GPa and>3.0 GPa, and at 2.5—3.0 GPa the melting temperature decreases with pressure. This can be explained as follows: (1)eclogite only has one hydrous mineral amphibole and the dehydous temperature is lower than thewet solidus of the rock. (2) Amphibole exists in potassic basalt at the pressures lower than 2.5GPa and phlogopite exists at pressures higher than 2.5 GPa, and the special compositions of bothminerals determine that amphibole has a dehydration temperature higher than or close to that ofthe wet solidus of the rocks, while phlogopite has a dehydration temperature lower than that ofthe wet solidus. On the other hand the features of the continuous solidus in the experiment ofhydrous eclogite were produced by the fact that the dehydration temperature of its amphibolelower than or close to the melting temperature of the hydrous conditions. So the melting tempera-ture lowers at higher pressures. Therefore, the composition of the rocks in the lithosphere and thetypes of hydrous minerals and their stable P-T conditions are the important factors controllingthe solidi of rocks. It can quite well explain the partial melting of rocks and the origin of the lowvelocity zone in the deep lithosphere.  相似文献   

9.
Gypsum caprocks'' sealing ability is affected by temperature-pressure coupling. Due to the limitations of experimental conditions, there is still a lack of triaxial stress-strain experiments that simultaneously consider changes in temperature and pressure conditions, which limits the accuracy of the comprehensive evaluation of the brittle plastic evolution and sealing ability of gypsum rocks using temperature pressure coupling. Triaxial stress-strain tests were utilized to investigate the differences in the evolution of the confinement capacity of gypsum rocks under coupled temperature-pressure action and isothermal-variable pressure action on the basis of sample feasibility analysis. According to research, the gypsum rock''s peak and residual strengths decrease under simultaneous increases in temperature and pressure over isothermal pressurization experimental conditions, and it becomes more ductile. This reduces the amount of time it takes for the rock to transition from brittle to plastic. When temperature is taken into account, both the brittle–plastic transformation''s depth limit and the lithological transformation of gypsum rocks become shallower, and the evolution of gypsum rocks under variable temperature and pressure conditions is more complicated than that under isothermal pressurization. The sealing ability under the temperature-pressure coupling is more in line with the actual geological context when the application results of the Well #ZS5 are compared. This provides a theoretical basis for precisely determining the process of hydrocarbon accumulation and explains why the early hydrocarbon were not well preserved.  相似文献   

10.
Cassiterites from both the Beauvoir and Montebras geanited of France are typically rich in trace elements such as Nb and Ta, and contain quite a number of inclusions of columbite (dominantly manganocolumbite).Two thin sections of cassiterite crystals have been prepared for Raman microprobe analysis).The spectra obtained from different parts of the cassiterites show that the vibra-tion frequency of the A1g peak decreases with increasing Nb ,Ta,Fe and Mn atomic contents.It is worthy to note that a new peak (named the “An peak”) has been reported for the first time in the part with oriented columbite inclusions.The vibration frequency varies from 827 to 830 cm^-1.The presence of th enew peak may be attributed to structural changes of cassiterite due to the excess of Nb and Ta in the lattice and the exsolution of columbite inclusions in cassiterite.  相似文献   

11.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000655   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Four different varieties of charnockitic rocks,with different modes of formation,from the Mesoproterozoic Natal belt are described and new C isotope data presented.Excellent coastal exposures in a number of quarries and river sections make this part of the Natal belt a good location for observing charnockitic field relationships.Whereas there has been much debate on genesis of charnockites and the use of the term charnockite.it is generally recognized that the stabilization of orthopyroxene relative to biotite in granitoid rocks is a function of low aH2O（±high CO2）,high temperature,and composition （especially Fe/（Fe +Mg））.From the Natal belt exposures,it is evident that syn-emplacement.magmatic crystallization of chamockite can arise from mantle-derived differentiated melts that are inherently hot and dry（as in the Oribi Gorge granites and Munster enderbite）,as well as from wet granitic melts that have been affected through interaction with dry country rock to produce localized charnockitic marginal facies in plutons（as in the Portobello Granite）.Two varieties of post-emplacement sub-solidus chamockites are also evident.These include charnockitic aureoles developed in leucocratic,biotite.garnet granite adjacent to cross-cutting enderbitic veins that are attributed to metamorphic-metasomatic processes（as in the Nicholson’s Point granite,a part of the Margate Granite Suite）,as well as nebulous,patchy charnockitic veins in the Margate Granite that are attributed to anatectic metamorphic processes under low-aHO fluid conditions during a metamorphic event.These varieties of chamockite show that the required physical conditions of their genesis can be achieved through a number of geological processes,providing some important implications for the classification of charnockites,and for the interpretation of charnockite genesis in areas where poor exposure obscures field relationships.  相似文献   

12.
A serious and difficult problem confronting those water plants which use reservoirs as water resources is how to predict the time when algae bloom would happen. A series of experiments have been designed and finished after efforts of nearly one year, and achieved some important and useful regulations which can do great help to the problem. In order to study the correlation between changes of several typical indices and growth regulation, algae were cultivated in an artificial environment. The raw water of these experiments came from subsurface water at the Dashahe Reservoir in Guangdong Province, China. During the cultivating process, it strictly controlled original indexes as trophic factors, ecological factors and topographic factors, and has successfully achieved 64 sets of experiment data, which indicate some suggested conclusions. Water temperature and light intensity are the prime inducements of algae bloom when water environment is nutritionally sufficient. It has proved that original trophic status, light intensity and water temperature have important effects on algae growth velocity. It has analyzed different algae growth velocities due to different original total nitrogen and total phosphorus, as well as light intensity, and used the data of algae biomass in lag phase and log phase to study the correlation between time and algal biomass with SPSS software. Results indicated that both under different original nutritional conditions and under different light intensities, the relationship between algae biomass and time matches an exponential function very well. So, it proposes a very promising style algal growing velocity model, which can be expressed as：dDdt = kent. According to the model, original trophic status, light intensity and water temperature will affect the concrete values of variants k and n.  相似文献   

13.
Electronic microprobe analyses for olivine, clinopyroxene and Cr-spinel in picrites, which we have discovered recently in the Emeishan continental flood basalt province (ECFBP), show that the olivine is rich in Mg, and that Cr-spinel is rich in Cr. Based on the olivine-melt equilibrium, the primary parental melt compositions are calculated. The high-Mg olivine-hosted picrite can be regarded as parental melt. Thus, the melting temperature and pressure are estimated: T=1600℃ and P=4.5 GPa. It suggests that the picrites are connected with the activity of mantle plumes. Their major element composition is comparable to many other CFBs by their high Fe8, (CaO/Al2O3)8 and low Na8, indicating a high pressure. All rocks display a similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns, i.e., enrichment of LREE, relative depletion of HFSE and absence of negative Nb and Ta but depletion in P and K. Some incompatible element ratios, such as La/Ta, La/ Sm, (La/Nb)PM, (Th/Ta)PM, are in a limited range, show that they were derived  相似文献   

14.
Gold-silver deposits in the Atalla area occur as hydrothermal quartz veins in NE–SW pre-existing fractures within the Atalla granitic pluton. The orientation of such quartz veins has been attributed to extensional behavior related to the Atalla Shear Zone (ASZ). The Atalla area is covered by a variety of lithologies that are (from oldest to youngest): metasedimentary rocks, metavolcanic rocks, ophiolite assemblage (serpentinites/talc-carbonates), Atalla granite and Dokhan volcanic rocks. Microscopically, Atalla granite ranges in composition from granodiorite to monzogranite. Whole-rock geochemistry constrains the calc-alkaine affinity of the Atalla granite that was intruded within an orogenic (syn-collision) tectonic regime. The ore minerals are represented by gold/silver (electrum), pyrite (Py1 & Py2), arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, covellite and goethite. The temperature of ore formation ranges from 240 to 285°C and the estimated fluid pressure is in the range of 20–100 MPa. Based on the geological setting, ore textures and fluid characteristics; the Atalla Au-Ag deposits are considered to be orogenic in nature, formed from a continental collision (~653-590 Ma), synchronous with the emplacement of calc-alkaline magmatism during the evolutionary history of the Arabian Nubian Shield (ANS). The initial ore-forming fluid was primarily derived from a metamorphic source related to ophiolitic-serpentinite rocks under deep regional conditions of greenschist-amphibolite facies, where the Atalla granitic eruption provided the required temperature conditions for the metamorphic process to take place. Under such conditions, the transportation of ore metals as bisulfide complexes is favoured. The deposition of ore minerals was triggered by fluid-wallrock interaction through fracture pathways in conjunction with a temperature-pressure drop that is likely to have been related to uplift into the crustal levels.  相似文献   

15.
The experiments on gold solubility in amino acid solution mdicate that gold is very intensively soluble in amino acid(or other organic acids),which is extensively present in geological bodies,and is most soluble in histidine.The temperature and concentration,acidity and type of amino acid in the solution are important factors affecting gold-amino acid complexing. The solubility of gold in amino acid is different under different conditions of temperature, amino acid concentration and pH value of the solution,At 80℃ and pH=6-8,gold is most soluble in amino acid.Gold dispersed in water and rocks could be concentrated and transported by amino acid and then precipitated in favorable loci.Amino acids might have played an important role in metallogenesis as well as in the formation of source beds of gold.Nitrogen,oxygen and sulfur in amino acid might have reacted with gold to form soluble complex ions.  相似文献   

16.
The Boziguoer A-type granitoids in Baicheng County,Xinjiang,belong to the northern margin of the Tarim platform as well as the neighboring EW-oriented alkaline intrusive rocks.The rocks comprise an aegirine or arfvedsonite quartz alkali feldspar syenite,an aegirine or arfvedsonite alkali feldspar granite,and a biotite alkali feldspar syenite.The major rock-forming minerals are albite,K-feldspar,quartz,arfvedsonite,aegirine,and siderophyllite.The accessory minerals are mainly zircon,pyrochlore,thorite,fluorite,monazite,bastnaesite,xenotime,and astrophyllite.The chemical composition of the alkaline granitoids show that SiO2 varies from 64.55％ to 72.29％ with a mean value of 67.32％,Na2O＋K2O is high （9.85％-11.87％） with a mean of 11.14％,K2O is 2.39％-5.47％ （mean =4.73％）,the K2O/Na2O ratios are 0.31-0.96,Al2O3 ranges from 12.58％ to 15.44％,and total FeOT is between 2.35％ and 5.65％.CaO,MgO,MnO,and TiO2 are low.The REE content is high and the total SREE is （263-1219） ppm （mean =776 ppm）,showing LREE enrichment and HREE depletion with strong negative Eu anomalies.In addition,the chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the alkaline granitoids belong to the ＂seagull＂ pattern of the right-type.The Zr content is （113-1246） ppm （mean =594 ppm）,Zr＋Nb＋Ce＋Y is between （478-2203） ppm with a mean of 1362 ppm.Furthermore,the alkaline granitoids have high HFSE （Ga,Nb,Ta,Zr,and Hf） content and low LILE （Ba,K,and Sr） content.The Nb/Ta ratio varies from 7.23 to 32.59 （mean =16.59） and the Zr/Hf ratio is 16.69-58.04 （mean =36.80）.The zircons are depleted in LREE and enriched in HREE.The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the zircons are of the ＂seagull＂ pattern of the left-inclined type with strong negative Eu anomaly and without a Ce anomaly.The Boziguoer A-type granitoids share similar features with A1-type granites.The average temperature of the granitic magma was estimated at 832-839℃.The Boziguoer A-type granitoids show crust-mantle mixing and may have formed in an anorogenic intraplate tectonic setting under high-temperature,anhydrous,and low oxygen fugacity conditions.  相似文献   

17.
The morphology, REE geochemistry and U-Pb geochronology of zircons from quartz monzodiorite in the Sunzhuang area, Fanshi County, Shanxi Province are presented in this study. The zircon crystals can be classified into four main types as: AB, L, S and P, and 24 subtypes such as AB4, AB5, L5, and S3. The maximum crystallization temperature of zircon was estimated as 850°C, with the minimum of 550°C. The peak temperatures of the zircon crystallization range from 650°C to 700°C. The abundances of Th and U in the zircon grains show large variation with the Th/U values 0.4. The Th and U values also show a positive correlation in most zircons. The REE abundance of zircon in the quartz monzodiorite ranges from 280.4 ppm to 2143 ppm with an average of 856.4 ppm. The chondrite normalized zircon REE patterns show two types, one is characterized by HREE enrichment and LREE depletion with positive Ce-anomaly and negative Eu-anomaly whereas the other is HREE enriched and LREE depleted with negative Eu-anomaly but without positive Ce-anomaly, and relatively flat patterns. The LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology on the zircons yields a mean age of 133±0.87 Ma. Our data on zircon morphology, composition and U-Pb geochronology reveal that the parent magma of the quartz monzodiorite which was emplaced during late Yanshanian had a mixed crust-mantle source, with crustal components dominating. The magma is inferred to have been water rich and alkaline with initial high oxygen fugacity. Post-magmatic hydrothermal activity occurred under relatively reducing conditions which was conductive for gold precipitation in the Yixingzhai gold deposit.  相似文献   

18.
Relatively old ages of chondrites(normally around 4.5Ga)suggest that their parent bodies did not experience any mely-fractionation under high temperature and high pressure conditions pertaining to the interior of terrestrial plaets.Therefore,it is reasonable to take chondrites as starting materials in the study of the chemical evolution of the early earth.The sillicate phase in the Jilin chondrite (H5)was chosen for this purpose because it possesses a chemical composition similar to that of the primitive mantle.The melting experiment was carried out at 20-30 k bar and has rsulted in a product which contains1-5% melts in addition to solid cryustal phase.The chemical composition of the melt phases and the partitioning of various elements between the coexisting silicate melts are geochemically similar to those of anatectic rocks on the earth.This can thus serve as the basis for discussing the chemical evolution of the early upper mantle.  相似文献   

19.
Mechanism and kinetics of hydrothermal replacement of magnetite by hematite   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
The replacement of magnetite by hematite was studied through a series of experiments under mild hydrothermal conditions(140 -220℃, vapour saturated pressures) to quantify the kinetics of the transformation and the relative effects of redox and non-redox processes on the transformation. The results indicate that oxygen is not an essential factor in the replacement reaction of magnetite by hematite, but the addition of excess oxidant does trigger the oxidation reaction, and increases the kinetics of the transformation. However, even under high O_2(aq) environments, some of the replacement still occurred via Fe2+ leaching from magnetite. The kinetics of the replacement reaction depends upon temperature and solution parameters such as pH and the concentrations of ligands, all of which are factors that control the solubility of magnetite and affect the transport of Fe2+ (and the oxidant) to and from the reaction front. Reaction rates are fast at ~200℃, and in nature transport properties of Fe and,in the case of the redox-controlled replacement, the oxidant will be the rate-limiting control on the reaction progress. Using an Avrami treatment of the kinetic data and the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy for the transformation under non-redox conditions was calculated to be 26 ± 6 kJ mol-1.This value is in agreement with the reported activation energy for the dissolution of magnetite, which is the rate-limiting process for the transformation under non-redox conditions.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of the present study is to locate and decipher the groundwater quality,types,and hydrogeochemical reactions,which are responsible for elevated concentration of fluoride in the Chhindwara district in Madhya Pradesh,India.Groundwater samples,quality data and other ancillary information were collected for 26 villages in the Chhindwara District,M.P.India during May 2006.The saturation index was computed for the selected samples in the region,which suggest that generally most of the minerals are saturated with respect to water.The concentration of fluoride in the region varies from 0.6 to 4.74 mg/l,which is much higher as per the national and international water quality standards.The study also reveals that the fluoride bearing rock formations are the main source of the higher concentration of fluoride in groundwater along with the conjuncture of land use change.Moreover,the area is a hard rock terrain and consists of fractured granites and amygdaloidal and highly jointed compact basalt acting as good aquifer,which is probably enriching the high content of fluoride in groundwater.High concentration of fluoride is found in deeper level of groundwater and it is possible due to rock-water interaction,which requires further detailed investigation.The highly alkaline conditions indicate fluorite dissolution,which works as a major process for higher concentration of fluoride in the study area.The results of this study will ultimately help in the identification of risk areas and taking measures to mitigate negative impacts related to fluoride pollution and toxicity.  相似文献   

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