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古洪水沉积物是研究地史时期极端降水事件和古环境演化的重要载体。基于地质记录开展古洪水重建研究,可以为揭示区域洪水历史过程及机制提供依据,对水资源利用和工程建设等具有重要的现实意义。本文以漕河古河道北岸出露较好的李迪城村剖面为研究对象,综合地层序列、野外沉积特征、沉积构造及沉积物粒度分析,对白洋淀地区漕河古河道沉积记录的古洪水事件进行了识别,发现该剖面具有以下主要特征:古洪水沉积层与下伏地层存在明显的冲刷侵蚀面,沉积体形态呈透镜状,由泥砾、炭屑、双壳类及灰黑色粉细砂混杂组成,发育中小型交错层理;洪水沉积物粒度指标(中值粒径、砂含量、黏土/粉砂值及Q90)表现为高值,以细砂为优势组分,含混杂的粉砂及少量黏土,分选较差;古洪水沉积层中古树与双壳类集中埋藏,呈定向排列,其指示的方向与遥感影像揭示的古河道方向一致。通过该剖面沉积特征及地层AMS 14C年代分析,确定漕河在全新世早期约10.8~9.6 ka BP发生了4期古洪水事件,这4期古洪水事件可以与该时期华北地区其它古洪水事件进行对比。当时正值全新世早期,东亚夏季风增强,为气温和降水频繁波动上升时期,据此推断白洋淀地区全新世早期的古洪水事件是当时气候背景下的产物。 相似文献
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古洪水事件重建是地貌学与环境变化领域的前沿性课题之一。高山峡谷基岩河段是古洪水重建的理想场所,通过系统梳理国内外文献,评述古洪水事件重建研究进展,认为识别古水位标志(palaeo-stage indicators)、系统建立流域尺度洪水综合地貌证据是古洪水重建的前提和基础。而不同类型的古洪水地貌证据中,古洪水滞流沉积物(slackwater deposits,SWD)是最完整的具有确切水位标志指示意义的高水位悬移质沉积物,而其他边滩坝体(bars)是指示洪水路径和水动力条件的低水位标志沉积物。基于这些洪水地貌证据与水位标志物指示,采用多种水力学模型重建古洪水规模。同时采用多种测年方法相互验证建立可靠完整的古洪水事件年代序列。从点到面建立古洪水事件数据库,提出不同成因类型古洪水事件的时空模式,系统揭示特大洪水发生规律及其演化趋势。其中,青藏高原周缘灾难性古洪水事件在形成年代、地貌证据和水文模拟等方面具有鲜明的时空特征与地貌效应,这些对认识全球末次冰期巨型洪水事件具有重要意义。在特定的时空尺度范围内评估极端洪水事件的地表过程与地貌效应,甚至大陆尺度灾难性古洪水研究已经拓展到行星尺度洪水地貌。此外,高山峡谷现代大洪水地貌原型观测对理解古洪水水文过程机制等具有重要的参考价值。 相似文献
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探槽古地震事件的识别取决于对沉积地层中封存的构造变形和沉积响应的解译。基于国内外88篇走滑断裂古地震研究论文,系统总结分析了古地震事件的多种识别标志,主要包括地层的垂向错断、断层向上逐渐尖灭、生长地层、裂缝充填、角度不整合、砂土液化、崩积楔、褶皱等。这些识别标志的质量和数量是判别古地震事件的关键。综合分析认为,地震成因识别标志与非构造成因及蠕滑产生的变形不同,而不同识别标志对地震层位的限定有证据强弱之分。在充分考虑地域和人为因素的影响下,根据识别标志的强弱,对探槽揭露事件的地层证据进行半定量化分析,这在实际工作中不仅可以最大限度地降低误判地震事件的可能性,排除非地震成因变形的影响,也能更客观地反映地震事件的可信度。 相似文献
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长江中游是我国洪灾最为严重的地区，武汉江段是长江中游防洪重点.开展武汉地区长江古洪水研究，从而延长古洪水记录具有重要意义.选择长江武汉段堤后典型湖泊钻孔——ZK145钻孔，在沉积物岩性及沉积相分析的基础上，通过对岩心磁性特征和粒度特征分析，结合AMS 14C测年，对长江武汉段全新世古洪水频发期进行了研究.根据质量磁化率、频率磁化率曲线，将钻孔划分为5个沉积阶段.再结合中值粒径和砂含量，识别出9次特大古洪水事件，其年代为:10 580~10 510，10 280~10 200，9 690~9 670，9 530~9 500，8 660~8 450，7 700~75 00，6 270~5 910，4 850~4 800，3 560~3 500 cal.a BP，其中9 700~4 800 cal.a.BP为古洪水频发期.热磁曲线分析表明，古洪水沉积物的热磁曲线在510℃附近可见较明显的峰值，主导磁性矿物为磁铁矿.研究表明，质量磁化率高值、频率磁化率低值和较粗粒径为长江武汉段堤后湖泊古洪水沉积的识别标志. 相似文献
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长江武汉段4.5～2.5 ka沉积地层与古洪水标志识别 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
长江中游近年洪灾频发,武汉江段更是其防洪重点,开展武汉地区的古洪水研究,从而延长古洪水记录,对洪水预测具有重要意义。本文选取武汉地区河谷沉溺湖区SK10钻孔沉积作为研究对象,运用AMS 14C测年技术厘定地层年代,通过粒度和地球化学元素的测定与分析,与文献中记录的古洪水频发期进行对比,建立一套适用于长江武汉段古洪水沉积的识别指标,并对长江武汉段距今4. 5~2. 5 ka的古洪水期进行研究。结果表明：①基于后湖与长江的分布关系,在钻孔沉积中选取粒度指标（P95、砂含量、平均粒径、黏土/粉砂、（粗粉砂+砂）/黏土)和地球化学指标（Na2O、Al2O3、Fe2O3、Rb/Sr、 Zr/Rb）作为古洪水频发期识别标志,对武汉地区的洪水频发期沉积有较好的指示作用。②通过指标识别出的古洪水频发期为：2608±30 a BP、2814±35 a BP、3094±35 a BP、3577±35 a BP、3830±35 a BP、3939±35 a BP、4084±35 a BP、4193±35 a BP、4391±35 a BP左右,与文献记录中距今4. 5~2. 5 ka的几次洪水频发期基本一致。 相似文献
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冲积平原作为城市聚集和人类发展的重要区域,长期面临着巨大的洪水灾害风险,基于平原区丰富的沉积记录开展洪水事件重建研究有助于科学认识洪水历史及规律,具有重要的意义和价值.通过系统梳理国内外在冲积平原洪水重建研究中的最新进展,重点回顾了近年来我国长江中下游平原和华北平原相关代表性成果,分析了平原区洪水沉积主要特征和识别标志,归纳了特大洪水事件的典型沉积序列和主要沉积环境.最后,结合国内外研究热点和前沿,展望了未来我国冲积平原在洪水重建研究的巨大潜力,建议以沉积相和地层关系为基础,进一步扩展洪水重建研究的时空范围,探索从定性到定量获取不同规模洪水的水文信息,进而开展流域尺度的综合分析,深入了解洪水的驱动机制和影响因素. 相似文献
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渭河咸阳段全新世古洪水事件光释光测年研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
古洪水水文学研究是全球气候变化研究的前沿课题,确定古洪水事件的年代是古洪水研究的重要内容之一。对渭河流域进行深入的野外考察,在中游咸阳段阶地发现全新世黄土-古土壤层里夹有古洪水滞流沉积层,表明该地层记录了古洪水事件发生的信息。在该剖面采集光释光样品,分离提取40~63 μm石英颗粒成分,应用单片再生剂量法（SAR）进行红外后蓝光(Post-IR OSL)释光测量,获得了9个OSL年龄值。结果表明由古洪水滞流沉积层记录的特大古洪水事件发生在3 200~2 800 a B.P.之间。结合沉积样品系列的磁化率和粒度成分等气候替代性指标分析,揭示了在全新世中期向晚期转折过渡时期,渭河流域处于气候向干旱化发展的转型期,气候变化剧烈,大气系统不稳定,降水变率增大等,是导致特大洪水多发的主要原因。这也是渭河流域气候水文系统对于全球性气候恶化响应的结果。 相似文献
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Priyanka Raja Hema Achyuthan K. Geethanjali Pankaj Kumar Sundeep Chopra 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(5):547-553
A study involving grain size analysis was carried out from the Parsons valley lake deposit, Nilgiris, India to determine the depositional environments and paleoflood events since late Pleistocene period (～29,838 cal yr BP). A 72 cm lacustrine core was collected from the lake and eight organic rich sediment samples were AMS radiocarbon dated. The study reveals variations in the grain size distribution chiefly influenced by regional climatic conditions. Paleoflood events have been identified by the individual sedimentary flood signatures of varying changes in the magnitude of sediment supply from the background silty sediment matrix around ～29,838 and ～8405 cal yr BP. 相似文献
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Variability of deltaic processes in terms of sediment supply, with particular emphasis on grain size 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Short term variability in delta form and process can be partly explained by the relative strength of hydraulic parameters such as river discharge, discharge variability, wave energy flux and tidal range. However, the calibre or grain size is also important. The amount, mode of transport and grain size of the sediment load delivered to a delta front have a considerable effect on the facies, formative physical processes, related depositional environments and morphology of the deltaic depositional system. The available grain size influences (1) the gradient and channel pattern of the fluvial system on the delta plain; (2) the mixing behaviour of sediment as it discharges into the ambient basin waters at the river mouth; (3) the type of shoreline, whether reflective or dissipative, and its response to both wave energy and tidal regime; and (4) the deformation and resedimentation processes on the subaqueous delta front. Long term aspects of deltaic sedimentation, including a few generalized relationships between sediment supply and physiographic setting, are briefly introduced. The need for further detailed research on modern and ancient deltaic dispersal systems is emphasized, and specific suggestions are given for future research. 相似文献
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Analytical method for estimating palaeowave climate and water depth from wave ripple marks 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
B. DIEM 《Sedimentology》1985,32(5):705-720
Analytical expressions are developed for evaluating palaeodepth and palaeowave conditions from wave ripple marks. Palaeodepth and palaeowave climate estimates can be extremely powerful predictors in reconstructions of vertical movements related to basin subsidence, local and regional ancient wave climate trends and the basin shape. The analytical expressions developed herein are applied to wave ripple marks preserved in the Lower Marine Molasse of Switzerland, western Austria and southern Germany. The results suggest that, in contrast to traditional concepts of an eustatic sea-level change, the Lower Marine Molasse regression was a result of mainly depositional processes. The subsidence rate greatly exceeded the rate of sea-level fall over a wide geographical area. Furthermore, the widening of the Lower Marine Molasse basin to the ENE is well documented by the increase of the ancient wave period and wave power, calculated from wave ripple marks found in storm deposits. 相似文献
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Fluid inclusions trapped in ancient evaporites can contain a community of halophilic prokaryotes and eukaryotes that inhabited the surface brines from which the minerals formed. Entombed in the fluid inclusions in evaporites, some of these halophilic microbes remain viable for at least tens of thousands of years and possibly for hundreds of millions of years, even under high salinity, low oxygen, high radiation, low nutrient concentration. This review presents the scientific history of discovery, isolation, and culture of ancient halophilic microbes in halite fluid inclusions. We elucidated the controversy associated with the ancient halophilic microbes between geologists and geomicrobiologists. Major concerns and future perspectives on halophiles research were proposed. We emphasized that lithofacies analysis and depositional environment determination on evaporites are prerequisites before any microbiological survey, and rigorous biological protocol must be obeyed at all retrieval procedures for ancient microorganisms. We suggested that future study related to ancient halophilic microbes should focus on other evaporites such as gypsum, glauberite, and trona, characterize and identify older halophiles; clarify metabolic mechanism for longevity of ancient microorganisms. 相似文献
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The growth and subsequent dissolution of salts on or within sediment may alter sedimentary structures and textures to such an extent that it is difficult to identify the depositional origin of that sediment and, as a result, the sediment may be misinterpreted. To help to overcome such problems with investigating ancient successions, results are presented from a comprehensive study of the morphology and fabrics of three large areas of modern salt flats in SE Arabia: the Sabkhat Matti inland region and the At Taf coastal region, both in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and the Umm as Samim region in Oman. These salt flats are affected by tidal‐marine, alluvial and aeolian depositional processes and include both clastic‐ and carbonate‐dominated surficial sediments. The efflorescent and precipitated salt crusts in these areas can be grouped into two main types: thick crusts, with high relief (>10 cm) and a polygonal or blocky morphology; or thin crusts, with low relief (<10 cm) and a polygonal or blister‐like appearance. The thin crusts may assume the surface morphology of underlying features, such as ripples or biogenic mats. A variety of small‐scale textures were observed: pustular growths, hair‐like spikes and irregular wrinkles. Evolution of these crusts over time results in a variety of distinctive sedimentary fabrics produced by salt‐growth sediment deformation, salt‐solution sediment collapse, sediment aggradation and compound mixtures of these processes. Salt‐crust processes produce features that may be confused with aeolian adhesion structures. An example from the Lower Triassic Ormskirk Sandstone Formation of the Irish Sea Basin demonstrates how this knowledge of modern environments improves the interpretation of the rock record. A distinctive wavy‐laminated facies in this formation had previously been interpreted as the product of fluvial sheetfloods modified by soft‐sediment deformation and bioturbation. Close inspection of laminations seen in core reveals many of the same sedimentary fabrics seen in SE Arabia associated with salt crusts. This facies is the product of salt growth on aeolian sediment and is not of fluvial origin. 相似文献
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