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1.
Fernando de Noronha archipelago presents an older Remédios Formation with subvolcanic intrusions, belonging to two different alkaline series, the sodic (undersaturated: basanites, tephrites, essexites, tephriphonolites, phonolites), and potassic ones (mildly undersaturated to silicic, with alkali basalts, basaltic trachyandesites, trachyandesites, trachytes), and lamprophyres. The upper Quixaba Formation presents nephelinite flows and basanites. A third minor unit, São José, is constituted by basanites carrying mantle xenoliths. Magnesian olivines occur in the Remédios basanites and alkali basalts, and in nephelinites. Melilites are present as groundmass grains in melilite melanephelinites (MEM). Clinopyroxenes (cpx) are mostly salites to titaniferous salites (Remédios sodic series), grading into aegirines in the differentiated aphyric phonolites. Cpx in the lamprophyres show disequilibrium textures. In the Quixaba flows, cpx are salites, enriched in Mg (especially in MEM). Amphiboles, remarkably, are common in tephriphonolites and phonolites and in basaltic trachyandesites, sometimes with disequilibrum zoning textures, and a conspicuous phase in lamprophyres. Dark micas are present as groundmass plates in MEM, OLM and PYM (olivine and pyroxene melanephelinites), with compositional variety (enriched in Ti, Ba, Sr) depending on the composition of the parent rock; BaO can be as high as 16–19%. Feldspars crystallize as calcic plagioclases, sanidines and anorthoclases, depending on the rock types, as phenocrysts and in groundmass, both in Quixaba and Remédios rocks; they are absent in nephelinites. Nephelines are found in Remédios sodic series types and Quixaba rocks. Haüyne and noseane are rarely observed in Remédios rocks.  相似文献   

2.
Plate reconstructions at 30 Ma place northeastern Brazil over the Fernando de Noronha hotspot, presently 250 km offshore northeastern Brazil. Tertiary basaltic centers in northeastern Brazil may therefore be products of the Fernando de Noronha hotspot. We examined alkalic basalt from seven 30–13 Ma old centers in Rio Grande do Norte and Pernambuco states to assess this possible link. Compositions are primitive, where MgO concentrations range from 12.5 to 17 wt.%, and SiO2 from 41 to 48 wt.%. Trace-element abundances and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions compare well with those of ocean island basalt: =0.7038–0.7051, =0.51266–0.51280, and =18.52–19.35. There are correlations among SiO2-undersaturation, incompatible-element abundances, relative percentages of partial melting (based on La/Yb and La/Y ratios), and the degree of isotopic ‘enrichment' inherited from mantle sources. There is also a negative correlation for La/Nb (0.6–0.86) vs. Ba/Nb (6.6–10.6), where lower La/Nb samples represent larger percentages of melting of a source comparatively enriched in radiogenic Sr. We attribute these compositional relationships to the lavas representing mixing of melts mainly from asthenosphere of largely HIMU plus DM characterization, probably the Fernando de Noronha plume, with melts from subcontinental lithosphere that was isotopically closer to EM1. Isotopic and trace-element compositions of the northeastern Brazil basalts are generally similar to those of Fernando de Noronha lavas (12–2 Ma), and some minor trace-element differences observed (e.g., more Zr, Nb, and less Th compared to northeastern Brazil basalts) are probably due to heterogeneity within the asthenospheric plume and to melt contributions from delaminated subcontinental lithosphere that may underlie Fernando de Noronha.  相似文献   

3.
Neogene (N 1 2 -N 2 1 ?) K-Na alkaline rocks were found in western Kamchatka as a subvolcanic basanite body at Mount Khukhch. The basanites have a microphyric texture with olivine phenocrysts in a fine-grained doleritic groundmass. The olivine contains inclusions of Al-Cr spinel. The microlites consist of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, magnetite, and apatite, and the interstitial phases are leucite, nepheline, and analcime. The Mount Khukhch basanites are characterized by elevated concentrations of MgO, TiO2, Na2O, and K2O, high concentrations of Co, Ni, Cr, Nb, Ta, Th, U, LREE (LaN/YbN = 10.8?12.6, DyN/YbN = 1.4?1.6) at moderate concentrations of Zr, Hf, Rb, Ba, Sr, Pb, and Cu. The values of indicator trace-element ratios suggest that basanites in western Kamchatka affiliate with the group of basaltoids of the within-plate geochemical type: Ba/Nb = 10?12, Sr/Nb = 17?18, Ta/Yb = 1.3?1.6. The basanites of western Kamchatka show many compositional similarities with the Miocene basanites of eastern Kamchatka, basanites of some continental rifts, and basalts of oceanic islands (OIB). The geochemistry of these rocks suggests that the basanite magma was derived via the ～6% partial melting of garnet-bearing peridotite source material. The crystallization temperatures of the first liquidus phases (olivine and spinel) in the parental basanite melt (1372–1369°C) and pressures determined for the conditions of the “mantle” equilibrium of the melt (25–26 kbar) are consistent with the model for the derivation of basanite magma at the garnet depth facies in the mantle. The geodynamic environment in which Neogene alkaline basaltic magmas occur in western Kamchatka was controlled by the termination of the Oligocene—Early Miocene subduction of the Kula oceanic plate beneath the continental margin of Kamchatka and the development of rifting processes in its rear zone. The deep faulting of the lithosphere and decompression-induced magma generation simultaneous with mantle heating at that time could be favorable for the derivation of mantle basite magmas.  相似文献   

4.
Tenerife is the largest of the seven Tertiary to Recent volcanic islands that make up the Canary Archipelago. The island is composed of volcanics belonging to the basanitetrachyte-phonolite assemblage that characterises many Atlantic islands. The most voluminous development of intermediate and salic volcanics has been in the centre of the island where the Las Canadas volcanoes arose upon a basement shield composed mainly of basanite and ankaramite flows, tuffs and agglomerates. The initial post-shield activity built the Vilaflor volcanic complex (Lower and Upper Canadas Series) that originally covered much of the underlying shield volcanics. A vast collapse of the complex, probably during post-Pleistocene times, in the centre of the island has left a large semi-circular wall, and provides an excellent vertical section through the complex. Quaternary volcanism within the collapsed area has built the twin, central-type volcanoes, Viejo and Teide, both of which have attendant satellite vents. That part of the Vilaflor Complex exposed in Las Canadas, together with the Viejo and Teide volcanoes, comprise the Las Canadas volcanoes.Four distinct rock types can be recognised in these volcanoes, basanite, trachybasanite, plagioclase phonolite, and phonolite. Each rock type can be recognised chemically and mineralogically, but there is essentially a gradational series from basanite to phonolite that includes both aphyric and glomerophyric rocks. The volcanics are strongly undersaturated and sodic, and some of the phonolites are mildly peralkaline. Variations in degree of undersaturation, and trace element abundances indicate a number of cycles of activity which would be consistent with the known field relations.Forsteritic olivine occurs in the basanites and trachybasanites but is not a stable phase in the more salic volcanics. Clinopyroxene is ubiquitous, varying in composition from titanaugite in the basanites to slightly sodic augite in the phonolites. Strongly sodic pyroxene is restricted to the groundmass of the microcrystalline phonolites along with aenigmatite and a kataphoritic amphibole. Plagioclase is found only in the groundmass of the basanites, but andesine and potash-oligoclase are common phenocryst minerals in the trachybasanites and plagioclase phonolites respectively, whereas the characteristic feldspar of the phonolites is anorthoclase.The relatively smooth curves of major and trace element variation, the presence of accumulative volcanics at all stages of differentiation, zoning of the mineral phases, and the clustering of the phonolites around the low temperature trough in Petrogeny's Residua System, all indicate that the descent from basanite to phonolite has resulted from fractional crystallisation of a basanite parent magma. The trend of pyroxene crystallisation, and the fairly constant FeO/Fe2O3 ratio during fractionation indicate crystallisation under low PO2 conditions.  相似文献   

5.
Major, trace-element, and Sr-, Nd-and Pbisotope data are presented for volcanics from 12 active or recently active volcanoes from the islands of Flores, Adonara, Lembata and Batu Tara in the eastern Sunda are. The volcanics vary in composition from low-K tholeiite, through medium-and high-K calcalkaline types to the K-rich leucite basanites of Batu Tara. From the tholeiites to the leucite basanites there are marked increases in the concentrations of LILE (K, Rb, Ba, Sr), LREE and La/Yb, and all the volcanics have high Ba/ Nb, La/Nb and Ba/La compared with mid-ocean ridge and intraplate eruptives. K/Cs values are generally lower than OIB values, and overlap those of other arc volcanics and northeast Indian Ocean sediments. The volcanics exhibit a broad range of 87Sr/86Sr (0.70468–0.70706), 143Nd/144Nd (0.512946–0.512447), and a moderate range in 206Pb/204Pb (18.825–19.143), 207Pb/ 204Pb (15.643–15.760) and 208Pb/204Pb (38.97–39.51). Trace-element and isotopic data suggest that the mantle beneath the eastern Sunda arc is a complex heterogeneous mixture of 3 or 4 major source components: MORB-source or depleted MORB-source, OIB-source and subducted Indian Ocean sediment. The low-K tholeiites were probably formed by relatively large degrees of melting of depleted MORB-source mantle, modified by subduction-related fluids, whereas the trace-element and isotopic characteristics of the K-rich volcanics suggest that they were derived from an OIB source which and been modified by a subduction-related melt component. The source components of the medium-to high-K calcalkaline rocks are more difficult to determine, and probably include mixtures of MORB-source or OIB-source, and melt/fluid derived from subducted oceanic sediment. Minor-and trace-element modelling calculations indicate substantial difficulties in producing the relatively low Ti-contents of arc volcanics by melting OIB-source mantle. Where OIB mantle is considered to be an important component of arc magmas it is suggested that the HFSE are buffered to relatively low concentration by a residual Ti-rich accessory phase.  相似文献   

6.
Peak metamorphism (800–850°C, 8–10 kbar) inthe Harts Range Meta-Igneous Complex (Harts Range, central Australia)was associated with localized partial melting by the reactionhornblende + plagioclase + quartz + H2O = garnet + clinopyroxene+ titanite + melt. In situ trace-element determinations of prograde,peak and retrograde minerals in migmatitic metabasites and associatedtonalitic melts using laser-ablation ICP–MS has allowedmonitoring of a range of partial-melting processes (melting,melt segregation and back-reaction between crystallizing meltand restitic minerals). Mass balance calculations indicate thattitanite is a major carrier of trace elements such as Ti, Nb,Ta, Sm, U and Th, and therefore may be an important accessoryphase to control the redistribution of these elements duringthe partial melting of amphibolites. Titanite preferentiallyincorporates Ta over Nb and, hence, residual titanite mightassist in the formation of melts with high Nb/Ta. The fact thatsingle minerals record different rare earth element (REE) patterns,from prograde to peak to retrograde conditions, demonstratesthat REE diffusion is not significant up to 800°C. Therefore,trace-element analysis in minerals can be a powerful tool toinvestigate high-grade metamorphic processes beyond the limitsgiven by major elements. KEY WORDS: Harts Range; laser-ablation ICP–MS; metabasites; partial melting; trace elements  相似文献   

7.
The Late Cenozoic volcanics of the Lesser Caucasus have similar trace-element and REE patterns with negative anomalies of Nb, Ta, Hf, and Zr. They are highly enriched in Rb, Ba, Th, and La and depleted in Ti, Yb, and Y with respect to N-MORB, which indicates their formation from the subduction-metasomatized lithospheric mantle. Partial melting of the subcontinental mantle lithosphere and crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization controlled the magma evolution in the collisional magmatic belts.  相似文献   

8.
A compositionally diverse suite of volcanic rocks, including tholeiites, phonolites, basanites and nephelinites, occurs as accidental blocks in the palagonitic tuff of Kaula Island. The Kaula phonolites are the only documented phonolites from the Hawaiian Ridge. Among the accidental blocks, only the phonolites and a plagioclase basanite were amenable to K-Ar age dating. They yielded ages of 4.0–4.2 Ma and 1.8±0.2 Ma, respectively. Crystal fractionation modeling of major and trace element data indicates that the phonolites could be derived from a plagioclase basanite by subtraction of 27% clinopyroxene, 21% plagioclase, 16% anorthoclase, 14% olivine, 4% titanomagnetite and 1% apatite, leaving a 16% derivative liquid. The nephelinites contain the same phenocryst, xenocryst and xenolith assemblages as the tuff. Thus, they are probably comagmatic. The strong chemical similarity of the Kaula nephelinites and basanites to those from the post-erosional stage Honolulu Group on Oahu, the presence of garnet-bearing pyroxenites in the Kaula nephelinites (which previously, had only been reported in the Honolulu volcanic rocks) and the similar age of the Kaula basanite to post-erosional lavas from nearby volcanoes are compelling evidence that the Kaula basanites and nephelinites were formed during a post-erosional stage of volcanism.Now at Occidental Petroleum, Bakersfield, CA, 93309, USA  相似文献   

9.
New trace-element data of rutile in kimberlite-borne ~1.85 Ga eclogite and pyroxenite xenoliths from the central Slave craton, as well as ~110 Ma MARID xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton, provide constraints on the origins of lithospheric and sublithospheric mantle variability in high field strength element ratios. Rutiles in eclogites and pyroxenites have Zr/Hf ranging from 20 to 62 and Nb/Ta ranging from 10 to 40. Rutiles in MARID xenoliths have Zr/Hf from 24 to 33 and Nb/Ta from 10 to 41. Calculated whole-rock Zr/Hf is suprachondritic for eclogites with suggested gabbroic protoliths and subchondritic for boninite-like eclogites; the latter is consistent with cpx-controlled depletion in the protolith source. Within each eclogite type, positive correlations of Zr/Hf with La/Lu and negative correlations with Lu/Hf likely reflect fractionation of cpx and/or plagioclase during crystallisation of the protoliths. Zr/Hf–Nb/Ta relationships of some MARID-type rocks, which are products of lithospheric mantle metasomatism, and eclogite xenoliths plot on a silicate differentiation trend, whereas other samples have higher Nb/Ta at a given Zr/Hf. Fractionation of a few percent rutile from an HFSE-rich mafic melt can generate a trend towards strongly increased Nb/Ta at minimally changed Zr/Hf in the residual melt. Superposition of rutile fractionation on the effects of silicate differentiation, which fractionates Zr/Hf more strongly than Nb/Ta, can explain the Zr/Hf–Nb/Ta relationships of most eclogites from the central Slave craton as well as those of MARID rocks, metasomatised peridotites and group II kimberlites. By contrast, Zr/Hf–Nb/Ta relationships suggest that Group I kimberlites are mixtures between depleted peridotite and carbonatite. Thus, high Nb/Ta is a signature of lithospheric processes and may not be important in deeply subducted eclogites that bypass extended residence in the lithosphere. Conversely, considerable primary Zr/Hf variability was inherited by the eclogites, which is indicative of the compositional diversity of ancient subducted oceanic crust, which is expected to have generated substantial heterogeneity in sublithospheric basalt sources.  相似文献   

10.
Seamount volcanism associated with the Xigaze ophiolite, Southern Tibet   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
Basaltic lavas at Renbu, Southern Tibet are associated with the Xigaze ophiolite in the Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone. They are alkaline lavas rich in large ion lithophile elements (LILE, Ba, Rb and Sr) and high field strength elements (HFSE, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf), but poor in Cr, Co and Ni. All of the rocks have chondrite-normalized REE patterns enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), comparable to modern basalts of the Society Islands, Kerguelen Plateau and Broken Ridge. Abundances of some immobile or moderately immobile elements (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Y, Ti and REE) are also comparable to Kerguelen alkaline basalts. The Renbu basalts are geochemically similar to oceanic island basalts (OIB) and have some elemental ratios, such as Nb/Ta ratios = 15.7–18.1, Th/Nb =  0.06–0.10, La/Nb = 0.59–0.83 and Th/Ta = 1.03–1.52, similar to the primitive mantle. Their 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70453–0.70602) are relatively high, similar to OIB. In the 87Sr/86Sr vs. εNd(t) diagram, the Renbu basalts plot along a trend from N-MORB to EMII (enriched mantle II), suggesting the involvement of at least two mantle sources in their generation. The Renbu basalts represent seamount volcanism associated with the Xigaze ophiolite. They formed from an OIB-type mantle source within the Neo-Tethyan Ocean that had a composition similar to the modern Indian Ocean mantle.  相似文献   

11.
Summary Experiments at 25 kbar and 1000°C, on a model trace element-enriched carbonatite-eridotite mix, produced augite + pargasite ± garnet ± dolomite coexisting with a carbonatite melt. Proton microprobe analysis of the phases showed that key trace elements (Rb, Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, Zr, Y and REE) all partitioned strongly into the melt (with the exception of Y, Ho and Lu in garnet), verifying that carbonatite is potentially a highly effective metasomatizing agent. The data also indicate that carbonatitic metasomatism will impart higher Ba/Rb, Ba/Nb, Nb/Ta, Sr/Ta, La/Ta, and lower Zr/Y, with little change to Sr/Nb, in affected mantle.
Spurenelementverteilung zwischen Silikatmineralen und Karbonatit bei 25 kbar: Anwendung für die Mantel-Metasomatose
Zusammenfassung Experimente mit einer Modell-mischung von Karbonatit-Peridotit, angereichert mit Spurenelementen, produzierten bei 25 kbar und 1000°C Augit + Pargasit ± Granat ±Dolomit coexistierend mit einer Karbonatitschmelze. Protonmikrosonden-Analyse der Phasen zeigte, dass alle Schlüsselspurenelemente (Rb, Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, Zr, Y and REE) stark in der Schmelze angereichert werden (mit der Ausnahme von Y, Ho und Lu in Granat), was beweist, dass Karbonatit potentiell ein sehr effektives Agens für Metasomatose ist. Die Daten zeigen weiterhin, dass karbonatitische Metasomatose in betroffenen Mantel höhere Ba/Rb, Ba/Nb, Nb/Ta, Sr/Ta, La/Ta und niedrigere Zr/Y produziert, mit geringen Äderungen für Sr/Nb.

With 1 Figure  相似文献   

12.
The Mg numbers [100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) atomic ratios] of the Tertiary Monaro alkaline volcanics in southeastern Australia indicate that many of these alkali basalts, basanites and nephelinites have undergone only limited crystal fractionation, and that a few may represent unmodified, unfractionated primary magmas. Fractionation involves essentially olivine and clinopyroxene; fractionation trends are identified by plotting trace-element abundances against Mg number, and are then extrapolated linearly back into the primary magma field to yield estimates of the primary geochemistry of the three rock types.The nephelinites, basanites and alkali basalts are interpreted as a partial melting series derived from a peridotitic upper mantle. The estimated primary abundances of Pb,Th, Ga, V, Cr and Ni are essentially the same for the three rock types, but the estimated primary abundances of K2O, Rb, Sr, Ba, TiO2, Zr, Nb, P2O5, La Ce, Pr Nd, Y, Cu, and Zn-overlap considerably between the three rock types and the coherence of the incompatible elements as a group is not preserved in the overlaps. These patterns are best accounted for by postulating a patchy distribution of accessory phases such as amphibole, mica and apatite, in the source regions for the Monaro volcanics. Heterogeneities of this kind allow local variation in the volume of partial melt generated at the solidus, and offer a possible solution to magma segregation problems in the upper mantle.  相似文献   

13.
Parental magmas of the Cape Verde Islands are high-Mg foidites, picrobasalts, and basanites. The rocks can be classified into the following two differentiated series: (1) a high-alkali series, which includes picrites, high-Mg foidites, low-Mg-foidites, and phonolites; and (2) a series of moderate alkalinity, which includes picrobasalts, basanites, tephrites, tephrophonolites, phonotephrites, phonolites, and trachytes.The differentiation of both series is associated with a decrease in the concentrations of Mg, Fe, Ti, and Ca and an increase in the contents of Al, Si, K, and Na. Rare lithophile elements (REE, Zr, Nb, Th, Rb, and U) progressively enrich younger derivatives. The Sr and Ba concentrations pass through a maximum, as is typical of alkaline series, which are characterized by broad crystallization fields of plagioclase and melilite, minerals that have high distribution coefficients of these elements. The analysis of the composition of volcanic rocks from the Cape Verde Islands within the scope of the system olivine-diopside-nepheline shows that the evolution of the parental magmas was controlled by crystallization differentiation in shallow-depth intermediate chambers. This conclusion finds further support in data on inclusions in minerals and a simulated crystallization model in a magmatic chamber.  相似文献   

14.
Plio-Pleistocene volcanism in the Golan and Galilee (northeasternIsrael) shows systematic variability with time and location:alkali basalts were erupted in the south during the Early Pliocene,whereas enriched basanitic lavas erupted in the north duringthe Late Pliocene (Galilee) and Pleistocene (Golan). The basaltsshow positive correlations in plots of ratios of highly to moderatelyincompatible elements versus the concentration of the highlyincompatible element (e.g. Nb/Zr vs Nb, La/Sm vs La) and indiagrams of REE/HFSE (rare earth elements/high field strengthelements) vs REE concentration (e.g. La/Nb vs La). Some of thesecorrelations are not linear but upward convex. 87Sr/86Sr ratiosvary between 0·7031 and 0·7034 and correlate negativelywith incompatible element concentrations and positively withRb/Sr ratios. We interpret these observations as an indicationthat the main control on magma composition is binary mixingof melts derived from two end-member mantle source components.Based on the high Sr/Ba ratios and negative Rb anomalies inprimitive mantle normalized trace element diagrams and the moderateslopes of MREE–HREE (middle REE–heavy REE) in chondrite-normalizeddiagrams, we suggest that the source for the alkali basalticend-member was a garnet-bearing amphibole peridotite that hadexperienced partial dehydration. The very high incompatibleelement concentrations, low K content, very low Rb contentsand steep MREE–HREE patterns in the basanites are attributedto derivation from amphibole- and garnet-bearing pyroxeniteveins. It is suggested that the veins were produced via partialmelting of amphibole peridotites, followed by complete solidificationand dehydration that effectively removed Rb and K. The requirementfor the presence of amphibole limits both sources to lithosphericdepths. The spatial geochemical variability of the basalts indicatesthat the lithosphere beneath the region is heterogeneous, composedof vein-rich and vein-poor domains. The relatively uniform 143Nd/144Nd(Nd = 4·0–5·2) suggests that the two mantlesources were formed by dehydration and partial melting of anoriginally isotopically uniform reservoir, probably as a resultof a Paleozoic thermal event. KEY WORDS: basanites; lithospheric heterogeneity; magma mixing; amphibole peridotite; pyroxenites  相似文献   

15.
The Ungava orogen of northern Québec is one of the best preserved Proterozoic mobile belts of the world, recording > 200 Ma of plate divergence and convergence. Voluminous magmatism associated with rifting of the Superior Province basement ≈2.04 Ga resulted in the development of a volcanic rift margin sequence and an ocean basin. Four distinct mafic magma suites were erupted: (1) continental basalts (Eskimo Formation, western and central Povungnituk Group) with moderate to high Zr/Nb and negative Nb anomalies which have interacted with the continental crust (εNd(2.0 Ga)) from −7.4); (2) mafic lavas from the Flaherty Formation, eastern Povungnituk Group and some Watts Group lavas associated with passive margin rifting, having slightly enriched isotopic signatures (εNd(2.0 Ga) = +2.7 to +4.4) compared to the contemporaneous depleted mantle, high (Nb/Y)n and low Zr/Nb ratios (≈4.4 and ≈8.9, respectively); (3) a highly alkaline OIB-like suite (εNd(2.0 Ga) = +2.3 to +3.2, (Nb/Y)n> 12) within the Povungnituk Group composed of nephelinites, basanites and phonolites; and (4) depleted Mg-rich basalts and komatiitic basalts (εNd(2.0 Ga) ≈ + 4.5 to + 5.5) with trace-element characteristics of N-MORB, but with higher Fe and lower Al than primitive MORB (Chukotat Group, Ottawa Islands and some Watts Group samples). The ocean basin into which these lavas were erupted was subsequently destroyed during subduction between ≈1.90 and ≈1.83 Ga, resulting in the development a magmatic arc (Narsajuaq terrane and Parent Group).

The Ungava magmas provide a unique window into the mantle at 2.0 Ga. The chemical and isotopic similarity of these Proterozoic magmas to modern-day magmas provides strong evidence that the interplay between depleted mantle, OIB mantle and sub-continental mantle during the Proterozoic was comparable to that of the modern Earth.  相似文献   


16.
The 1984 PROTEA expedition, leg 5, to the central SouthwestIndian Ridge recovered basaltic lavas from fracture zones andridge segments between 25?E and 48?E. In terms of petrographyand major element variations the samples are unremarkable forocean ridge basalts and range from aphyric to highly plagioclasephyric and from primitive (mg-number = 70) to moderately evolved(mg-number = 40) in composition. Multiply saturated (i.e., olivine,plagioclase, and clinopyroxene) basalts are common within thisregion. There is no systematic difference in compositional characteristicsbetween basalts dredged from fracture zone walls and those dredgedfrom ridge segments, and fractional crystallization has playedan important role in controlling the overall range in lava compositionin both tectonic environments. Incompatible element abundance ratios in the basalts are morenotable and distinguish between geochemically depleted (N-type)MORB with high Zr/Nb (1668) and Y/Nb (4?723) ratios and low(La/Sm)m, ratios (0-?76–1?00), and geochemically enriched(E-type) MORB with low Zr/Nb (3?4–15?8) and Y/Nb (0?5–8?8)and high (La/Sm). ratios (1?07–3?8). N-type MORB appearsto be absent in the immediate vicinity of Marion Island, butoccurs further along the ridge to the northeast and southwest.Geochemically enriched MORB occurs at scattered localities alongthe ridge but is particularly abundant along the section ofthe ridge closest to the Marion hotspot. In detail, two distinct varieties of E-type MORB can be recognized.The one type has incompatible element and isotopic ratios similarto, although slightly less enriched than, those characteristicof the Marion hotspot (Zr/Nb=5?8–8?6; Y/Nb=0?5–0?8;Ba/Nb=5?1–9?0). The second type can be distinguished byhaving high Ba/Nb ratios (9–22), unlike any lavas directlyassociated with the Marion hotspot, but similar to those characteristicof DUPAL ocean island basalts (OIB). A single sample from thisgroup for which there are isotopic data indicates derivationfrom an isotopically anomalous source region. A model is proposed whereby the sub-oceanic mantle below thisportion of the southwest Indian Ocean has experienced at leasttwo distinct enrichment events. The one is associated with theupwelling of the Marion mantle plume (geochemically characterizedby having low Ba/Nb ratios and normal OIB isotopic ratios).The other is associated with upwelling from a DUPAL source (characterizedby having high Ba/Nb ratio and unusual isotopic ratios) whichhas been proposed to exist beneath this portion of the southwestIndian Ocean (Hart, 1984). On the basis of Ba/Nb and Nb/U ratios,recycled oceanic lithosphere is favoured as a source for theMarion hotspot, while recycled oceanic lithosphere plus ancientpelagic sediment appears to be the most likely source for theDUPAL anomaly and the DUPAL E-type MORB in this region.  相似文献   

17.
The study area is located on the middle sector of the Malatya-Ovacık Fault Zone (MOFZ) in the eastern Anatolia. Four basaltic flows from bottom to top, which are tholeiitic in character and intercalated with Pliocene sedimentary rocks, were erupted along this fault zone. Chemical compositions of these flows reveal some differences between the first flow and others in terms of high-field strength elements (HFSEs) (e.g. Ti, Zr, Nb). Limited variations in compositions within the first flow and upper flows suggest a limited fractionation range. Trace-element patterns exhibit that all the flows have similar and OIB-like patterns without positive peak at Pb and a trough at Nb—Ta, indicating minimal or no crustal contribution. Rare-earth element (REE) patterns indicate that the first flow has flat patterns with negative Eu anomaly, whereas the upper flows have variable enrichments in LREE and depletions in HREE. La/SmN, Dy/YbN and Zr/Y ratios exhibit that the degree of partial melting decreases from the first flow to upper flows. Higher values of La/YbN ratio for the upper flows and depletions at Y and Yb on the trace-element patterns suggest the presence of garnet as a residual phase, which imply that the depth of partial melting took place solely in the garnet-stability field. OIB-like trace-element patterns and trace-element ratios (e.g. La/Nb, Ce/Y and Zr/Nb) emphasize that the melts forming the Arguvan basalt were originated from the asthenospheric mantle rather than the lithospheric mantle.  相似文献   

18.
Major and trace element and 143Nd/144Nd (0.51209–0.51216) and 87Sr/86Sr (0.70879–0.71105) isotope analyses are presented on a representative group of lavas from the Vulsini district of the Roman magmatic province. Three distinct series are identified; the high-K and low-K series are similar to those described from other Italian volcanoes, while the third is represented by a group of relative ly undifferentiated leucite basanites which are thought to be near-primary mantle melts. Major and trace element variations within the high-K series are consistent with fractional crystallisation from a parental magma similar to the most magnesian leucitites. Crustal contamination resulted in an increase in 87Sr/86Sr with increasing fractionation, but it was superimposed on magmas which had already inherited a range of incompatible element and isotope ratios from enrichment processes in the sub-continental mantle. These are reviewed using the available results from Vulsini, Roccamonfina and Ernici. Transition element abundances and Ta/Yb ratios indicate that the pre-enrichment mantle was similar to that of E-type MORB, and that these elements were not mobilised by the enrichment process. Mixing calculations suggest that three components were involved in the enrichment process; mantle comparable with the source of MORB, and two other components rich in trace elements. One, the low-K component, had high Sr/Nd, Th/Ta and Ba/Nb and no europium anomaly while the second had lower Sr/Nd, a negative europium anomaly and very high Th/Ta. It was also characterised by low Nb/Ba and high Rb/Ba ratios, similar to those reported from phlogopite-rich peridotite xenoliths. The trace element enrichment processes are therefore thought to have occurred in the mantle wedge above a subduction zone with the trace element characteristics of the high-K end-member reflecting the subduction of sediments and the stabilisation of mantle phlogopite.  相似文献   

19.
Spinel–peridotite facies mantle xenoliths in Cenozoic alkali basalts of the Pico Cabuji volcano (Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeast Brazil) and the adjacent South Atlantic oceanic island of Fernando de Noronha are studied for: (1) the information they provide on the composition of the lithospheric component in the erupted basalt geochemistry, and (2) to check the effects of the Fernando de Noronha plume track on the mantle lithosphere. Xenoliths from Pico Cabuji are protogranular lherzolites and porphyroclastic harzburgites recording average equilibrium temperatures of 825 ± 116 and 1248 ± 19 °C, respectively. Pressure in the porphyroclastic xenoliths ranges from 1.9 to 2.7 GPa (Ca-in-olivine geobarometer). Both groups show major element chemical variation trends in whole-rock and Ti and HREE (Er, Yb) variations in clinopyroxene consistent with fractional melting and basalt extraction. REE (rare earth element) profiles of clinopyroxenes vary from LREE (La, Ce) enriched (spoon shaped) to LREE depleted in the protogranular group, whereas they are slightly convex upward in most porphyroclastic clinopyroxenes. HFSE (Ti and Zr) negative anomalies are in general modest in the clinopyroxenes of both groups. Xenoliths from Fernando de Noronha have textural variations similar to those of Pico Cabuji. Protogranular and porphyroclastic samples have similar temperature (1035 ± 80 °C) and the pressure is 1–1.9 and 2.3 GPa, respectively. Whole-rock chemical variation trends overlap and extend further than those of Pico Cabuji. The trace element profiles of the clinopyroxenes of the porphyroclastic xenoliths are enriched in La up to 30 × PM and are smoothly fractionated from LREE to HREE, with deep, negative, Zr and Ti anomalies. The geochemical heterogeneities of the xenoliths from both localities are interpreted in terms of reactive porous percolation. The porphyroclastic xenoliths from Pico Cabuji represent the lower part of a mantle column (the head of a mantle diapir, at the transition conductive–adiabatic mantle), where OIB infiltration triggers melting, and the protogranular xenoliths the top of the mantle column, chromatographically enriched by percolation at a low melt/rock ratio. This interpretation may also apply for Fernando de Noronha, but the different geochemical signature recorded by the clinopyroxenes requires a different composition of the infiltrated melt. Nd and Sr isotopes of the Pico Cabuji porphyroclastic clinopyroxenes (143Nd/144Nd= 0.51339–0.51255, 87Sr/86Sr=0.70275–0.70319) and of Fernando de Noronha (143Nd/144Nd=0.51323–0.51285, 87Sr/86Sr=0.70323–0.70465) plot on distinct arrays originating from a similar, isotopically depleted composition and trending to low Nd–low Sr (EMI) and low Nd–high Sr (EMII), respectively. Correlation of the isotope variation with geochemical parameters indicates that the isotopic variation was induced by the metasomatic component, of EMI type at Pico Cabuji and of EMII type at Fernando de Noronha. These different components enriched a lithosphere isotopically similar to DMM (depleted MORB mantle) at both localities. At Fernando de Noronha, the isotopic signature of the metasomatic component is similar to that of the ∼ 8 Ma old lavas of the Remedios Formation, suggesting that this is the age of metasomatism. At Pico Cabuji, the mantle xenoliths do not record the high 87Sr/86Sr component present in the basalts. We speculate that the EMII component derives from a lithospheric reservoir, which was not thermally affected during mantle metasomatism at Pico Cabuji, but was mobilized by the hotspot thermal influence at Fernando de Noronha. This interpretation provides a plausible explanation for the presence of distinct metasomatic components at the two localities, which would be difficult to reconcile with their genetic relationship with the same plume. Received: 12 June 1999 / Accepted: 13 December 1999  相似文献   

20.
Products of Pliocene (2–4 Ma) mafic to intermediate volcanism in the northwestern Cerros del Rio, a dominantly mafic volcanic field in the Española Basin of the Rio Grande Rift (RGR), range from 49% to 63% SiO2 and exhibit diversity in silica saturation, trace-element patterns, and isotopic compositions. Tholeiites, which are largely confined to west of the Rio Grande, have trace-element abundances that resemble those of oceanic basalts, but with mild depletions in Nb and Ta, and high 87Sr/86Sr, low 143Nd/144Nd, and high δ18O compared to typical OIB. They are regarded as asthenospherically-derived magmas contaminated with continental crust. Alkali basalts and hawaiites erupted from vents east of the Rio Grande are geochemically distinct, having generally higher overall incompatible-element abundances, but with pronounced depletions in K, Rb, Nb and Ta with respect to Th and LREE. Spatially-associated benmoreites, mugearites and latites (collectively termed “evolved” lavas) have similar trace-element characteristics to the mafic mildly-alkaline compositions, but are typically not as depleted in K. Hawaiites and evolved lavas exhibit a good negative correlation of 143Nd/144Nd with SiO2, due to interaction with lower continental crust. The most silicic “evolved” lavas carry the highest proportions of crustal material, and consequently have higher K/Th than the related hawaiites. Several (mostly mafic) lavas contain abundant crustally-derived resorbed quartz xenocrysts in O-isotope disequilibrium with the host magma. The δ18O values of xenocrystic quartz range over 4‰, indicating a variety of quartz-bearing crustal contaminants beneath the Española Basin. The hawaiites, with their unusual combination of trace-element enrichments and depletions, cannot be generated by any process of fractionation or crustal contamination superposed on a common mantle source type (oceanic or arc-source). It is a regional mantle source type, inasmuch as it was also present beneath NW Colorado during the mid-late Cenozoic. We argue that the hawaiite source must have originally existed as arc-source mantle enriched in LILE, generated during Mesozoic to early Cenozoic subduction at the western margin of North America. This arc-source mantle lost K, Rb and Ba, but not Th or LREE, prior to magmagenesis. Selective element loss may have occurred during lithospheric thinning and uprise of hydrated phlogopitebearing peridotite-possibly as a thermal boundary layer between lithosphere and asthenosphere — to shallow mantle depths, with consequent conversion of phlogopite to amphibole (an inferior host for K, Rb and Ba). We suggest that this occurred during the early extensional phase of the northern RGR. Further extension was accompanied by partial melting and release of magma from this source and the underlying asthenosphere, which by the Pliocene was of oceanic type. The hawaiite source mantle is the product of a long history of subduction succeeded by lithospheric extension of the formerly overriding plate. Similar chemical signatures may have developed in the mantle beneath other regions with comparable histories.  相似文献   

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