共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 281 毫秒
1.
It is argued that the selection of the most appropriate geochemical measurement technique should be based upon the fitness of its measurement results for any specified purpose, regardless of whether the measurement are made in situ or ex situ. Using this approach, in situ measurements made in the field are shown to have some definite advantages over those made ex situ in a laboratory. A case study is used to show that there are cases where in situ measurements can be more fit-for-purpose than their ex situ equivalents. This is primarily because the uncertainty of both types of measurement is usually limited by the uncertainty arising from the field sampling process. That uncertainty is mainly caused by small-scale heterogeneity (in space or time) in the analyte concentration within the environmental material (e.g. soil, water or air). 相似文献
2.
有机污染物在有机-矿物质复合体上的吸附行为,是直接影响有机污染物在地质环境中迁移、转化及归宿的重要因素。为研究有机-矿物质复合体的形成及对有机污染物的吸附机理,以蒙脱石和腐植酸分别模拟地质吸附剂中的粘土矿物和有机质,制备成不同有机质含量与粘土矿物比率(C/M)的有机-矿物质复合体,对TCE进行吸附批实验。实验结果表明,腐殖酸与蒙脱石结合后提高了有机-矿物质复合体的界面疏水性,同时两者之间的相互作用也可能使得复合体中部分腐殖酸变的更加紧密,从而在一定程度上影响了整个固相介质的吸附行为;源腐植酸的Kom值为0.587 1 L/g,形成有机-矿物质复合体后Kom值均大于源腐植酸,随着复合体中C/M值的增加Kom值变化较小;TCE初始浓度的高低影响Kom值,以液相初始浓度500 μg/L为分界线,在低浓度段Kom值随着浓度的增加而减小,在高浓度段Kom值随着浓度的增加基本趋于稳定,此时TCE初始浓度对有机-矿物质复合体吸附行为的影响较小。 相似文献
3.
Marius N. Müller Ba?ak K?sakürek Ruth Gutperlet Ulf Riebesell Anton Eisenhauer 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(8):2088-5818
Calcium and magnesium concentrations in seawater have varied over geological time scales. On short time scales, variations in the major ion composition of seawater influences coccolithophorid physiology and the chemistry of biogenically produced coccoliths. Validation of those changes via controlled laboratory experiments is a crucial step in applying coccolithophorid based paleoproxies for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions. Therefore, we examined the response of two species of coccolithophores, Emiliania huxleyi and Coccolithus braarudii, to changes in the seawater Mg/Ca ratio (≈0.5 to 10 mol/mol) by either manipulating the magnesium or calcium concentration under controlled laboratory conditions. Concurrently, seawater Sr/Ca ratios were also modified (≈2 to 40 mmol/mol), while keeping salinity constant at 35. The physiological response was monitored by measurements of the cell growth rate as well as the production rates of particulate inorganic and organic carbon, and chlorophyll a. Additionally, coccolithophorid calcite was analyzed for its elemental composition (Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca) as well as isotope fractionation of calcium and magnesium (Δ44/40Ca and Δ26/24Mg). Our results reveal that physiological rates were substantially influenced by changes in seawater calcium rather than magnesium concentration within the range estimated to have occurred over the past 250 million years when coccolithophores appear in the fossil record. All physiological rates of E. huxleyi decreased at a calcium concentration above 25 mmol L−1, whereas C. braarudii displayed a higher tolerance to increased seawater calcium concentrations. Partition coefficient of Sr was calculated as 0.36 ± 0.04 (±2σ) independent of species. Partition coefficient of Mg2+ increased with increasing seawater Ca2+ concentrations in both coccolithophore species. Calcium isotope fractionation was constant at 1.1 ± 0.1‰ (±2σ) and not altered by changes in seawater Mg/Ca ratio. There is a well-defined inverse linear relationship between calcium isotope fractionation and partition coefficient of Sr2+ in all experiments, suggesting similar controls on both proxies in the investigated species. Magnesium isotope ratios were relatively stable for seawater Mg/Ca ratios ranging from 1 to 5, with a higher degree of fractionation in Emiliania huxleyi (by ≈0.2‰ in Δ26/24Mg). Although Mg/Ca ratios in the calcite of coccolithophores and foraminifera are similar, the former have considerably higher Δ26/24Mg (by >+3‰), presumably due to differences in calcification mechanisms between the two taxa. These observations suggest, a physiological control over magnesium elemental and isotopic fractionation during the process of calcification in coccolithophores. 相似文献
4.
5.
Indigofera melanadenia and Tephrosia longipes plant species, collected from Cu–Ni mining area, were evaluated for accumulation of Cu and Ni. The total and bioavailable concentrations of Cu and Ni in the host soils were also determined. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was used for all metal determinations. The total and bioavailable concentrations of Cu in the soils were in the range 900–9000 μg/g and 200–2000 μg/g respectively. For Ni, the total and bioavailable concentrations were in the range 900–2000 μg/g and ∼ 40–100 μg/g respectively. The concentrations of Cu and Ni in the leaves of I. melanadenia were higher than in the roots with a range 80–130 μg/g in the leaves and 20–80 μg/g in the roots for Cu and a range of 150–200 μg/g in the leaves and 20–60 μg/g in the roots for Ni. Concentration of Cu in T. longipes was in the range of 37–240 μg/g and 150–200 μg/g in the leaves and roots respectively while the concentration of Ni was 80–140 μg/g in the leaves and 25–100 μg/g in the roots. Results indicate that both species have a potential for accumulating Cu and Ni. Translocation factor, a ratio of shoots to roots metal concentration, was used to evaluate the translocation properties of the plants from roots to shoots. Translocation factors of the plants were ≥ 1 suggesting efficient translocation of metals from roots to shoots. 相似文献
6.
Sr/Ca, B/Ca, Mg/Ca and δ11B were determined at high spatial resolution across ∼1 year of a modern Hawaiian Porites lobata coral by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). We observe significant variations in B/Ca, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and δ11B over short skeletal distances (nominally equivalent to periods of <20 days). This heterogeneity probably reflects variations in the composition of the extracellular calcifying fluid (ECF) from which the skeleton precipitates. Calcification site pH (total scale) was estimated from skeletal δ11B and ranged from 8.3 to 8.8 (± ∼0.1) with a mean of ∼8.6. Sr/Ca and B/Ca heterogeneity is not simply correlated with calcification site pH, as might be expected if Ca-ATPase activity increases the pH and decreases the Sr/Ca and B(OH)4−/CO32− ratios of the ECF. We produced a simple model of the ECF composition and the skeleton deposited from it, over a range of calcium transport and carbonate scenarios, which can account for these observed geochemical variations. The relationship between the pH and Sr/Ca of the ECF is dependent on the concentration of DIC at the calcification site. At higher DIC concentrations the ECF has a high capacity to buffer the [H+] changes induced by Ca-ATPase pumping. Conversely, at low DIC concentrations, this buffering capacity is reduced and ECF pH changes more rapidly in response to Ca-ATPase pumping. The absence of a simple correlation between ECF pH and skeletal Sr/Ca implies that calcification occurred under a range of DIC concentrations, reflecting variations in the respiration and photosynthesis of the coral and symbiotic zooxanthellate in the overlying coral tissues. Our observations have important implications for the use of coral skeletons as indicators of palaeo-ocean pH. 相似文献
7.
岩相学研究表明阿尔金南缘淡水泉一带出露的花岗质片麻岩的峰期矿物组合为Grt+Kfs+Ky+Rt+Qz,为典型的高压麻粒岩相矿物组合。利用Thermocalc3.33程序计算的P-T视剖面图和矿物温压计,确定其峰期变质温压条件为T=875~925℃,P=14.5~15.9kbar,该岩石后期还经历了以矿物组合Grt+Kfs+Bt+Pl+Sill+Ilm+Qz为代表的麻粒岩相和以Sill+Bt+Pl+Mu+Qz±Ilm为代表的角闪岩相的退变质作用,具有一个早期快速等温降压,后期近等压降温的顺时针型的退变质P-T演化轨迹。锆石的U-Pb同位素定年结果显示其原岩的时代为866±5Ma,峰期变质时代为505±5Ma。其中该岩石原岩的形成时代与阿尔金及其周缘地区广泛发育的由Rodinia超大陆裂解事件导致的岩浆活动时代一致,而峰期变质时代则与南阿尔金高压/超高压变质岩的峰期变质时代(486~509Ma)一致,说明花岗片麻岩原岩的形成与罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解有关,并在早古生代卷入了陆壳深俯冲事件,构成了南阿尔金高压/超高压变质带的一部分。 相似文献
8.
Morphology and mineralogical and geochemical compositions of freshwater ferromanganese nodules of Ol’khon Island (Sasa Formation) and Kulunda Plain (Lake Porozhnee) were studied. The study has shown rhythmic structures of the nodules, formed by macro- and microlayers with mineralized microflora. The layers are composed of either crystalline Mn mineral phases and finely dispersed Fe phases (Lake Porozhnee) or, on the contrary, crystalline goethite and X-ray amorphous Mn phases (Ol’khon Island). Separation of Mn and Fe mineral phases in the nodules proceeded during their formation and diagenesis. The freshwater nodules show both high (Lake Porozhnee) and low (Ol’khon Island) Mn/Fe ratios. The predominance of Fe phase in the Ol’khon nodules accounts for their high contents of REE, including Ce. The Porozhnee nodules grew, most likely, more rapidly, which is reflected in their low REE contents and Ce anomaly. The examined chemical and mineral compositions, textures, and structures of the nodules testify to the low-temperature hydrothermal source of their ore substance. 相似文献
9.
10.
浙西南八都群泥质麻粒岩的变质演化与pT轨迹 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
浙西南古元古界八都群是目前华夏地块最古老的变质基底,以往研究认为其变质程度仅达角闪岩相。近来在对遂昌地区八都群富铝片麻岩的研究过程中,发现了具有"石榴石+夕线石+正/反条纹长石+黑云母"特征组合的泥质麻粒岩,表明该地体曾经历麻粒岩相变质改造。通过岩相学与矿物化学分析,确定该岩石经历了3个阶段的演化过程,即:早期进变质阶段(M1),形成"石榴石+黑云母+白云母+夕线石+斜长石+石英"的矿物组合;变质峰期阶段(M2-3),形成"石榴石+夕线石+三元长石+黑云母+石英"的矿物组合;峰期后降压冷却阶段(M4),形成"黑云母+白云母+新生斜长石+石英"的矿物组合。岩石中石榴石普遍发育与降温过程有关的扩散成分环带和与降压过程有关的斜长石后生合晶。通过石榴石-黑云母温度计和GASP压力计估算变质峰期的温压条件为800~850℃、0.6~0.7 GPa,峰期后退变质阶段的温压条件为560~590℃、0.25~0.33 GPa,具有顺时针样式的pT演化轨迹,反映一种陆壳碰撞增厚、后又拉伸减薄的动力学过程。 相似文献
11.
大别山东南缘高压-超高压地块一直为研究的热点地区,人们普遍认同其是由2个具有不同变质级别的单元构成,并以此为基点探讨大别造山带的俯冲、折返机制.然而,由于工作程度所限,对于大别山腹地店前-寺前-罗溪地区一直缺乏详细的资料,对其确实的变质属性及年龄并不清晰,限制了人们对该地区客观的结构单元划分的准确理解.本次通过区域变质岩石学和年代学的研究,详实地分析了该地块的结构构成.研究显示,大别山东南缘高压-超高压地块由2个超高压单元和1高压单元构成,并呈岩石-构造岩片形式相互叠置,其变质P-T条件分别为:(1)单元-Ⅰ:-T=723±22℃和-P=3.90±0.43GPa(金刚石稳定域);(2)单元-Ⅱ:-T=630 ±45℃和P=3.10 ±0.23GPa(柯石英稳定域);(3)单元-Ⅲ:-T=545±24℃和-P=2.48±0.11GPa(石英稳定域).锆石U-Pb年龄表明这三个单元具有穿时性,形成于不同的时间段,自单元-Ⅰ、单元-Ⅱ至单元-Ⅲ,年龄分别为226.4±2.6Ma→230.1±3.5Ma→235.2±4.2Ma年龄(徐旭峰等,2013).在空间分布上自北向南,总体的峰期变质P-T条件逐渐降低,年龄则逐渐变老.但由于风化剥蚀作用,在马龙-石马一线的单元-Ⅰ以构造窗形式产出,致使P-T条件呈现跳跃性的变化.石永红等:大别地块东南缘变质P-T条件及锆石U-Pb年代学研究 相似文献
12.
Some recent studies have suggested that the hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) of hydrothermal fluids, released in vacuo by thermal decrepitation of quartz, are not always accurately revealed. We report the results of a step-heating δD value study of vein quartz, hosted by Lower Palaeozoic rocks in SW England, which was analyzed by micro-FT-IR for hydrogen speciation, before and after fluid extraction at temperatures between 750 and 1500 °C. The δD values of individual aliquots of released water vary between −3‰ and −208‰, with the lowest values generally corresponding to the highest temperature fractions and samples of relatively low yield. The data show significant departures from geologically reasonable δD. Micro-FT-IR analyses show that a variety of OH species are present within the vein quartz, with significant intra and inter sample variation. Typically a broad absorption due to molecular water, in the region 3400 cm−1 is observed, along with bands attributed to Li-OH and Al-OH. On heating, the broad absorption due to molecular water is reduced, accompanied by a measurable loss of Li-OH species. The latter becomes more pronounced in the higher temperature fractions (>750 °C). These data support earlier studies which indicated that contributions from the contrasting OH reservoirs in quartz can significantly influence the reported δD values. These new data also suggest that the incorporation of OH released from Li-OH sites in the quartz may be the most important factor in the generation of the anomalous values for these samples. 相似文献
13.
Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus
The Washington Consensus, through which neoliberal global capitalist governance gained hegemony over the third world, entered a crisis in the late 1990s. Triggered by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and by contestations of neoliberal governance from global civil society, two remakings of global capitalist governance can be identified: A ‘post-Washington consensus’ whose relation to neoliberalism is complex; and a ‘new development economics’ that advocates Keynesian principles. Irrespective of the trajectory of this emergent phase of re-regulation, particularly after the 2008 global finance crisis, these remakings can be conceptualized as supplements reinforcing an imaginary of capitalism as the solution to, rather than progenitor of, uneven development. Through discourses of capitalist development as a sequential trajectory to be followed by all countries, as flattening the world to enable catch-up by backward countries, and as incorporating socio-spatial difference via its commodification, this socio-spatial imaginary functions to legitimate expertise located in the first world, and global capitalist governance, irrespective of serial policy failures. 相似文献
14.
15.
西昆仑塔什库尔干布伦阔勒群的岩石地球化学特征及变质P-T轨迹 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
西昆仑布伦阔勒群变质岩是西昆仑造山带的重要组成部分,但其成因一直存在争议.在塔什库尔干县的马尔洋地区,布伦阔勒群主要由石榴斜长角闪片麻岩和孔兹岩组成.根据地球化学特征,石榴斜长角闪片麻岩稀土元素配分曲线可以分为两种类型:一种稀土总量较高(∑REE=190.2×10-6 ～ 359.1×10-6),从轻稀土到重稀土逐渐亏损((La/Yb)N =4.28～5.79),与E-MORB类似;另一种稀土总量较低(∑REE=89.28×10-6～113.0×10-6),轻稀土亏损((La/Yb)N=0.59 ～0.84),重稀土曲线平坦((Gd/Yb)N =0.99 ～ 1.07),与N-MORB类似.微量元素蛛网图中石榴斜长角闪片麻岩具有Ba正异常,Sm、Cr、Zr、Hf和Ti的负异常,轻微的Nb、Ta的负异常,显示为岛弧拉斑玄武岩的特征.孔兹岩的原岩判别图解显示其原岩可能为岛弧环境沉积的页岩和硬砂岩.因此,推测塔什库尔干布伦阔勒群的石榴斜长角闪片麻岩和孔兹岩的原岩形成于岛弧环境.根据岩相学观察、矿物化学分析和温压计算,石榴斜长角闪片麻岩经历了三个变质阶段:M1为高压变质阶段,矿物组合为Grt+ Hbl(1)+ Pl1+ Qtz,变质温压条件为850～ 870℃/12.9 ～13.3kb;M2和M3为两期角闪岩相退变质阶段,矿物组合分别为Hbl2+ Pl2+Qtz和Hbl3+ Pl3+ Kfs+ Bt+ Qtz,变质温压条件分别为730 ～ 770℃/7.3～7.8kb和680 ～ 740℃/4.7 ～5.7kb.孔兹岩也经历了三个变质阶段,推测其早期M1阶段变质温压条件可能与石榴斜长角闪片麻岩的峰期变质阶段相同(850～870℃/12.9 ～ 13.3kb);峰期M2和峰期后M3阶段变质矿物组合分别为Grt2+ Pl2+ Bt2+ Sil+ Qtz和Grt3+ Pl3+ Bt3+Sil+ Mus+ Qtz,温压计算结果分别为800～830℃/7.9～9.2kb和670～700℃/5.1～5.6kb.孔兹岩的M1、M2和M3变质阶段对应于石榴斜长角闪片麻岩的M1、M2和M3变质阶段.上述温压计算结果形成顺时针的P-T轨迹,表现为峰期高压变质作用后叠加了由高角闪岩相-中压麻粒岩相到低角闪岩相的退变质作用,反映了西昆仑与碰撞相关的大地构造背景,这可能与海西期古特提斯洋的闭合有关,之后叠加了印支期构造抬升过程中的剪切作用. 相似文献
16.
赞皇前寒武纪变质杂岩区变质反应结构与变质作用P-T-t轨迹 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
赞皇变质杂岩位于华北克拉通中部造山带中南段、太行山东麓低山区。出露于该变质杂岩区中南部的含石榴石的斜长角闪片麻岩、泥质片麻岩,均保存了三期矿物组合:进变质、峰期变质和退变质矿物组合。这两大类变质岩石中,进变质阶段矿物组合(M1)以石榴石变斑晶核部的包裹体矿物组合为代表,变质高峰期矿物组合(M2)由石榴石变斑晶"边部"和基质矿物组成,退变质阶段矿物组合(M3)主要是环绕石榴石边部发育的"白眼圈"状后成合晶矿物组合。泥质片麻岩中的石榴石变斑晶均保存了明显的成分环带,且在边部很窄的范围内XMn有所增加、Mg/(Mg+Fe)有所降低,指示存在变质高峰期后的退变质过程。温度与压力计算结果表明,赞皇斜长角闪片麻岩所经历的进变质阶段(M1)温度约为640~710℃、 压力约为8.2~8.6kbar;高峰期(M2)变质温度超过810℃,压力大于12.1kbar;退变质阶段(M3)的温压范围为590~670℃和3.2~5.6kbar。此前的研究已说明泥质片麻岩的进变质阶段(M1)变质温度为660~690℃,压力为9.0~9.2kbar;高峰期(M2)变质温度超过780℃,压力大于12.5kbar。变质高峰属于中压相系的顶部至高压相系的底部。斜长角闪片麻岩、泥质片麻岩均记录了典型的顺时针P-T轨迹,并显示近等温减压(ITD)的退变质片段。对泥质片麻岩中多颗锆石的变质增生边的SHRIMP U-Pb定年表明,变质高峰期时代为1821±17Ma。变质作用历史说明赞皇变质岩区卷入了华北克拉通东部陆块和西部陆块之间的俯冲-碰撞、随后的快速隆升过程,为华北克拉通中部造山带早元古代末期(~1850Ma)存在的造山事件提供了新的证据 。 相似文献
17.
安徽巢县凤凰山和州组上段Glossifungites遗迹相的成因及其意义 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
安徽巢县凤凰山剖面和州组上段生物扰动灰岩含丰富的遗迹化石Thalassinoides sp,属于Glossifungites遗迹相,它发育在没有完全石化的间断面上,反映了一种潮间带潮坪的沉积环境。Glossifungites遗迹相的发现,在地层学上证实了巢县以北和州组与黄龙组之间为间断接触,缺失或只存在一部分相当于巢县以南普遍存在的老虎洞组白云岩时代的地层。 相似文献
18.
O. Noked A. Melchior R. Shuker S. Chizawa H. P. Liermann B. J. Kennedy M. Nakayama E. Sterer 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2014,41(5):333-340
The high-pressure behavior of Li x La1/3NbO3 (x = 1/6, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3) perovskites where Li cations were substituted for the existing vacancies was studied using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. It was shown that all these materials undergo irreversible pressure-induced amorphization around 14.5 GPa regardless of the Li concentration. The Li-inserted materials were found to exhibit a standard pressure response (bulk modulus pressure derivative B 0′ ~4) when in the crystalline phase, whereas La1/3NbO3 shows a linear volume contraction versus pressure, i.e., B 0′ ~(?1). These results suggest that the structural collapse is not a consequence of cation disorder resulting from the Nb atoms (B-site) migrating to the A-site vacancies. The observed pressure response can be understood by increased occupancy of the A-sites opposing the tilting of the NbO6 octahedra. The pressure evolution of the Nb oxidation state is discussed. 相似文献
19.
This article presents a new method for the calculation of elastic–plastic building ground deformations and elastic–plastic building ground failure including wave propagation in the ground. The presented procedure is a hybrid method, based on several common calculation methods. Included is a nonlinear calculation with the finite element method (FEM), a nonlinear HHT-alpha method with full Newton–Raphson iteration and the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). The presented method can be used as a tool for the accurate calculation of building ground deformations and the stability of the subsoil with included dynamic loading. 相似文献
20.
Thomas Rigaudier Véronique Gardien François Martineau 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(16):4637-4652
Deuterium and oxygen isotope fractionations between liquid and vapor water were experimentally-determined during evaporation of a NaCl solution (35 g L−1) as a function of water temperature and wind velocity. In the case of a null wind velocity, slopes of δD-δ18O trajectories of residual waters hyperbolically decrease with increasing water temperatures in the range 23-47 °C. For wind velocities ranging from 0.8 to 2.2 m s−1, slopes of the δD-δ18O trajectories linearly increase with increasing wind velocity at a given water temperature. These experimental results can be modeled by using Rayleigh distillation equations taking into account wind-related kinetics effects. Deuterium and oxygen isotope compositions of water inclusions trapped by the precipitated halite crystals were determined by micro-equilibration techniques.These isotopic compositions accurately reflect those of the surrounding residual waters during halite growth. Isotopic compositions of water inclusions in twenty natural halites from the Messinian Realmonte mine in Sicily suggest precipitation temperatures of that match the homogenization temperatures obtained by microthermometry (median = 34 ± 5 °C). The similarity between the measured and experimental slopes of the δD-δ18O evaporation trajectories suggests that the effect of wind was negligible during the genesis of these halite deposits. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of water inclusions from Realmonte halite also define a linear trend whose extrapolation until intersection with the Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line allows the characterization of the water source with δD and δ18O values of −70 ± 10‰ and −11.5 ± 1.5‰, respectively. These results reveal that the huge amounts of salts deposited in Sicily result from the evaporation of seawater mixed with a dominant fraction (?50%) of meteoric waters most likely deriving from alpine fluvial discharge. 相似文献