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1.
若尔盖沼泽湿地遥感动态监测   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
应用二个同月份不同年代的卫星遥感资料,对若尔盖沼泽湿地近20多年来的空间变化进行了遥感动态监测,监测表明若尔盖沼泽湿地正处于萎缩退化的过程之中。  相似文献   

2.
若尔盖沼泽湿地的萎缩机制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
1960年以来,若尔盖沼泽湿地的快速萎缩严重影响黄河上游水量补给和当地湿地生态系统,但其机制尚不清晰。基于2010—2013年野外调查、气象水文资料和遥感影像,分析若尔盖沼泽退化的主要原因与机制。尽管气温的缓慢升高,但降水量并未减少,考虑到沼泽的季节性特征,气候变暖对沼泽萎缩影响相当有限,但不是主要原因。经遥感判读和统计,共识别现有920 km的人工渠道,其疏干的沼泽面积约648.3 km2,占总萎缩面积的27%。人工开渠作为强烈的人类活动干扰,是若尔盖沼泽快速萎缩的重要原因。自然水系的溯源侵蚀长期疏干沼泽、降低地下水水位和放射状地向沼泽内部切穿是沼泽萎缩的重要机制。人工开渠连通自然水系强化沼泽内河床下切和排水作用。  相似文献   

3.
若尔盖沼泽湿地的萎缩机制   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
1960年以来,若尔盖沼泽湿地的快速萎缩严重影响黄河上游水量补给和当地湿地生态系统,但其机制尚不清晰。基于2010—2013年野外调查、气象水文资料和遥感影像,分析若尔盖沼泽退化的主要原因与机制。尽管气温的缓慢升高,但降水量并未减少,考虑到沼泽的季节性特征,气候变暖对沼泽萎缩影响相当有限,但不是主要原因。经遥感判读和统计,共识别现有920 km的人工渠道,其疏干的沼泽面积约648.3 km2,占总萎缩面积的27%。人工开渠作为强烈的人类活动干扰,是若尔盖沼泽快速萎缩的重要原因。自然水系的溯源侵蚀长期疏干沼泽、降低地下水水位和放射状地向沼泽内部切穿是沼泽萎缩的重要机制。人工开渠连通自然水系强化沼泽内河床下切和排水作用。  相似文献   

4.
若尔盖高原沼泽湿地CH4排放研究   总被引:26,自引:0,他引:26  
若尔盖高原沼泽湿地海拔 3400 m,面积 4038km2,是我国面积最大的高原沼泽湿地分布区。2001年 5~9月的非冰冻期,其主要沼泽类型木里苔草沼泽的CH4排放通量范围是 0.51~ 8.20 m g/(m 2· h),平均值为 2.87 m g/(m 2· h);乌拉苔草沼泽CH4排放通量范围是 0.36~10.04 m g/(m 2· h),平均值为 4.51 m g/(m 2· h)。在空间分布上,不同沼泽类型之间CH4排放通量具有一定的差异。在季节变化上,没有明显的排放高峰。根据代表性观测点的CH4平均排放量、日数和沼泽总面积推算,非冰冻期若尔盖高原沼泽湿地CH4的排放量为 0.052Tg/a。  相似文献   

5.
若尔盖泥炭湿地具有蓄水、固碳和生态的重要功能,其地下水水位变化决定泥炭湿地面积维持或萎缩,但是其泥炭湿地的地下水水文过程和水量动态变化缺少系统的野外监测和研究。结合红原站气象资料,并于2017年5月、7月和9月在若尔盖黑河上游泥炭湿地典型小流域开展野外原位监测,利用MODFLOW模型建立小流域三维动态地下水运动模型,模拟地下水运动过程并计算水量动态平衡变化以及沟道排水能力。结果表明:泥炭湿地的主要补水方式是降雨,占补水总量的60%,其主要出流方式是沟道排水,排水比例最高达到53%;其次是潜水蒸发,出流比例为26%。切穿泥炭层的沟道排水能力是未切穿泥炭层沟道的2.5倍。若尔盖泥炭地的地下水位受降雨影响呈现季节性波动,在雨季其涨幅约为0.5 m。  相似文献   

6.
四川西部湿地的灾变与防治   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以若尔盖、红原为代表的四川西部湿地,近数十年来草场退化、湖泊干涸或缩小、软土硬结、地下水位下降、沙漠化等地质灾害日趋严重。其水文地质原因是局部含水层和水盆结构被破坏,以及不合理的抽取地下水。为此,笔者以“恢复湿地丰水环境、营造和谐自然生态”为目标,阐述对湿地灾变的防治意见。  相似文献   

7.
会仙岩溶湿地是热带和亚热带地区中最大的岩溶湿地之一,由于岩溶湿地脆弱性及人类活动的影响,其湿地面积萎缩,生态功能退化。为了更好保护会仙岩溶湿地,保障湿地的健康和可持续发展,文章探究了造成会仙岩溶湿地退化的关键因子,并结合会仙湿地独特的岩溶特征,筛选出影响会仙湿地健康的指标,利用层次分析法(AHP)对主要指标赋予权重,再通过分析会仙湿地相关资料和标准,构建出一套涵盖3个层次18个评价指标的湿地退化评价指标体系,以此为基础建立了岩溶湿地退化评价方法。   相似文献   

8.
云南断陷盆地岩溶湿地众多,是云南高原生态系统的重要组成部分,但因各种原因,造成湖泊淤积、水面面积缩小以至消亡,滇东地区的湖泊退化较为明显,近30年内有20多个天然湖泊过早消亡。文章开展滇东岩溶断陷盆地内具有代表性的通海湖泊退化型(杞麓湖湿地)、泸西地下水聚积型(黄草州湿地)、宣威地下河淤塞型(格宜串珠状湿地)三种类型典型岩溶湿地研究,主要研究湿地的成因类型及特征、湿地“三场”(径流场、水化学场、温度场)特征,分析岩溶断陷盆地内天然形成的湿地地质条件、水文地质条件、水环境影响因素及定量评价水环境质,以及岩溶湿地自然及人为影响因素、影响形式、作用强度、效应和水源减小、污染加剧、水质下降、湿地萎缩等及其生态环境问题。研究结果表明,通海湖泊退化型(杞麓湖湿地)受人为和自然因素影响较大,水质水量是其退化的主要原因;泸西地下水聚积型(黄草州湿地)受湿地内地下补给、净化、修复,水质总体较好;宣威地下河淤塞型(格宜串珠状湿地)受区域地下水水位变化影响,地下水总体丰富。文章研究成果为岩溶断陷盆地湿地的保护、科学研究、利用、生态修复提供地质依据。  相似文献   

9.
盘锦是驰名中外的湿地之都,但近几年,由于工程老化,供水不足,苇田退化严重。通过实地调查和查勘,利用现有的和改扩建、新建的取、输配水工程,合理调配上游河道来水,能够改善湿地补水条件,满足湿地苇田用水需求,最终达到遏制湿地萎缩,维持盘锦生态环境的目的。  相似文献   

10.
陈钰  雷琨  杜尧  马腾 《地球科学》2021,46(2):661-670
沉湖湿地作为长江中下游平原典型湖泊湿地,1960s以来退化严重.收集1964、1975、1987、1997、1998、2007、2016、2018年8期航拍照片或遥感影像,运用遥感技术、动态度模型和转移矩阵模型分析,揭示武汉市沉湖湿地近50年退化过程及机理.结果表明,1964~2018年沉湖湿地由北向南退缩为鱼塘及耕地,总湿地面积缩小77%;湿地退化过程可分为3个阶段,1964~1975年围湖活动主导湿地湖泊向耕地退化,耕地面积以141%的年变幅扩张,1975~1997年湖泊改造工程迫使湖泊向沼泽退化,1997~2018年由湖泊退化而来的沼泽被进一步开垦为耕地或鱼塘;人口数量的增加及土地利用政策改变导致湿地生态服务功能退化,包括洪水调蓄、自净化功能衰退及生物多样性锐减,其退化模式可为长江中下游平原乃至全国湖泊湿地的退化提供类比参考.   相似文献   

11.
中国大陆科学钻探主孔自然放射性测井及其解释   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
为了认识江苏东海超高压变质带上地壳岩石自然放射性的垂向分布特征,榴辉岩退变质程度对放射性元素浓度的影响,以及放射性产热率对地温梯度的影响,利用中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔100~5000m自然放射性测井(自然伽马和自然伽马能谱)资料统计了CCSD主孔各类岩石的自然放射性强度和铀、钍、钾元素的浓度,计算出产热率曲线.自然伽马,铀、钍、钾浓度和产热率从蛇纹岩到榴辉岩、角闪岩、副片麻岩、正片麻岩依次增大.随着榴辉岩退变质程度的增强,其铀、钍、钾元素的浓度值逐渐增大.CCSD主孔自然放射性的垂向分布特征主要受岩性控制,自然放射性随深度增加有增强趋势.产热率与自然伽马测井值之间有很好的线性关系,在高放射性岩层的上部,地温梯度会出现较强扰动和低值异常.  相似文献   

12.
广西石漠化危害与治理对策   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
徐琨琳 《矿产与地质》2006,20(4):574-576
广西岩溶区生态地质环境脆弱,石漠化明显,面积达27294.5km^2,严重地制约着地区的经济发展。广泛分布的纯碳酸岩是形成石漠化的基础,地貌植被退化过程也可促进石漠化。水和气候也是石漠化形成的重要条件。人口增长过快、不合理的土地开发、工业污染是形成石漠化的重要因素。但自然因素和人为因素的主次因地而异。文中针对石漠化的形成条件及原因,提出了治理对策,阐述了石漠化的治理需要采用治水、恢复生态环境、发展沼气、控制人口增长等综合治理模式。  相似文献   

13.
Andalusite porphyroblasts are totally pseudomorphosed by margarite–paragonite aggregates in aluminous pelites containing the peak mineral assemblage andalusite, chlorite, chloritoid, margarite, paragonite, quartz ± garnet, in a NW Iberia contact area. Equilibria at low P–T are investigated using new KFMASH and (mainly) MnCNKFMASH grids constructed with Thermocalc 3.21. P–T and T–X pseudosections with phase modal volume isopleths are constructed for compositions relatively richer and poorer in andalusite to model the assemblages in an andalusite‐bearing rock that contains a thin andalusite‐rich band (ARB) during retrogression. Their compositions, prior to retrogression, are used in the modelling, and have been retrieved by restoring the pseudomorph‐forming elements into the current‐depleted matrix, except for Al2O3 which is assumed to be immobile. Compositional differences between the thin band and the rest of the rock have not resulted in differences in andalusite porphyroblast retrogression. The absence of chloritoid resorbtion implies either a pressure increase at constant reacting‐system composition, or that its composition changed during retrogression at constant pressure, by becoming enriched in the progressively replaced andalusite porphyroblasts. T–X pseudosections at 1 kbar model this latter process using as end‐members in X, first, the restored original rock and ARB compositions, and, then the same process, taking into account the change in composition of both as retrogression proceeded. The MnNCKFMASH pseudosections of rocks with different Al contents facilitate making further deductions on the rock‐composition control of the resulting assemblages upon retrogression. Andalusite eventually disappears in relatively Al‐poor rocks, resulting, as in this study, in a rock formed by chloritoid–chlorite as the only FM minerals, plus margarite–paragonite pseudomorphs of andalusite. In rocks richer in Al, chlorite would progressively disappear and a kyanite/andalusite–chloritoid assemblage would eventually be stable at retrograde conditions. The Al‐silicate, stable during retrogression in Al‐rich rocks, indicates pressure conditions and hence the tectonic context under which retrogression took place.  相似文献   

14.
Retrograde metamorphism has been a major influence in the development of the presently observed lithologies of the Willyama Complex, Broken Hill. Two broad types of retrogression are distinguished: pseudomorphous and kinematic retrogression. The former type of retrogression involves replacement of prograde phases without complete loss of the high grade fabric; hence the prograde assemblage can frequently be inferred. Kinematic retrogression involves the development of a new schistose fabric and, like pseudomorphous retrogression, is commonly related to F3 deformation. Retrogression was initiated during the waning stage of prograde metamorphism and was accompanied by an influx of aqueous fluid at similar pressure, but lower temperature conditions than prograde metamorphism. The source of the water is believed to be the crystallization of cooling partial melts. The regional nature of this ‘Willyama-style’ of retrogression is attributed to the metasediment-rich nature of the sequence, the high geothermal gradient and the considerable amount of in situ partial melting.  相似文献   

15.
This paper reports the results of an attempt to identify the deformation micromechanisms in the brittle-ductile transition zone of the Alpine fault, New Zealand. Characterization of sequentially developed microstructures was carried out using optical microscopy, HVEM and STEM analysis. It was found that the transition zone corresponds to a broad zone of retrogression produced initially by microcracking and fluid infiltration. The non-catastropic nature of the fracturing indicates that fluid-enhanced sub-critical cracking is a significant crustal deformation mechanism. After the initial phase of retrogression, both ductile and brittle processes coexist and cyclically alternate in response to stress cycling. The relative importance of macroscopic brittle processes may decrease with time as more ductile minerals, especially phyllosilicates, develop during continued retrogression.  相似文献   

16.
Eighteen (18) retrogressive thaw slumps (typical landslides in ice-rich permafrost) in northern Canada were monitored for 3 years to investigate the characteristics of their retrogressive behaviour. The head scarp retreat distances and scarp wall heights were measured annually. The first year monitoring results from 13 of the sites were released earlier, which demonstrated a correlation between thaw retrogression rate and scarp wall height. More data were obtained from a subsequent 2 years of monitoring and with five monitoring locations added. The additional data enhanced the initial findings that the retrogression rate increased with the increase of the scarp wall height. An updated correlation between the retrogression rate and scarp wall height is presented in this paper. The effect of slope orientation on thaw slump retrogression was also investigated. The data provided evidence that the occurrence of the retrogressive thaw slumps had no preference over slope orientation. The retrogression rates were also not affected by the slope facing direction.  相似文献   

17.
A detailed study of geochemical changes associated with the retrogressive metamorphism of granulite-facies gneisses of the Lewisian Complex of NW Scotland has been made, using nearly 250 gneisses analysed for 24 major, minor and trace elements. The gneiss samples have been divided into 3 groups: (1) granulite facies, (2) granulite facies retrogressed to amphibolite facies but remaining undeformed, and (3) retrogressed (amphibolite-facies) gneisses deformed in shear zones. Element distributions within these groups have been examined using correlation coefficients, and have been compared and tested for significance using Student's t and Fisher z statistics. It is shown that the process of retrogression involved considerable large-scale chemical equilibration. Major-element pairs show marked increases in correlation during retrogression, reflecting considerable reordering of elements into one or other of the main amphibolite-facies minerals: hornblende, plagioclase and (minor) biotite. These correlations are enhanced, but otherwise unchanged, in the deformed gneisses. The retrogressed gneisses have a much more constant Fe/Mg ratio and a more uniform plagioclase composition, while there is a strong correlation between Fe3+ and Fe2+ throughout the area studied. Trace elements, by contrast, mostly show a significant loss of correlation during retrogression, although Cr and Ni are exceptions. Retrogression occurred as a result of widespread introduction of hydrous fluids up vertical structures in the gneiss complex during the Early Proterozoic. These fluids allowed considerable metasomatic redistribution of elements within the complex as the whole-rock compositions adjusted to the new mineralogy. Throughout the North Atlantic Archaean Craton there is a close association between retrogression of high-grade gneisses and basic magmatism in the form of dyke swarms. It is suggested that the two may be connected, and that the fluids causing retrogression are mantle-derived.  相似文献   

18.
 Hydrological records collected from water gauge stations since the 1950s demonstrate that the Taihu lake level is rising. The average rate of the lake-level rise is 0.4–1.1 mm/year during the non-flood season, resulting directly from a rise in sea level. High rates of 3.0–5.0 mm/year of rise are even recorded during the wet season. This indicates increasing human activities such as reclamation, sluicing and embanking, which significantly hinder the expulsion of extra lake water to the coast shortly after a rainfall. Generally, the lake level of the western inlet is higher than that of the eastern outlet. However, the lake-level difference between the west and east has been diminished annually from ∼10–15 cm in the 1950s to <3 cm at the present time. During non-flood seasons, the lake-level difference even appears to be reversed, indicating a retrogression of the lake flow from east to west. It is predicted that the Taihu drainage basin will lose much of its natural water-expelling ability in the next 50 years as the sea level continues to rise, and retrogression will likely occur during the flood season in the near future. Received: 13 March 1998 · Accepted: 21 July 1998  相似文献   

19.
Thirteen landslides (retrogressive thaw flows) were investigated to study the behavior of thaw retrogression in permafrost in the Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada. Those landslides are all in fine-grained ice-rich permafrost soils. Such landslides usually start from small-scale slope failures followed by retrogressive thaw flows when ice-rich permafrost soils are exposed to the atmosphere. The landslides were marked with survey stakes to measure their retreat rates for the thawing season of 2007. Two correlations are presented: one is between scarp wall height and retreat rate; another is between overall slope angle and retreat rate. It was found that thaw flow retrogression rate increases with increase in scarp wall height and slope angle up to a certain limit. It was also confirmed that thaw flow retrogression is not influenced by slope orientation.  相似文献   

20.
Jane D. Sills 《Lithos》1983,16(2):113-124
Gneisses, metamorphosed at granulite facies ca 2.7 Ga, were subsequently retrogressed to amphibolite facies during a prolonged period of retrogression, perhaps lasting as long as 200 m.y. The Scourie dykes were emplaced towards the end of this event. Localised Laxfordian shear zones further modified the mineral assemblages. The retrogression caused the production of a uniform plagioclase-hornblende- ± quartz ± biotite assemblage. A study of hornblende composition shows that it depends on metamorphic grade, host rock composition and paragenesis. The sequence of mineral assemblages suggests that retrogression took place on a falling temperature path, beginning at about 650±50°C. Post-tectonic muscovite indicates that temperatures were still in excess of 500°C after the formation of Laxfordian shear zones. This indicates that the Lewisian complex was uplifted and cooled extremely slowly.  相似文献   

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