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1.
川东北飞仙关组鲕滩天然气地球化学特征与成因 总被引：29，自引：3，他引：26
四川盆地东北部下三叠统飞仙关组鲕滩气藏天然气烃类气体以甲烷为主,含量主要分布在75%～90%之间,C2 含量很少,为0%～0.15%,干燥系数为0.997 0～0.999 8,是典型的干气;非烃气体以H2S和CO2为主,含量分别为4.21%～16.24%和0.97%～10.41%.天然气δ13C1值为-29.0‰～-31.5‰,δ13C2值为-29.4‰～-32.4‰.多参数表明鲕滩气藏天然气是以腐泥型为主的高过成熟天然气.高含H2S的天然气分布区域与含石膏地层分布基本一致,这些H2S为飞仙关组气藏附近的石膏经热化学硫酸盐还原作用(TSR)而生成,CO2是其主要的副产物.在TSR过程中,C2 重烃气体比甲烷更容易与硫酸盐发生反应,也就是C2 重烃气体的消耗速率大于甲烷,从而导致发生TSR反应的天然气C2 含量低、H2S和CO2含量高.天然气δ13C1值与甲烷含量之间具有很好的负相关关系,而与天然气酸性系数[H2S/(H2S CnH2n 2)]具有正相关关系.根据同位素动力学的分馏效应,随着TSR的进行,烃类分子中的12C损耗速率大于13C,残留下来的烃类分子中则更加富集13C,也就是TSR反应使天然气碳同位素变重. 相似文献
2.
四川盆地H2S的硫同位素组成及其成因探讨 总被引：20，自引：3，他引：20
四川盆地天然气绝大部分含有硫化氢,部分含量高达15%以上。其中高含硫化氢天然气主要分布在三叠系飞仙关组、雷口坡组和嘉陵江组;震旦系、石炭系、二叠系属于低含硫化氢,上三叠统须家河组和侏罗系属于微含硫化氢或不含硫化氢天然气藏。研究表明,三叠系飞仙关组、雷口坡组和嘉陵江组、震旦系、石炭系储层中发育的膏质岩类为TSR形成硫化氢提供了物质基础;富含有机硫源岩的高温裂解是二叠系低含硫化氢天然气的主要成因。硫同位素组成表明,高含硫化氢天然气的硫同位素比储层硫酸盐硫同位素δ34S亏损7‰～11‰;而低含硫化氢天然气硫同位素分布区间较宽,在0‰～20‰之间,大部分比同期硫酸盐的硫同位素轻15‰左右。四川盆地三叠系膏岩的硫同位素值分布较宽,并呈现阶梯状变化,而硫化氢的硫同位素则呈现出相似的分布规律,表明各气层硫化氢中的硫来自于本层系的硫酸盐,即TSR发生在各自的储集层中;另外四川盆地三叠系TSR发生时各气藏的温度条件相近,即各气藏的硫化氢在大致相同的温度条件下发生;同时也说明TSR过程中硫同位素的分馏过程与硫酸盐本身硫同位素数值的高低无关,而与TSR反应的温度条件和反应程度有关。还建立了运用硫化氢的硫同位素和含量判识硫化氢成因类型的模式。 相似文献
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依据10余口探井60多个气样的化学成份和碳同位素组成数据,结合烃源岩和储层沥青分析资料,系统剖析了四川盆地东部宣汉地区普光、毛坝场等构造带天然气地球化学特征,并探讨了其成因及来源。研究结果表明:这些构造带中飞仙关组—长兴组天然气为高含硫化氢的干气,天然气化学成份表现出古油藏原油裂解气的特点。其烃类气体中以甲烷为主(高于99.5%);富含非烃气体,CO2和H2S平均含量分别达5.32%和11.95%。甲烷碳同位素较重(-33‰～-29‰),表征高热演化性质;乙烷δ13C值主要分布在-33‰至-28‰范围,属油型气。这些天然气与川东邻近气田的同层位天然气具有同源性,而与石炭系气藏天然气在化学成份、碳同位素组成上有所不同,意味着有不同的气源。硫化物硫同位素和沥青元素组成证实高含量的H2S是气藏发生TSR作用所致。δ34S值表征层状沉积成因的硬石膏是TSR作用的反应物,而脉状硬石膏则是其残余物。储层的孔隙类型可能与TSR作用强度和H2S含量高低有联系,裂缝型气层中H2S少,孔洞型储层中H2S丰富。乙烷、沥青和各层系烃源岩干酪根碳同位素对比表明研究区飞仙关组—长兴组气藏天然气主要来自二叠系烃源层。 相似文献
4.
自1995年川东北地区渡1井在飞仙关组获得高产的高含硫天然气以来,相继在该地区的罗家寨、滚子坪、渡口河、铁山坡、七里北、普光等构造发现高含硫大中型气田和含气构造,这些构造中的H2S含量一般分布在9%～17%之间.飞仙关组天然气中H2S的б34S值主要分布在 10.3‰～ 13.7‰之间,地层中硬石膏的б34S值则分布在 11.0‰～ 26.1‰之间,即天然气的б34S值比硬石膏的б34S值轻.针对不同含硫物质生成H2S的硫同位素分馏特征进行了一系列实验研究,包括硫化亚铁与盐酸反应,硫磺、硫酸钙分别与正己烷反应,泥灰岩加热生成H2S等,实验结果表明,无机反应生成的H2S的б34S值均比反应物的重.理论上,在硫离子与氢离子结合生成H2S的反应过程中,S2-和H 通过离子的碰撞方式形成的34S2-与H 结合形成H2S的稳定性比32S-与H 结合形成H2S的稳定性高.由此推测,若天然气中的H2S是由地层中硬石膏与烃类的反应生成的,那么H2S的б34S值应该比硬石膏中的б34S值重.综合各种因素认为单质硫与烃类的反应可能是川东北飞仙关组H:S形成最主要的原因. 相似文献
5.
目前在川东北地区长兴组—飞仙关组已发现普光、渡口河、铁山坡、罗家寨等多个高含H2S的大、中型气田。通过天然气地球化学特征、流体包裹体盐度和岩心及薄片的镜下详细观察后认为,川东北地区长兴组—飞仙关组的大多数气藏遭受了热化学硫酸盐还原作用(TSR)的化学改造,TSR的改造主要表现在3个方面:1使C2 重烃相对于CH4、12C相对于13C优先被消耗,造成天然气干燥系数变大和碳同位素变重;2由于TSR产生的大量淡水的加入,使气藏的原生地层水被稀释,造成地层水盐度降低;3TSR相关流体(烃类和H2S等)与储层岩石之间的相互作用使储层被溶蚀和硬石膏发生蚀变,造成储层孔隙度增大,从而对改善其物性具有重要意义。 相似文献
6.
四川盆地飞仙关组气藏硫化氢成因及其依据 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
四川盆地东北部下三叠统飞仙关组鲕滩气藏天然气烃类气体以甲烷为主,含量主要分布在75%～90%之间,C2＋含量为0～0.15%;非烃气体以H2S和CO2为主,含量分别为5%～20%和1%～10%。已有观点认为H2S为飞仙关组气藏附近的石膏经硫酸盐热化学还原作用（TSR）而成。随着川东北气区大中型高含硫化氢气田的发现,硫化氢成因机理的研究备受关注。应用金管、高压釜和石英管等实验方法模拟了硫化氢气体的生成,同时检测了模拟生成的硫化氢和石膏、硫磺等硫化物的硫同位素。实验结果表明:硫磺与正己烷在较低温度即可生成大量的硫化氢气体,而正己烷与硫酸钙的反应总体上比较困难,且生成的H2S量较少;富含黄铁矿的低成熟泥灰岩模拟生烃过程中可以生成与甲烷相当,甚至超过甲烷含量的硫化氢气体;含硫化合物与烃类反应生成的硫化氢的硫同位素值比原始物质的硫同位素值重。地层中的SO2－4是海相地层中H2S气体形成的最初来源。含硫烃源岩直接生成高硫化氢天然气和储层中单质硫与烃类的反应是川东北飞仙关组天然气中硫化氢形成的主要原因。 相似文献
7.
塔河地区中下奥陶统储层硫化物成因分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究表明塔河地区中下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层后期受到了大气淡水和深部热卤水的成岩改造作用。这些储层天然气中含有高达8.3%H2S气体,裂缝与孔洞充填方解石流体包裹体中气相组分含有高达11%的H2S。这些方解石的均一化温度以110.2～198.9℃为主,而且,H2S气体、原油和黄铁矿集合体δ34S值主要介于18‰～22‰,这些特征显示,硫化物形成于相对高温条件下热化学硫酸盐还原-有机质氧化作用(TSR)。有机质被氧化的证据包括高温方解石具有轻δ13C特征(δ13C为-4.3‰～-8.3‰)以及现今地层水具有轻δ13CHCO3-值(-6.0‰～-13.8‰)。现今油气藏中TSR成因H2S浓度低于流体包裹体,应该与H2S沉淀为黄铁矿、合并入原油中而导致富硫原油产生有关。一些黄铁矿具有很轻的δ34S值,可轻达-26‰,为微生物硫酸盐还原成因,但是其分布比较局限。 相似文献
8.
中国高含硫化氢天然气成因初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
高含硫化氢天然气主要分布在四川盆地川东北地区三叠系飞仙关组渡口河、罗家寨、普光、铁山坡等飞仙关组气藏（T1f）和渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷晋县凹陷东北部孔店组孔一段-沙河街组沙四段（Ek^1-Es^4）气藏中。硫化氢含量分布在40％～92％，属世界上硫化氢含量最高气藏之一。笔者通过对这两个地区70余口取心井的5000m岩心观察和取样测试分析，特别是对石膏、硫磺、黄铁矿和天然气的硫同位素分析，以及油、气地球化学的综合研究，认为这两个地区高含硫化氢天然气均属硫酸盐热化学还原反应（TSR）成因， 相似文献
9.
川东北飞仙关组高含H2S气藏特征与TSR对烃类的消耗作用 总被引：35，自引：3，他引：35
四川盆地川东北地区飞仙关组近年来发现了罗家寨、渡口河、铁山坡、普光等多个大、中型气田，它们均以高含硫化氢（H2S在气体组分中占10%~17%，平均为14%）为最显著特征。深入研究后发现，虽然这些大型鲕滩气藏储量规模较大，单井产量高；但是这些气藏充满度普遍偏低（在25%~91%之间），压力系数不高（大部分小于1.2）。从成藏条件来看，该区鲕粒溶蚀孔隙发育，有效储层厚度大，二叠系龙潭组、志留系龙马溪组优质烃源岩十分发育，油气源充沛，而且由断层构成的疏导体系发育，泥岩及膏质岩类组成的盖层封盖性良好，因此气藏的低充满度现象，可能是圈闭中发生过大量烃类的损耗或消耗。由于川东北飞仙关组H2S是烃类和硫酸盐在储层中发生热化学反应（TSR）形成的，气藏中硫化氢含量与压力系数、地层水矿化度、烃类含量等都存在反相关关系，因此飞仙关组高含硫化氢气藏压力系数小、充满度低，很可能是烃类被TSR大量消耗和储集空间增容所致。 相似文献
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综合分析四川盆地高石梯—磨溪地区(高-磨地区)震旦系—寒武系天然气、储层沥青及膏盐分布等,发现高-磨地区天然气发生过不同程度硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR)反应。主要基于:①天然气中含一定丰度H_2S,震旦系灯影组H_2S含量为0.6%～3%,寒武系龙王庙组为0.2%～0.8%;其δ~(34)S值普遍较重(21‰～23‰),为TSR反应产物;②储层沥青S/C原子比介于0.06～0.4之间,远远超过有机质裂解生成沥青中S/C比的最高上限(0.034),峰值甚至超过了TSR反应强烈的川东北普光气田飞仙关组储层沥青的比值(0.06～0.12),为TSR过程无机S加入所致;③四川盆地寒武系底部发育膏盐类沉积,为TSR反应提供了SO_4~(2-)和Mg~(2+)等物质,灯影组发育富Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)、贫Na~+/K~+型地层水,证明盐、膏类溶解的普遍性。地层水中相对缺乏SO_4~(2-),应为TSR反应消耗所致。TSR反应明显氧化乙烷,导致天然气干燥系数增加、δ~(13)C_2变重;TSR反应程度不同造成了龙王庙组和灯影组天然气特征的差异,龙王庙组TSR反应程度相对较弱,天然气甲乙烷碳同位素明显倒转;而灯影组TSR反应程度相对要强,甲乙烷同位素正序分布。考虑TSR效应,恢复原始组成,高-磨地区寒武系—震旦系天然气应有明显的甲烷、乙烷碳同位素倒转现象,这种倒转跟该盆地及世界高—过成熟页岩气特征高度一致,暗示高-磨地区主力气源可能为源岩晚期所成天然气。这一认识可以很好诠释甲烷δ~(13)C_1值较重、普遍低于储层沥青这一为现在主流认识(高-磨地区主体为原油裂解气)所不好解释的现象。对于重新认识天然气成藏聚集规律具有重要意义。 相似文献
11.
S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
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13.
奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
14.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
15.
Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
16.
17.
岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
18.
Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献
19.
滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床. 相似文献
20.
Alexander E. C. Broberg J. S. Kehren A. R. Graziani M. M. Turri W. L. 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(4):353-361
Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×106 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m3 of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes. 相似文献