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1.
大火成岩省由一个体积巨大的、连续的、以富镁铁岩石占优势的喷出岩及其伴生的侵入岩组成，是一个全球现象。它包括大陆溢流玄武岩和伴生的侵入岩，火山被动边缘玄武岩，大洋高原、海岭、海山群和洋盆溢流玄武岩。Ontong Java和Kerguelen-Broken Ridge大洋高原、北大西洋火山被动边缘、德干和哥伦比亚河大陆溢流玄武岩是3个主要大火成岩省的典型代表。各种不同的大火成岩省在时空分布及组成上都具有相似性，它们具有非常大的体积、高的喷发速率，岩石类型以拉斑玄武岩为主。大火成岩省代表了地球上已知的最大的火山岩浆活动，记录了物质和能量从地球内部向外的大量转换。大火成岩省难以用板块构造来解释，可用热柱模式来解释，通常被认为是与来自下地幔的热柱“头”有关。大火成岩省是地球动力学过程在地壳的表现，因此大火成岩省参数可作为边界条件去反演地幔动力学过程。 相似文献
2.
大火成岩省对全球性大气-海洋环境的巨变及生物灭绝有非常重要的影响。已有研究结果表明,显生宙（即寒武纪以来）大火成岩省与全球大洋缺氧与生物灭绝有明显的成因联系,显生宙国际地质年代表中多个金钉子均与以大火成岩省、黑色页岩及生物灭绝为代表的全球性地质事件相对应。但由于对前寒武纪,特别是"地球中年期"（18~8亿年,"枯燥的10亿年"）大气氧浓度、海洋的氧化-还原状态及生物门类及演化认识的局限性,关于前寒武纪大火成岩省与环境的影响及其与黑色页岩沉积的成因联系一直很不清楚。通过对全球哥伦比亚（奴那）超大陆中约13.8亿年全球性大火成岩省及黑色页岩沉积时空分布的研究,发现这些大火成岩省及黑色页岩的分布有明显的规律。约13.8亿年大火成岩省广泛分布在北美、格陵兰、西伯利亚、波罗地、卡拉哈里、刚果、西非、亚马逊、南极及西澳大利亚等大陆上;而同期的黑色页岩在华北及北澳大利亚克拉通广泛分布,在西伯利亚、巴西及印度等克拉通也有分布。根据这些黑色页岩在超大陆重建图中的空间分布,提出了哥伦比亚（奴那）超大陆中这些广泛分布的约13.8亿年黑色页岩可能沉积于连通的大型海相盆地,而不是以往所认为的局部封闭的小盆地。通过约13.8亿年大火成岩省与黑色页岩内火山灰（斑脱岩）年龄的对比,进一步提出约13.8亿年存在一次与全球性大火成岩省有关的大洋缺氧事件,以此期大火成岩省与黑色页岩为代表的全球性地质事件为中元古代盖层系与延展系提供了精确的界限年龄为1383 Ma。初步的研究结果还显示,"地球中年期"可能还有多期的大火成岩省与黑色页岩沉积有时空联系,有望为晚前寒武纪地质年代表划分提供新的事件约束。 相似文献
3.
Frontiers in large igneous province research 总被引：33，自引：0，他引：33
Earth history is punctuated by events during which large volumes of mafic magmas were generated and emplaced by processes distinct from “normal” seafloor spreading and subduction-related magmatism. Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) of Mesozoic and Cenozoic age are the best preserved, and comprise continental flood basalts, volcanic rifted margins, oceanic plateaus, ocean basin flood basalts, submarine ridges, ocean islands and seamount chains. Paleozoic and Proterozoic LIPs are typically more deeply eroded and are recognized by their exposed plumbing system of giant dyke swarms, sill provinces and layered intrusions. The most promising Archean LIP candidates (apart from the Fortescue and Ventersdorp platformal flood basalts) are those greenstone belts containing tholeiites with minor komatiites. Some LIPs have a substantial component of felsic rocks. Many LIPs can be linked to regional-scale uplift, continental rifting and breakup, climatic shifts that may result in extinction events, and Ni–Cu–PGE (platinum group element) ore deposits.
Some current frontiers in LIP research include:
- (1) Testing various mantle plume and alternative hypotheses for the origin for LIPs.
(2) Characterizing individual LIPs in terms of (a) original volume and areal extent of their combined extrusive and intrusive components, (b) melt production rates, (c) plumbing system geometry, (d) nature of the mantle source region, and (e) links with ore deposits.
(3) Determining the distribution of LIPs in time (from Archean to Present) and in space (after continental reconstruction). This will allow assessment of proposed links between LIPs and supercontinent breakup, juvenile crust production, climatic excursions, and mass extinctions. It will also allow an evaluation of periodicity in the LIP record, the identification of clusters of LIPs, and postulated links with the reversal frequency of the Earth's magnetic field.
(4) Comparing the characteristics, origin and distribution of LIPs on Earth with planets lacking plate tectonics, such as Venus and Mars. Interplanetary comparison may also provide a better understanding of convective processes in the mantles of the inner planets.
In order to achieve rapid progress in these frontier areas, a global campaign is proposed, which would focus on high-precision geochronology, integrated with paleomagnetism and geochemistry. Most fundamentally, such a campaign could help hasten the determination of continental configurations in the Precambrian back to 2.5 Ga or greater. Such reconstructions are vital for the proper assessment of the LIP record, as well as providing first-order information related to all geodynamic processes. 相似文献
4.
Large igneous provinces (LIPs) and carbonatites 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
There is increasing evidence that many carbonatites are linked both spatially and temporally with large igneous provinces (LIPs), i.e. high volume, short duration, intraplate-type, magmatic events consisting mainly of flood basalts and their plumbing systems (of dykes, sills and layered intrusions). Examples of LIP-carbonatite associations include: i. the 66 Ma Deccan flood basalt province associated with the Amba Dongar, Sarnu-Dandali (Barmer), and Mundwara carbonatites and associated alkali rocks, ii. the 130 Ma Paraná-Etendeka (e.g. Jacupiranga, Messum); iii. the 250 Ma Siberian LIP that includes a major alkaline province, Maimecha-Kotui with numerous carbonatites, iv. the ca. 370 Ma Kola Alkaline Province coeval with basaltic magmatism widespread in parts of the East European craton, and v. the 615–555 Ma CIMP (Central Iapetus Magmatic Province) of eastern Laurentia and western Baltica. In the Superior craton, Canada, a number of carbonatites are associated with the 1114–1085 Ma Keweenawan LIP and some are coeval with the pan-Superior 1880 Ma mafic-ultramafic magmatism. In addition, the Phalaborwa and Shiel carbonatites are associated with the 2055 Ma Bushveld event of the Kaapvaal craton. The frequency of this LIP-carbonatite association suggests that LIPs and carbonatites might be considered as different evolutionary ‘pathways’ in a single magmatic process/system. The isotopic mantle components FOZO, HIMU, EM1 but not DMM, along with primitive noble gas signatures in some carbonatites, suggest a sub-lithospheric mantle source for carbonatites, consistent with a plume/asthenospheric upwelling origin proposed for many LIPs. 相似文献
5.
Dereje AyalewPierre Barbey Bernard Marty Laurie ReisbergGezahegn Yirgu Raphael Pik 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2002,66(8):1429-1448
The Ethiopian continental flood basalt (CFB) province (∼30 Ma, > 3 × 105 km3) was formed as the result of the impingement of the Afar mantle plume beneath the Ethiopian lithosphere. This province includes major sequences of rhyolitic ignimbrites generally found on top of the flood basalt sequence. Their volume is estimated to be at least 6 × 104km3, which represents 20% of that of the trap basalts. Their phenocryst assemblage (alkali feldspar, quartz, aegyrine-augite, ilmenite ± Ti-magnetite, richterite, and eckermanite) suggests temperatures in the range of 740 to 900°C. Four units were recognized in the field (Wegel Tena, Jima, Lima Limo, and Debre Birhan areas), each with its own geochemical specificity. Zr/Nb ratios remain constant between basalt and rhyolite in each area, and rhyolites associated with high-Ti or low-Ti basalts are, respectively, enriched or depleted in titanium. Their trace element and isotope (Sr, Nd, O) signatures (high 143Nd/144Nd and low 87Sr/86Sr ratios, compared to those of rhyolites from other CFB provinces) are clearly different from those of typical crustal melts and indicate that the Ethiopian rhyolites are among the most isotopically primitive rhyolites. Their major and trace element patterns suggest that they are likely to be derived from fractional crystallization of basaltic magmas similar in composition to the exposed flood basalts with only limited crustal contribution. Since Ethiopian high-Ti basalts have been shown to form from melting of a mantle plume, it is likely that Ethiopian ignimbrites, at least those that are Ti-rich, also incorporated material from the deep mantle.Rb-Sr isochrons on whole rocks and mineral separates (30.1 ± 0.4 Ma for Wegel Tena and 30.5 ± 0.4 Ma for Jima ignimbrites) show that most of the silicic volcanism occurred within < 2 Ma during the Oligocene. Ignimbritic eruptions resumed in the Miocene during two episodes dated at 15.4 ± 0.2 Ma and 8.0 ± 0.2 Ma for the Debre Birhan area. The Rb-Sr isochron ages of ignimbrites (both Oligocene and Miocene rhyolites) are indistinguishable within uncertainties from the 40Ar/39Ar ages of the underlying flood basalts. The Oligocene ignimbrites and the underlying trap basalts are synchronous with a shift in the oxygen composition of foraminifera recorded in Indian and Atlantic Ocean cores. The temporal coincidence of Ethiopian Oligocene volcanism, which released immense volumes of S (> 1.4 × 1015 mol) and Cl (6.4 × 1015 mol) into the atmosphere over a short time span, with the global cooling event at 30.3 Ma suggests that this volcanism might have accelerated the climate change that was already underway. 相似文献
6.
I. S. Puchtel N. T. Arndt A. W. Hofmann K. M. Haase A. Kröner V. S. Kulikov V. V. Kulikova C.-D. Garbe-Schönberg A. A. Nemchin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,130(2):134-153
The Onega plateau constitutes part of a vast continental flood basalt province in the SE Baltic Shield. It consists of Jatulian-Ludikovian submarine volcanic, volcaniclastic and sedimentary sequences attaining in places 4.5?km in thickness. The parental magmas of the lavas contained ～10% MgO and were derived from melts generated in the garnet stability field at depths 80–100?km. The Sm-Nd mineral and Pb-Pb whole-rock isochron ages of 1975?±?24 and 1980?±?57 Ma for the upper part of the plateau and a SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age of 1976?±?9 Ma for its lower part imply the formation of the entire sequence within a short time span. These ages coincide with those of picrites in the Pechenga-Imandra belt (the Kola Peninsula) and komatiites and basalts in the Karasjok-Kittilä belt (Norway and Finnmark). Together with lithostratigraphic, chemical and isotope evidence, these ages suggest the derivation of the three provinces from a single large (～2000?km in diameter) mantle plume. These plume-generated magmas covered ～600,000?km2 of the Baltic Shield and represent a major contribution of juvenile material to the existing continental crust at 2.0 Ga. The uppermost Onega plateau lavas have high (Nb/Th)N?=?1.4–2.4, (Nb/La)N= 1.1–1.3, positive ?Nd(T) of +3.2 and unradiogenic Pb-isotope composition (μ1?= 8.57), comparable with those of modern oceanic plume-derived magmas (oceanic flood basalt and ocean island basalt). These parameters are regarded as source characteristics. The lower sequences have (Nb/Th)N= 0.58–1.2, (Nb/La)N= 0.52–0.88 and ?Nd(T) =?2.6. They have experienced mixing with 10–30% of continental crust and resemble contaminated lavas from other continental flood basalt provinces. The estimated Nb/U ratios of 53?±?4 in the uncontaminated rocks are similar to those found in the modern mantle (～47) suggesting that by 2.0 Ga a volume of continental crust similar to the present-day value already existed. 相似文献
7.
HOU Zengqian CHEN Wen LU Jiren Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing College of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Beijing Hao Ziguo Liu Xinzhu 《《地质学报》英文版》2002,76(2):194-204
Geochronology of continental flood basalts sampled from the Emei large igneous province (LIP) on the western margin of the Yangtze platform was investigated by the laser microprobe 40Ar/39Ar dating technique. These basalts yield a fairly wide range of 40Ar/39Ar ages, varying from 259 to 135 Ma. One basalt sample, at least altered, recorded the oldest 40Ar/39Ar age of about 259 Ma, corresponding to a peak eruption age of the Emei LIP continental flood basalts. Most of the samples yield much younger ages from 135 to 177 Ma, which are consistent with the K-Ar ages for the same samples (122.8-172.1 Ma). The dating data suggest that these Permian basalts had been widely affected by the regional tectonothermal event at 177-135 Ma. The event was probably caused by the convergence and collision among the Laurasia, Yangtze and Qiangtang-Qamdo continental blocks on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau after the late Triassic. The age of the event reflects the timing of the peak collisional orogeny. 相似文献
8.
9.
亚洲3个大火成岩省(峨眉山、西伯利亚、德干)对比研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
峨眉山(～260 Ma)、西伯利亚(～250 Ma)和德干(～66 Ma)大陆溢流玄武岩是世界上3个重要的大火成岩省.大火成岩省至少具有4个通常被用于识别古地幔柱的标志:(1)先于岩浆作用的地表隆升;(2)与大陆裂谷化和裂解事件相伴;(3)与生物灭绝事件联系密切;(4)地幔柱源玄武岩的化学特征.虽然这3个大火成岩省都是来源于原始地幔柱,但是它们的地球化学特征有本质上的差异,反映其地幔柱曾与不同的上地幔库相互作用.(1)峨眉山和西伯利亚大陆溢流玄武岩的母岩浆,在上升过程中经受了与地球化学上和古老克拉通岩石圈地幔相同的上地幔库(EM1型幔源)的相互作用;(2)而德干大火成岩省没有受到地壳(或岩石圈)混染的原生玄武岩则显示地幔柱和EM2之间的Sr-Nd同位素变化.这种差异有可能制约了3个大火成岩省的成矿潜力.峨眉山和西伯利亚大火成岩省含有世界级岩浆矿床,而德干大火成岩省则不含矿. 相似文献
10.
Émilie Beaudon Jean-Emmanuel Martelat Andrea Amórtegui Henriette Lapierre Etienne Jaillard 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2005,337(6):625-634
The building-up of the Andean Range is linked to the subduction of the Pacific lithosphere beneath the South American plate. However, the formation of the Central Andes is marked by continental crustal shortening, whereas accretion and underplating of exotic oceanic terranes occurred in the northern Andes. The study of various magmatic and metamorphic rocks exhumed in the Western Cordillera of Ecuador by Miocene transpressive faults enables us to constrain the nature and thermal evolution of the crustal root of this part of Ecuador. These rocks are geochemically similar to oceanic plateau basalts. The thermobarometric peak conditions of a granulite and an amphibolite indicate temperatures of 800–850?°C and pressures less than 6–9 kbar (lack of garnet). The abnormally high geothermal gradient (≈40?°C?km?1) is probably due to the activity of the magmatic arc, which developed on the accreted oceanic terranes after Late Eocene times, and may have provoked the re-mobilisation of deeply underplated oceanic material during the genesis of the Neogene to Recent arc. To cite this article: É. Beaudon et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). 相似文献
11.
Continental flood basalts (CFBs), thought to preserve the magmatic record of an impinging mantle plume head, offer spatial and temporal insights into melt generation processes in large igneous provinces (LIPs). Despite the utility of CFBs in probing mantle plume composition, these basalts typically erupt fractionated compositions, suggestive of significant residence time in the continental lithosphere. The location and duration of residence within the lithosphere provide additional insights into the flux of plume-related magmas. The NW Ethiopian plateau offers a well-preserved stratigraphic sequence from flood basalt initiation to termination, and is thus an important target for study of CFBs. This study examines modal observations within a stratigraphic framework and places these observations within the context of the magmatic evolution of the Ethiopian CFB province. Data demonstrate multiple pulses of magma recharge punctuated by brief shut-down events, with initial flows fed by magmas that experienced deeper fractionation (lower crust). Broad changes in modal mineralogy and flow cyclicity are consistent with fluctuating changes in magmatic flux through a complex plumbing system, indicating pulsed magma flux and an overall shallowing of the magmatic plumbing system over time. The composition of plagioclase megacrysts suggests a constant replenishing of new primitive magma recharging the shallow plumbing system during the main phase of volcanism, reaching an apex prior to flood basalt termination. The petrostratigraphic data sets presented in this paper provide new insight into the evolution of a magma plumbing system in a CFB province. 相似文献
12.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(4):508-528
The nature of the Namco–Renco ophiolites in the northern Lhasa subterrane is widely disputed. To investigate their formation age, petrogenesis, and tectonic setting, the harzburgites, basalts, and metagabbros of the Namco ophiolite and the harzburgites, lherzolites, gabbros, and diabasic dikes of the Renco ophiolite were selected for whole-rock geochemical and zircon U-Pb dating and in situ Lu-Hf isotopic analyses. The geochemical and geochronological data indicate that the Namco metagabbros were generated at 178.0 ± 2.9 Ma, along with the Namco–Renco peridotites formed in the initial stage of a continental margin basin; whereas the Renco gabbros were developed at 149.7 ± 1.6 Ma, along with the Renco diabasic dikes and Namco basalts formed later in a mature back-arc basin. The Namco–Renco ophiolites were derived from a depleted mantle source with involvement of minor older crustal materials. Combined with the regional geological background, the Namco–Renco ophiolites were likely formed mainly associated with the southward subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang oceanic lithosphere beneath the Lhasa terrane. This study provides new constraints on the formation ages of the Namco–Renco ophiolites and the tectonic evolution of the Namco–Renco Ocean. 相似文献
13.
Geochronology of carbonatites from the Canadian and Baltic Shields, and the Canadian Cordillera: clues to mantle evolution 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Carbonatites are known to range in age from the Archean through to the Recent, with an increasing abundance towards more recent times. Of the known 500 or so carbonatites, however, few have been precisely dated. In this paper, some new, precise U/Pb, Th/Pb as well as Pb/Pb dates from several carbonatite complexes from Europe and North America are presented and used to establish important reference points in defining mantle perturbations. Events at 2617, 1964, 583 and 382 Ma are now firmly established for the Fennoscandian Shield, while several distinct events of 2680 Ma, and between 1897–1881 and 1164–1083 Ma are documented for the Canadian Shield. Other, less well-defined, events in Canada include magmatism at 1770 Ma from Argor, 570 Ma from Manitou Islands, and an event at 360 Ma from the Canadian Cordillera. One carbonatite from the Ukrainian Shield (Chernigovka) has been precisely dated at 2074 Ma. Events from the Fennoscandian Shield also include carbonatitic magmatism at 1792 Ma from Halpanen, and between 386 and 377 Ma from Kola. Most of these events from quite distinct Archean cratons can be correlated with LIPs and associated mafic magmatism, such as flood basalts and regional dyke swarms, generally considered to be the result of plume magmatism and associated continental fragmentation. Few mafic events are associated with the post-orogenic shoshonitic magmatism at ca. 1800 Ma for the Fennoscandian Shield and the Devonian continental margin extension in the Canadian Cordillera. 相似文献
14.
C. Natali L. Beccaluva G. Bianchini F. Siena 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,166(2):351-370
The Axum–Adwa igneous complex consists of a basalt–trachyte (syenite) suite emplaced at the northern periphery of the Ethiopian plateau, after the paroxysmal eruption of the Oligocene (ca 30 Ma) continental flood basalts (CFB), which is related to the Afar plume activity. 40Ar/39Ar and K–Ar ages, carried out for the first time on felsic and basaltic rocks, constrain the magmatic age of the greater part of the complex around Axum to 19–15 Ma, whereas trachytic lavas from volcanic centres NE of Adwa are dated ca 27 Ma. The felsic compositions straddle the critical SiO2-saturation boundary, ranging from normative quartz trachyte lavas east of Adwa to normative (and modal) nepheline syenite subvolcanic domes (the obelisks stones of ancient axumites) around Axum. Petrogenetic modelling based on rock chemical data and phase equilibria calculations by PELE (Boudreau 1999) shows that low-pressure fractional crystallization processes, starting from mildly alkaline- and alkaline basalts comparable to those present in the complex, could generate SiO2-saturated trachytes and SiO2-undersaturated syenites, respectively, which correspond to residual liquid fractions of 17 and 10 %. The observed differentiation processes are consistent with the development of rifting events and formation of shallow magma chambers plausibly located between displaced (tilted) crustal blocks that favoured trapping of basaltic parental magmas and their fractionation to felsic differentiates. In syenitic domes, late- to post-magmatic processes are sometimes evidenced by secondary mineral associations (e.g. Bete Giorgis dome) which overprint the magmatic parageneses, and mainly induce additional nepheline and sodic pyroxene neo-crystallization. These metasomatic reactions were promoted by the circulation of Na–Cl-rich deuteric fluids (600–400 °C), as indicated by mineral and bulk rock chemical budgets as well as by δ18O analyses on mineral separates. The occurrence of this magmatism post-dating the CFB event, characterized by comparatively lower volume of more alkaline products, conforms to the progressive vanishing of the Afar plume thermal effects and the parallel decrease of the partial melting degrees of the related mantle sources. This evolution is also concomitant with the variation of the tectono-magmatic regime from regional lithospheric extension (CFB eruption) to localized rifting processes that favoured magmatic differentiation. 相似文献
15.
大陆玄武岩通常具有与洋岛玄武岩相似的地球化学成分,其中含有显著的壳源组分.对于洋岛玄武岩来说,虽然其中的壳源组分归咎于深俯冲大洋板片的再循环,但是对板片俯冲过程中的壳幔相互作用缺乏研究.对于大陆玄武岩来说,由于其形成与特定大洋板片在大陆边缘之下的俯冲有关,可以用来确定古大洋板片俯冲的地壳物质再循环.本文总结了我们对中国东部新生代玄武岩所进行的一系列地球化学研究,结果记录了古太平洋板片俯冲析出流体对地幔楔的化学交代作用.这些大陆玄武岩普遍具有与洋岛玄武岩类似的地球化学成分,在微量元素组成上表现为富集LILE和LREE、亏损HREE,但是不亏损HFSE的分布特点,在放射成因同位素组成上表现为亏损至弱富集的Sr-Nd同位素组成.在排除地壳混染效应之后,这些玄武岩的地球化学特征可以由其地幔源区中壳源组分的性质来解释.俯冲大洋地壳部分熔融产生的熔体提供了地幔源区中的壳源组分,其中包括洋壳镁铁质火成岩、海底沉积物和大陆下地壳三种组分.华北和华南新生代大陆玄武岩在Pb同位素组成上存在显著差异,反映它们地幔源区中的壳源组分有所区别.中国东部新生代玄武岩的地幔源区是古太平洋板片于中生代俯冲至亚欧大陆东部之下时,在>200 km的俯冲带深度发生壳幔相互作用的产物.在新生代期间,随着俯冲太平洋板片的回卷引起的中国东部大陆岩石圈拉张和软流圈地幔上涌,那些交代成因的地幔源区发生部分熔融,形成了现今所见的新生代玄武岩. 相似文献
16.
Ming Zhang Suzanne Y. O’Reilly Kuo-Lung Wang Jon Hronsky William L. Griffin 《Earth》2008,86(1-4):145-174
Continental flood basalts, derived from mantle plumes that rise from the convecting mantle and possibly as deep as the core–mantle boundary, are major hosts for world-class Ni–Cu–PGE ore deposits. Each plume may have a complex history and heterogeneous composition. Therefore, some plumes may be predisposed to be favourable for large-scale Ni–PGE mineralisation (“fertile”).Geochemical data from 10 large igneous provinces (LIPs) have been collected from the literature to search for chemical signatures favourable for Ni–PGE mineralisation. The provinces include Deccan, Kerguelen, Ontong Java, Paraná, Ferrar, Karoo, Emeishan, Siberia, Midcontinent and Bushveld. Among these LIPs, Bushveld, Siberia, Midcontinent, Emei Mt and Karoo are “fertile”, hosting magmatic ore deposits or mineralisation of various type, size and grade. They most commonly intruded through, or on the edges of, Archaean–Paleoproterozoic cratonic blocks. In contrast, the “barren” LIPs have erupted through both continental and oceanic crustal terranes of various ages.Radiogenic isotopic signatures indicate that almost all parental LIP magmas are generated from deep-seated mantle plumes, and not from the more widespread depleted asthenospheric mantle source: this confirms generally accepted plume models. However, several important geochemical signatures of LIPs have been identified in this study that can discriminate between those that are “fertile” or “barren” in terms of their Ni–PGE potential.The fertile LIPs generally contain a relatively high proportion of primitive melts that are high in MgO and Ni, low in Al2O3 and Na2O, and are highly enriched in most of the strongly incompatible elements such as K, P, Ba, Sr, Pb, Th, Nb, and LREE. They have relatively high Os contents (≥ 0.03 to 10 ppb) and low Re/Os (< 10). The fertile LIP basalts display trends of Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic variation intermediate between the depleted plume and an EM1-type mantle composition (and thus could represent a mixing of these two source types), and have elevated Ba/Th, Ba/Nb and K/Ti ratios. These elemental and isotopic signatures suggest that interaction between plume-related magmas and ancient cratonic lithospheric mantle with pre-existing Ni- and PGE-rich sulfide phases may have contributed significantly to the PGE and Ni budget of the fertile flood basalts and eventually to the mineralisation. This observation is consistent with the location of fertile LIPs adjacent to deep old lithospheric roots (as inferred from tectonic environment and also seen in global tomographic images) and has predictive implications for exploration models.Barren LIPs contain fewer high-MgO lavas. The barren LIP lavas in general have low Os contents (mostly ≤ 0.02 ppb) with high Re/Os (10–≥ 200). They show isotopic variations between plume and EM2 geochemical signatures and have high Rb/Ba ratios. These signatures may indicate involvement of deep recycled material in the mantle sources or crustal contamination for barren LIPs, but low degrees of interaction with old lithospheric-type roots. 相似文献
17.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(5):1635-1649
A compilation of 178 more precise ages on 10 potential Large Igneous Provinces(LIPs) across southern Africa,is compared to Earth's supercontinental cycles,where 5 more prominent LIP-events all formed during the assembly of supercontinents,rather than during breakup.This temporal bias is confirmed by a focused review of field relationships,where these syn-assembly LIPs formed behind active continental arcs;whereas,the remaining postassembly-and likely breakup-related-LIPs never share such associations.Exploring the possibility of two radically different LIP-types,only the two younger breakup events(the Karoo LIP and Gannakouriep Suite) produced basalts with more enriched asthenospheric OIB-signatures;whereas,all assembly LIPs produced basalts with stronger lithospheric,as well as more or less primitive asthenospheric,signatures.A counterintuitive observation of Precambrian breakup LIPs outcropping as smaller fragments that are more peripherally located along craton margins,compared to assembly LIPs as well as the Phanerozoic Karoo breakup LIP,is explained by different preservation potentials during subsequent supercontinental cycles.Thus,further accentuating radical differences between(1) breakup LIPs,preferentially intruding along what evolves to become volcanic rifted margins that are more susceptible to deformation within subsequent orogens,and(2) assembly LIPs,typically emplaced along backarc rifts within more protected cratonic interiors.A conditioned duality is proposed,where assembly LIPs are primarily sustained by thermal blanketing(as well as local arc hydration and rifting) below assembling supercontinents and breakup LIPs more typically form above impinging mantle plumes.Such a duality is further related to an overall dynamic Earth model whereby predominantly supercontinent-orientated ocean lithospheric subduction establishes/revitalizes large low shear velocity provinces(LLSVPs) during assembly LIP-activity,and heating of such LLSVPs by the Earth's core subsequently leads to a derivation of mantle plumes during supercontinental breakup. 相似文献
18.
The phanerozoic within-plate magmatism of Siberia is reviewed. The large igneous provinces (LIPs) consecutively arising in
the Siberian Craton are outlined: the Altai-Sayan LIP, which operated most actively 400–375 Ma ago, the Vilyui LIP, which
was formed from the Middle Devonian to the Early Carboniferous, included; the Barguzin-Vitim LIP (305–275 Ma); the Late Paleozoic
Rift System of Central Asia (318–250 Ma); the Siberian flood basalt (trap) province and the West Siberian rift system (250–247
Ma); and the East Mongolian-West Transbaikal LIP (230–195 Ma), as well as a number of Late-Mesozoic and Cenozoic rift zones
and autonomous volcanic fields formed over the last 160 Ma. The trace-element and isotopic characteristics of the igneous
rocks of the above provinces are reviewed; their mantle origin is substantiated and the prevalence of PREMA, EM2, and EM1
mantle magma sources are shown. The paleogeographic reconstructions based on paleomagnetic data assume that the Iceland hot
spot was situated beneath the Siberian flood basalts 250 Ma ago and that the mantle plumes retained a relatively stable position
irrespective of the movements of the lithospheric plates. At present, the Iceland hot spot occurs near the northern boundary
of the African large low shear velocity province (LLSVP). It is suggested that the within-plate Phanerozoic magmatism of Siberia
was related to the drift of the continent above the hot spots of the African LLSVP. 相似文献
19.
Kent C. Condie Anne Davaille Richard C. Aster Nicholas Arndt 《International Geology Review》2015,57(11-12):1341-1348
There is a correlation of global large igneous province (LIP) events with zircon age peaks at 2700, 2500, 2100, 1900, 1750, 1100, and 600 and also probably at 3450, 3000, 2000, and 300 Ma. Power spectral analyses of LIP event distributions suggest important periodicities at 250, 150, 100, 50, and 25 million years with weaker periodicities at 70–80, 45, and 18–20 Ma. The 25 million year periodicity is important only in the last 300 million years. Some LIP events are associated with granite-forming (zircon-producing) events and others are not, and LIP events at 1900 and 600 Ma correlate with peaks in craton collision frequency. LIP age peaks are associated with supercontinent rifting or breakup, but not dispersal, at 2450–2400, 2200, 1380, 1280, 800–750, and ≤200 Ma, and with supercontinent assembly at 1750 and 600 Ma. LIP peaks at 2700 and 2500 Ma and the valley between these peaks span the time of Neoarchaean supercraton assemblies. These observations are consistent with plume generation in the deep mantle operating independently of the supercontinent cycle and being controlled by lower-mantle and core-mantle boundary thermochemical dynamics. Two processes whereby plumes can impact continental assembly and breakup are (1) plumes may rise beneath supercontinents and initiate supercontinent breakup, and (2) plume ascent may increase the frequency of craton collisions and the rate of crustal growth by accelerating subduction. 相似文献
20.
M. A. Mattash L. Pinarelli O. Vaselli A. Minissale M. C. Jaimes-Viera M. Al-Kadasi M. N. Shawki F. Tassi 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(11):4831-4850
The Red Sea is part of the Afro-Arabian rift system, the world’s largest active continental rift system. The early opening phases of the Red Sea Rift were accompanied by continental flood magmatism. Large volumes of flood basalts emplaced in the Oligocene through to the present time at discrete eruptive centres along the western margin of the Arabian plate. Some of these rocks, in Southern Yemen, were investigated by geochemistry and K/Ar whole rock (WR) geochronology. In addition, the Jabal At-Tair (JAT) volcano, in the Red Sea trough, was investigated by geochemistry, with particular concern to the lavas of the last eruption of September 2007. The magmatism of Yemen is divided in: Oligocene–Early Miocene trap series (YOM), Tertiary intrusive rocks, and Late Miocene–recent volcanic series (YMR). YOM and Tertiary intrusions yielded K/Ar WR ages mostly in the range 31.6–16.6 Ma. Three older ages of 34.6, 35.4 and 49.0 Ma, if confirmed by further investigation, could suggest an Eocenic pre-trap phase of magmatic activity. YMR samples yielded K/Ar WR ages between 2.52 and 8.14 Ma. Both YOM and YMR basalts are alkaline, but YMR tend to be richer in alkalis than YOM. JAT basalts have subalkaline tholeiitic character, are geochemically homogeneous, and in the hygromagmaphile element spidergrams display increasing normalised concentrations from Cs to Ta, then decreasing up to Lu, with negative spikes of Nb, K and Pb. YOM have patterns almost identical to those of JAT, whereas YMR have higher normalized concentrations of all trace elements, but REE. The geochemical characteristics of JAT, YOM and YMR, framed in the broader context of the Red Sea Rift, are mostly consistent with a model of continental uplift and magmatism occurring across a linear, north–south axis of mantle upwelling, which intersects the Red Sea axis at the initiation site of axial seafloor spreading. The symmetrical propagation of the rift system to opposite sides of the N–S lineament, along the Red Sea axis, resulted in the observed symmetrical distribution of geochemical signatures of the Red Sea basalts and Yemen continental magmas. 相似文献