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1.
矿物材料对废水厌氧处理及厌氧污泥改性具有十分重要的作用,而微生物代谢产物是生物处理系统的重要组分,在提高污染物去除率和甲烷产量等方面也起到非常重要的作用。本研究对矿物材料石墨和厌氧微生物共存体系内溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial product,SMP)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)进行了分析表征。结果表明,石墨对EPS和SMP的组成和含量影响显著,主要是由于石墨的吸附作用及其对石墨颗粒的环境毒性所致。红外光谱分析表明,添加石墨体系内SMP与EPS的基团种类并未发生明显改变,但含量有所改变。三维荧光分析结果显示,SMP的主要荧光类物质为色氨酸类似物和腐殖质(辅酶NADH),而EPS的主要荧光类物质为色氨酸类似物和腐殖酸,石墨能明显降低色氨酸类似物及腐殖酸类物质的产生。石墨会减弱微生物的相对疏水性,提高表面自由能,有利于微生物团聚体的形成。  相似文献   

2.
应用煤岩学对强还原型腐殖煤系列样品(R_0=0.55％～1.01％)研究表明,它们含有较多的镜质组—类脂组过渡显微组分,这种组分的特征是:比基质镜质体反射率低,但荧光强度和生烃潜能较高。据显微特征可将其分为两种亚型——交织型和膨融型。它是荧光基质镜质体的另一种表现形式和强还原型腐殖煤生油的主要母质之一。  相似文献   

3.
超滤分级研究腐殖酸的结构组成   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
利用切面流超滤技术将Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸分为相对分子质量不同的8个级分,并综合应用元素分析和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、固体13C核磁共振(13C NMR)和裂解-气相色谱-质谱(Py-GC-MS)技术详细研究了分级前后腐殖酸分子的结构组成特征.研究表明,随相对分子质量的增加,腐殖酸分子中的元素碳、元素氢含量增加;而元素氧和含氧官能团含量减少;并且低相对分子质量级分中含有相对较多的木本植物来源的芳香结构,而高相对分子质量级分中含相对较多微生物和植物来源的聚脂肪结构.本研究结果不仅说明环境中的腐殖酸分子是由许多相对分子质量不同、结构性质各异的腐殖酸分子组成,而且这些腐殖酸分子可能与腐殖酸形成过程中各种来源的物质在不同阶段的腐殖化产物有关,表明了腐殖酸类地质大分子物质的非均一性和复杂性.  相似文献   

4.
生物标志化合物(或称分子化学)系指地质体中产出的特征有机化合物,由于它们具有生物体有机化合物的基本分子骨架,而能提供生物输入、沉积环境与成岩变化等多方面信息。生物标志物研究已成为当代有机地球化学的生长点,即分子有机地球化学。八十年代以来分子有机地化已在国外石油勘探中发挥重要作用,如应用生物标志物进行油源对比、成熟度判别、母质类型与生物输入的确定、生物降解油与重油研究,以及探讨石油的原生运移等。我国分子有机地球化学研究起步较晚,但在油气勘探应用中已经取得显著成效。  相似文献   

5.
利用三维荧光激发.发射光谱(3DEEMs)及荧光偏振法研究了3例腐殖酸和1例湖泊溶解有机物(DOM)在不同腐殖酸浓度、离子强度和pH条件下的荧光光谱特性.实验结果表明,随着浓度增大,各腐殖酸样的荧光强度增大,其中垃圾渗滤液腐殖酸和Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸的荧光峰出现红移.随着浓度进一步增大,腐殖酸的荧光偏振值增大,由此推断在此浓度范围内腐殖酸由于分子间的排斥作用使其构型出现伸展.离子强度增大导致腐殖酸及阿哈湖DOM的荧光强度降低.随着氯化钾(KCI)浓度增大,Fluka腐殖酸的荧光峰A蓝移,荧光峰B的荧光偏振值出现减小,推测是由于静电中和作用使其荧光基团发生卷曲造成的.离子强度对其余腐殖酸样和阿哈湖DOM的其他荧光特性没有明显的影响.总的来说,pH值的变化对腐殖酸和湖泊DOM的荧光特征的影响是很明显的.随着pH值增大,腐殖酸和湖泊DOM的荧光强度增强.而pH值减小时,Fluka腐殖酸和Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸的荧光峰(A峰)蓝移,当pH值降到5时,Fhka腐殖酸的荧光峰突然红移到最大,随后又继续蓝移;垃圾渗滤液腐殖酸和阿哈湖DOM的荧光峰位无明显的漂移.所有样品的荧光偏振值都减小(但阿哈湖DOM的A峰变化不大),但在pHi≤5时又增大,这种现象表明随着pH值降低,腐殖酸和湖泊DOM中有机大分子发生卷曲,但在pH≤5时由于羧基的质子化又以平面伸展构型出现在溶液中.  相似文献   

6.
引言分子荧光是非地震找油的重要指标之一。通常采用固定波长法测土壤中的发荧光物质，此方法对发荧光物质的定性、定量分析比较困难，而且谱峰重叠严重，难以分辨，采用同步扫描技术可以使光谱简化，谱带变窄，在同时测定多种芳烃时，大大提高了分辨率。由于多环芳烃的斯多克位移在2-5urn之间，采用同步扫描时，激发波长与荧光波长差往往在3～5urn之间，这时溶剂的干扰非常严重。采用偏振技术可有效地抑制散射光的干扰，提高检测的灵敏度。2实验部分ZI方法原理许多芳香族化合物在室温和77K下具有发荧光的性质，在紫外线的照射下能够发出…  相似文献   

7.
为探究溶解性有机质(DOM)不同相对分子质量组分对药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)类污染物吸附过程的影响,以卡马西平(CBZ)为目标污染物,以石英砂代表无机矿物,用商用腐殖酸(HA)制备DOM并进行超滤分级,然后开展吸附实验,并采用荧光光谱和红外光谱表征等手段,研究了DOM不同分子质量组分对石英砂吸附CBZ的影响及机制。结果表明,以3 000和10 000的超滤膜进行分级后的不同相对分子质量HA结构有明显差别,大分子质量HA中苯环等疏水性结构以及羟基的含量较多,芳香构造化程度高,多为分子量较高、稳定性较好的疏水性有机物,但中、小分子质量HA结构差异不大,含有更多羰基、羧基等含氧官能团,主要是一些分子质量较小的亲水物质; DOM不同分子质量组分对CBZ在石英砂上的吸附有明显影响,其中大分子质量组分促进吸附,而中、小分子质量组分抑制吸附,原因在于大分子质量组分可疏水结合于矿物表面,增加介质表面的活性吸附位点,同时其芳香性或脂肪性结构可与CBZ的疏水基团发生疏水作用共吸附或累积吸附于介质表面,从而促进CBZ的吸附;而中、小分子质量DOM的极性官能团可与CBZ酰胺部分通过极性作用结合,对CBZ分子有增溶作用,从而抑制吸附。  相似文献   

8.
琼果幅、曲德贡幅(1:5万)地质调查新成果及主要进展   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
发现在沙堆组(原甲不拉组)中产有晚白垩世坎潘期-马斯特里赫特期的生物分子．查明郎杰学岩群与涅如组(嘎波组)的物质来源南辕北辙，郎杰学岩群的物源来自北侧冈底斯地区，物源性质具有再循环造山带物源的特点，并伴有岩浆和火山作用的印记，暗示冈底斯板片与喜马拉雅被动大陆边缘在印支造山旋回期间曾发生过拼贴或俯冲消减作用，从而为研究雅鲁藏布江缝合带地质演化提供了新的信息．  相似文献   

9.
本文采用煤岩学方法、热解分析和热模拟实验等，对南华北太原组和山西组腐殖煤进行了显微组分与生烃研究。腐殖煤的生烃量与显微组分组成关系密切，煤中富氢组分愈多，其生烃量愈大。富氢镜质体荧光性较强，具有较高的生油潜力。南华北太原组和山西组腐殖煤的主要生烃组分应是富氢镜质体和壳质组。  相似文献   

10.
郭黔杰  王洁 《中国煤田地质》1990,2(1):33-36,T001
对内蒙扎赉诺尔等硬褐煤煤田的煤岩学研究,发现腐殖组最大反射率(R_max)小于0.5％的煤中,稳定组分就已经开始产生低分子的类石油物质,而这时煤中水分含量(M_ad)仍在20％以上。当煤进入沥青化阶段以后,这些水分的80％以上将被推出。这时,已产生的类石油物质就可以随之一起运移。前沥青化阶段和沥青化早期阶段是“煤成油”的运移最佳时期。而在生油岩产油率最高峰时期,煤中大量生成的低分子油类物质反而大部分被煤自身所吸附。地质过程中的抽提现象使煤成为石油生油母岩的一部分。  相似文献   

11.
The quantity and quality of dissolved organic matters have been widely characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy, yet the relationship between the fluorescence properties of dissolved organic matters and its molecular composition remains poorly described in the literature. Here, we measured the fluorescence excitation–emission matrix of 17 well-characterized humic substance standards to determine a range of fluorescence parameters, including classical fluorescence indices (e.g., fluorescence index, biological index and humification index) and parameters derived from parallel factor analysis (e.g., component contribution). Relationships between humic substance’s fluorescence and compositional parameters were then statistically examined using canonical correspondence and simple correlation analyses. The canonical correspondence analysis generally suggested that most fluorescence parameters determined here are highly associated with the amount of aliphatic and aromatic compounds in humic substances. However, the correlation analysis between single molecular and fluorescence parameters indicated that the fluorescence properties of humic substances including the parallel factor analysis component contribution also significantly correlate well with several aspects of the molecular composition of humic substances, such as elemental composition, carbon species, acidic functional group and iron complexation. Overall, our results suggest that measurement of humic substance’s fluorescence is beneficial in understanding the molecular composition and environmental functions of dissolved organic matters in natural and engineered waters.  相似文献   

12.
《Applied Geochemistry》2006,21(7):1226-1239
Natural organic matter (NOM) from the Han River, Korea was fractionated into humic and non-humic fractions by absorbing onto XAD-7HP, and these fractions were analyzed using UV-absorption, and for dissolved organic C (DOC). The humic fraction (i.e. humic substances; HS) was extracted and its characteristics were compared to commercial humic materials using various spectroscopic methods such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The humic fraction as organic C was 47.0% on the average, however, a rainfall event brought a higher humic fraction into Han River water. The molar ratios of H/C and O/C in the HS from Han River water (HRHS) were 1.40 and 0.76, respectively, and the ratio of aliphatic to aromatic protons in the HS (PAl/PAr ratio) was 5.8. Aromaticity and humification degree (i.e., degree of condensation) of HRHS were relatively lower than those from other humic materials, while the portion of oxygenated functional groups was relatively higher. FT-IR, 1H-NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy showed distinct differences between HRHS and the commercial humic materials. Commercial humic materials are not representative of HS extracted from Han River water. The fluorescence spectra, relatively simple measurements, were found to be most useful as fingerprints for humic materials from particular sources.  相似文献   

13.
Humic substances were isolated from ocean, estuarine water and fresh water using a two column array of XAD-8 and XAD-4 resins in series. The extracted fulvic acids and XAD-4 fraction from different origins were characterized using UV–vis., molecular fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and cross polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS)-13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The isolation procedure allowed us to obtain the necessary amount of sample for characterization, even in the case of open ocean water, which has a very low amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Humic substances from the open ocean showed the lowest chromophore and fluorophore contents and showed relatively greater fluorescence at lower wavelengths than those from fresh water. FTIR and 13C NMR spectra highlighted the idea that humic substances from a marine environment have a more branched aliphatic structure and less aromatic structure than those highly influenced by terrestrial sources. The spectra also suggest that the open ocean humic substances have a higher content of olefinic carbons than aromatic- or alkyl-substituted carbons.  相似文献   

14.
Interactions of mercury (Hg) with different molecular weight fractions of humic substances (HS) play an important role in controlling distribution, diffusion, speciation, and bioavailability of Hg in natural systems. This study suggests that Hg prefers to associate with higher molecular weight fractions of HS and this association particularly predominates at low pH and high ionic strengths of the medium. The concentrations of aggregated HS (with higher molecular weight) become high at lower pH (acidic condition) and high ionic strength. Molecular weight of HS gradually decreases with the increasing pH (basic condition) and low ionic strength of the medium. The disaggregation property of HS which involves the release of monomers from the surface of the aggregates produces HSs of different intermediate molecular weight with different Hg complexing capacity. Distribution of Hg in different molecular weight fractions of HS is dependent on aggregational and disaggregational properties of HS in aquatic medium. Association of Hg with high molecular weight fraction of HS may alter distribution and bioavailability of Hg in a system as the bioreactivity of organic matter decrease along a continuum of size in aquatic medium.  相似文献   

15.
A simple method based on high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) has been developed for rapid quantification of humic and fulvic acids (HA and FA) in stream waters. A Tsk-gel column was used to separate natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) into two components: peak A and B. In terms of HPSEC chromatograms and fluorescence patterns, peak A and B were similar to the corresponding XAD-extracted HA and FA, respectively. It is suggested that peak A fraction mainly consisted of HA, and peak B fraction FA. The similar separation of HA and FA using HPSEC and a conventional XAD method suggests the consistency of molecular size distribution and physical–chemical properties of DOM. HPSEC offers a simple and rapid method for the quantification of HA and FA instead of tedious extractions of humic substances. Analyses of natural water samples show that the calculation of HA/FA based on UV absorbance was under- or over-estimated, the calibration using the extracted HS allows a more accurate quantification. The fast screening of HA and FA provides useful quantitative and qualitative information that can be used in environmental or monitoring studies.  相似文献   

16.
Previous studies showed that water chemistry and concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) could affect its molecular conformation and binding characteristics with hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). However, the conformational change of DOM resultant from water chemistry and concentrations of DOM was not extensively investigated; therefore, the contradictory reports regarding the binding property with HOCs were available in literature. In this study, the effects of ionic strength, pH and DOM concentrations on the fluorescence properties of two humic acids (HA), namely Fluka HA and Amherst HA, were investigated by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3DEEM) and steady-state fluorescence polarization (FP) techniques. The results not only corroborated previous observations obtained by other investigators, but revealed some new information about the fluorescence properties and molecular conformation of the humic acids under different water chemistry and DOM concentration conditions, which could shed light on its binding mechanisms and binding properties with HOCs.  相似文献   

17.
Particulate matter plays an important role in the removal of metal ions from water in natural aquifers. Some of the most important of these materials consist of associations of inorganic particles (clay minerals, oxides) with humic substances, associations that can form readily in such an environment due to the strong affinity between inorganic particles and humic substances. These associations are referred to in this paper as organic-inorganic hybrids. However, it is not clear whether the sorbed species of metal ions in such organic-inorganic hybrids are organic or inorganic species because of the complexity of such hybrids and the lack of appropriate methods for characterizing the trace metal ions incorporated in them. In this study, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIF) was used successfully to characterize the Cm(III) species on an FA(fulvic acid)-montmorillonite hybrid, an example of such organic-inorganic hybrids. The LIF clearly showed that Cm(III) can be sorbed as Cm(III)-fulvate complex in the FA-montmorillonite hybrid. These results were consistent with those of experiments of solid-water partitioning of Cm(III) (or Eu(III) used as an analogue) and speciation calculations based on the stability constants of Cm(III)-fulvate complexes determined in this study. The results of LIF and the partitioning experiments showed that the solid-water distribution of humic substances governed that of Cm(III) under our experimental conditions. The Cm(III) preference for forming Cm(III)-fulvate complexes was also evident under a condition that would be found in a natural aquifer with a fairly low concentration of organic matter in freshwater (dissolved organic carbon: 2 mg/dm3), as determined by our speciation calculations. These findings on the importance of humic substances in the migration of Cm(III) indicate that the clarification of the environmental behavior of humic substances is necessary to understand fully the behavior of Cm(III), or actinide(III) and lanthanide(III) ions, in natural aquifers.  相似文献   

18.
Iron mineral (trans)formation during microbial Fe(III) reduction is of environmental relevance as it can influence the fate of pollutants such as toxic metal ions or hydrocarbons. Magnetite is an important biomineralization product of microbial iron reduction and influences soil magnetic properties that are used for paleoclimate reconstruction and were suggested to assist in the localization of organic and inorganic pollutants. However, it is not well understood how different concentrations of Fe(III) minerals and humic substances (HS) affect magnetite formation during microbial Fe(III) reduction. We therefore used wet-chemical extractions, magnetic susceptibility measurements and X-ray diffraction analyses to determine systematically how (i) different initial ferrihydrite (FH) concentrations and (ii) different concentrations of HS (i.e. the presence of either only adsorbed HS or adsorbed and dissolved HS) affect magnetite formation during FH reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. In our experiments magnetite formation did not occur at FH concentrations lower than 5 mM, even though rapid iron reduction took place. At higher FH concentrations a minimum fraction of Fe(II) of 25-30% of the total iron present was necessary to initiate magnetite formation. The Fe(II) fraction at which magnetite formation started decreased with increasing FH concentration, which might be due to aggregation of the FH particles reducing the FH surface area at higher FH concentrations. HS concentrations of 215-393 mg HS/g FH slowed down (at partial FH surface coverage with sorbed HS) or even completely inhibited (at complete FH surface coverage with sorbed HS) magnetite formation due to blocking of surface sites by adsorbed HS. These results indicate the requirement of Fe(II) adsorption to, and subsequent interaction with, the FH surface for the transformation of FH into magnetite. Additionally, we found that the microbially formed magnetite was further reduced by strain MR-1 leading to the formation of either dissolved Fe(II), i.e. Fe2+, in HEPES buffered medium or Fe(II) carbonate (siderite) in bicarbonate buffered medium. Besides the different identity of the Fe(II) compound formed at the end of Fe(III) reduction, there was no difference in the maximum rate and extent of microbial iron reduction and magnetite formation during FH reduction in the two buffer systems used. Our findings indicate that microbial magnetite formation during iron reduction depends on the geochemical conditions and can be of minor importance at low FH concentrations or be inhibited by adsorption of HS to the FH surface. Such scenarios could occur in soils with low iron mineral or high organic matter content.  相似文献   

19.
碧玺是一种色彩丰富倍受青睐的宝石,同时也可以作为环境矿物用来治理环境.碧玺具独特的自发极化现象,具有表面电场,可以电解水、吸附带电离子、释放空气负离子.这些独特的性质赋予碧玺治理环境的用途,例如吸附污水中重金属离子、降解有极大分子污染物等.人体佩戴碧玺时,这种自发极化现象也会带来一定的保健功效,具有一定的电磁屏蔽效果,促进人体新陈代谢.  相似文献   

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