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1.
中国西南典型地质背景区土壤重金属分布及生态风险特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
中国西南有22.3%的耕地重金属含量超标,区内广泛分布的峨眉山玄武岩和碳酸盐岩被认为是土壤中重金属的主要母质来源。目前,中国西南地区,尤其是峨眉山玄武岩分布区土壤重金属生态风险的研究程度仍有待提升,不同地质背景区(成土母岩)土壤中重金属含量、空间分布与生态风险缺乏对比。本文选择四川省典型地质背景区采集土壤样品,采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱等方法测定重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)含量和pH数据,结合地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,研究了重金属元素的含量、空间分布特征和土壤重金属生态风险。结果表明:(1)玄武岩区土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn的含量高于碳酸盐岩区,也高于四川和全国背景值。各元素含量分别为四川背景值的3.25、1.08、5.08、1.72、1.55、1.63倍和全国背景值的2.60、1.40、6.87、1.47、1.87、1.91倍;(2)As、Cr、Pb的高含量区域与碳酸盐岩分布区对应,Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn的高含量区域与峨眉山玄武岩的空间分布对应;(3)地累积指数表明玄武岩分布区土壤中Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn污染程度高于碳酸盐岩区;(4)研究区内生态危害程度较高的元素为Cd、Cu和Hg;其在玄武岩分布区"强生态危害"及以上的比例比碳酸盐岩区分别高出22.4%、1.15%和26.0%。本研究揭示:(1)研究区内土壤中重金属元素的含量、分布及生态风险与地质背景密切相关;(2)产生这一规律的原因在于母岩中元素含量的差异、成土过程中元素的地球化学行为及元素次生富集等因素综合作用的结果;(3)研究区土壤酸碱度偏低(pH平均值为5.5),需预防土壤进一步酸化引起的重金属活化风险。  相似文献   

2.
息朝庄 《地质与勘探》2022,58(4):822-835
为研究贵州省惠水县农作物-土壤重金属污染现状,采集农作物-根系土、土壤剖面-成土母岩样品,测定Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和pH的含量,选用富集系数、健康风险评估、单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法对农作物-土壤重金属污染现状进行了评价。研究表明：（1）农作物中水稻、玉米和油菜中以Cd累积为主,其次为Pb、Cr、Hg;金钱橘无重金属超标;农作物富集系数中Cd是Pb、As、Cr的几倍至上百倍;经玉米、油菜、金钱橘摄入重金属的人体健康风险很低;水稻中Cd的THQ大于1,对人体的健康有一定的风险;（2）单因子污染指数研究结果说明根系土以Cd污染为主;Ig揭示根系土中Hg、Cd、Cr超标可能受人类活动影响较大;（3）从土壤剖面-成土母岩系统来看,As、Cd、Cu具有继承性,尤其Cd含量在成土母岩、土壤剖面、根系土、农作物中含量超标,有部分来源于成土母岩高背景值。  相似文献   

3.
为探究云南省碳酸盐岩风化区重金属污染特征及分布影响因素,选取云南省宣威市农垦区为研究对象,利用1:5万土地质量地球化学调查成果,通过分析表层土壤重金属元素累积特征及分布规律,并结合土壤理化性质及地形因素等数据,研究驱动农垦区土壤重金属元素富集的影响因素,并利用富集指数法(EF)和潜在生态风险评价(RI)进行污染评价.结...  相似文献   

4.
The effects of humic acid (HA) on heavy metal uptake by herbaceous plants in soil simultaneously contaminated with heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons were investigated. The results showed that HA reduced readily soluble and exchangeable forms of heavy metals in the contaminated soil but increased their plant-available forms. Potential bioavailability and leachability factors became larger than 1 after adding HA to the soil, except for those of Ni, suggesting that more heavy metals could be potentially phytoavailable for plant uptake. Furthermore, HA increased the accumulation of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Ni in the shoots and roots of selected plants. The greatest increase in the accumulation of heavy metals was 264.7 % in the shoot of Festuca arundinacea, with the bioconcentration factor (BCF) increasing from 0.30 to 1.10. Humic acid also increased the BCFs of the roots of Brassica campestris for Ni and Pb. These results suggest that HA amendment could enhance plant uptake of heavy metals, while concurrently reducing heavy metal leachability and preventing subsurface contamination, even in soils simultaneously contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.  相似文献   

5.
This study investigated the status and distribution patterns of selected heavy metals in roadside soils along Irbid-North Shooneh Highway, Jordan. This highway has experienced a growing number of vehicles that are likely to influence the levels of heavy metals in the surrounding agricultural lands. The average concentrations of Cr, Co, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni were 16.0, 36.0, 11.0, 4.0, 79.0, 122.0, and 60.0 mg/kg, respectively. Cd, Pb, and Co showed average levels that are higher than the average world soil background values. Elevated levels of heavy metals were measured in surface soil layer which decreased with depth, and with distance from the roadway. The contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), single ecological risk (Ei), potential ecological risk index (PERI), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) generally indicated that the roadside soils are contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Ni. Heavy metals in soils are of geogenic and anthropogenic origins. Weathering of parent rocks in Wadi Al-Arab catchment is the primary natural source, whereas agrochemicals, vehicle exhausts, degradation of surface wear and paint of vehicles, vehicle wear debris of tire, and brake lining are the main anthropogenic sources of heavy metals.  相似文献   

6.
This study analyzed the concentrations and chemical forms of Zn,Cu,Pb,Sb,Cd and Mn in airborne particles,road dusts and soils collected along three expressways in Jiangxi Province,China,with different traffic densities,and identified the levels and sources of heavy metal contamination.The concentrations of Zn,Cu,Pb,Sb,and Cd except Mn in airborne particles,road dusts and soils were all in direct proportion to traffic volume.Cd concentrations were low compared with other metals.For instance,the concentrations of Zn,Cu,Pb,Sb,Mn and Cd were 6.6,0.7,2.2,0.1,0.1 and 0.1μg·m-3in PM10along the Changjiu Expressway,792.8,241.4,248.3,9.6,340.5and 8.0 mg·kg-1in road dusts,and 201.1,143.2,59.5,9.5,338.9 and 2.3 mg·kg-1in soils,respectively,but in the case of the ratio of concentration to the environmental background value,most serious contamination was caused by Cd.The sources of the heavy metals were judged by comparisons of the chemical forms of the heavy metals in different environmental media.Pb and Mn in airborne particles were both derived from traffic;Pb in road dusts and soils resulted mainly from the use of leaded gasoline in the past;and Mn in road dusts and soils was derived from parent rocks.Zn,Cu,Sb and Cd in airborne particles,road dusts and soils were derived primarily from traffic,and differences in chemical forms of the heavy metals in different media were due to the interaction between heavy metals in airborne particles and organic matter and other surfaces in road dusts and soils.We also discussed the change of chemical forms of heavy metals in particles of different sizes and under different weather conditions.Bioavailability of heavy metals in airborne particles was much higher than that in road dusts and soils,especially Pb(0.676 in airborne particles,0.159 in road dusts and 0.095 in soils).  相似文献   

7.
Eleven surface soil samples from calcareous soils of industrial areas in Hamadan Province, western Iran were analyzed for total concentrations of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu and Pb and were sequentially extracted into six fractions to determine the bioavailability of various heavy metal forms. Total Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu and Pb concentrations of the contaminated soils were 658 (57–5,803), 125.8 (1.18–1,361), 45.6 (30.7–64.4), 29.7 (11.7–83.5) and 2,419 (66–24,850) mg kg−1, respectively. The soils were polluted with Zn, Pb, and Cu to some extent and heavily polluted with Cd. Nickel values were not above regulatory limits. Copper existed in soil mainly in residual (RES) and organic (OM) fractions (about 42 and 33%, respectively), whereas Zn occurred essentially as RES fraction (about 69%). The considerable presence of Cd (30.8%) and Pb (39%) in the CARB fraction suggests these elements have high potential biavailability and leachability in soils from contaminated soils. The mobile and bioavailable (EXCH and CARB) fractions of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb in contaminated soils averaged (7.3, 40.4, 16, 12.9 and 40.8%), respectively, which suggests that the mobility and bioavailability of the five metals probably decline in the following order: Cd = Pb > Ni > Cu > Zn.  相似文献   

8.
The spatial variability of soil heavy metals in conventional and organic greenhouse vegetable production (CGVP and OGVP) systems can reveal the influence of different farming activities on their accumulation and plant uptake. This provides important basic data for soil utilization and pollution risk assessment. Based on horizontal and vertical spatial analysis, this paper presents the spatial variability and accumulation of soil heavy metals. The effects on plant uptake and factors influencing heavy metal accumulation are presented using the two typical greenhouse vegetable sites in Nanjing City, China as examples. Results showed that different greenhouse vegetable production systems had their own dominant heavy metal accumulation, specifically, Hg and Pb in CGVP system and Cd in OGVP system. The spatial analysis showed that horizontally, distribution of soil properties and heavy metal concentrations in the two sites showed decreases from specific regions to the periphery for organic matter (OM), Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn in CGVP and OM, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn in OGVP. Vertically, soil properties and heavy metals mainly vary in the topsoil. The key factor for the accumulation was excess fertilizer input. Variation of soil properties and the accumulation of soil heavy metals significantly influenced heavy metal uptake by plants. However, accumulation risk varied according to different heavy metals and different plant species. Environmental management of these two kinds of production systems should pay more attention to fertilizer application, plant selection, and soil properties.  相似文献   

9.
小秦岭金矿区土壤重金属生物有效性与影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
张开军  魏迎春  徐友宁 《地质通报》2014,33(8):1182-1187
土壤中重金属生物有效性与影响因素分析是土壤重金属风险管控的关键问题。通过实地调查、现场采样、实验测试、综合分析等方法,分析了研究区100km2内Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu、Zn七种重金属元素的有效态含量特征,研究了这些重金属有效态含量之间、有效态含量与全量、有效态与土壤pH、有机质含量、粒度等基本理化参数之间的相关性,分析了重金属污染来源。结果表明,土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu、Zn七种重金属有效态的平均含量分别为2.29mg/kg、594mg/kg、2.52mg/kg、6.30mg/kg、2.16mg/kg、48.14mg/kg、50.21mg/kg,其变异系数大小为:HgPbCuZnCdAsCr。Hg的变异系数最大,是由于金矿选矿活动采用混汞法提金排放的尾矿堆(库)分布不均。Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn有效态量与全量之间均存在显著的相关性;土壤有机质与重金属有效态之间存在显著的相关性;土壤pH与有效态重金属之间存在显著的负相关性;土壤粒度对重金属有效态的累积影响不明显。  相似文献   

10.
The objective of this study was to conduct an inventory of heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the soils of La Réunion. 39 sampling sites were selected to cover the distribution of soils of the island. The results show that soils of La Réunion are rich in heavy metals: most of them exceed the French standard values beyond which sewage sludge spreading is not authorized. To identify the sources of heavy metals, we used: (i) the relationship between the heavy metal content in soils and the origin of the volcanic parent material; (ii) the comparison of heavy metal content between cultivated and uncultivated soils; and (iii) the heavy metal distribution in soil profiles. Cd and Pb evolution in soil profiles indicate an impact of human activities. High Hg concentrations in soils can be explained by the volcanic activity of the island. For Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn, we demonstrate that high concentrations in soils are mainly determined by the natural pedo-geochemical background.  相似文献   

11.
某矿区土壤重金属分布特征及来源解析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探究赣南某矿区土壤重金属污染状况及来源,以该矿区内40个土壤样品为研究对象,分析了土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As和Hg等8种重金属元素的含量,并采用频率直方图、相关性分析、主成分分析等多种统计方法探究了土壤重金属含量的分布特征及来源。研究结果表明:(1)研究区8种重金属中有7种不同程度地超过了江西省土壤重金属元素背景值;(2)Pb、Zn、As和Hg的含量接近正态分布,而Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd的含量则呈现出右偏分布的趋势,这可能与研究区矿山开采活动及土地利用类型等因素有关;(3)矿区土壤重金属相关性分析表明,Cu、Cr、Ni的同源性较高,可能具有相同的污染源,而Pb、Zn、Cd等元素与Cu、Cr、Ni相比,其来源可能存在一定的差异;(4)主成分分析结果显示,矿区内土壤中8种重金属元素含量可以由2个主成分来解释,所代表的实际意义按贡献率排序分别是成土母质和人为采矿活动;(5)矿区内土壤重金属污染物主要为Pb、Zn、Cd,人为采矿活动是这三种重金属污染的主要来源。  相似文献   

12.
This study determines extractable levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Co in western Almería (Spain) greenhouse surface soil horizons using EDTA solution, which is identified as the fraction available for organisms and plants. It also establishes background levels, geochemical baseline concentration and reference values (RV), and investigates the possible relationships between soil properties and elemental concentrations. The results show that the soil concentration of these extractable heavy metals was high as those reported by other authors for Spanish agricultural soils. The available RV concentrations obtained (mg kg−1) were: Cd 0.17, Cu 1.6, Pb 13.8, Zn 5.0 Ni 1.7 and Co 2.9. Using the upper baseline criterion, 95% of greenhouse soils present a relatively higher content of extractable heavy metals given their Cd and Cu concentration. Significant correlations between total and EDTA-extractable metal levels were found for Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd and Ni. Soil properties also related to heavy metals content, suggesting that Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are of similar origin and relate to anthropic activities, and implies the same interactions and/or relationships among these metals.  相似文献   

13.
固体聚合膜电解浓集法是浓缩氚含量较低(1 Bq/m~3)的天然水样的常用方法,但因水样自身含有杂质离子或电解装置聚合膜带入杂质进入浓集液,使浓集液偏酸性,在测量过程中易产生化学淬灭效应,导致氚的测量值偏低。本文研究了水样自身存在的杂质离子和聚合膜上残留的杂质离子、样品溶液的pH值及其电导率所产生的化学淬灭效应的影响,实验表明,为减少化学淬灭效应,提高测量低含量氚的准确性,需保证水样溶液呈中性,电导率≤1μS/cm,同时避免杂质沉积在聚合膜上。如果水样溶液的pH值偏酸性、电导率大于1μS/cm,可采用酸碱混合型离子交换树脂去除水样中自身的杂质;对于聚合膜引入的杂质,可在电解后的水样中加入微量氨水将其pH值调节至中性。  相似文献   

14.
The absorption and accumulation of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in some endurant weed plant species that survived in an old smeltery in Liaoning, China, were systematically investigated. Potential hyperaccumulative characteristics of these species were also discussed. The results showed that metal accumulation in plants differed with species, tissues and metals. Endurant weed plants growing in this contaminated site exhibited high metal adaptability. Both the metal exclusion and detoxification tolerance strategies were involved in the species studied. Seven species for Pb and four species for Cd were satisfied for the concentration time level standard for hyperaccumulator. Considering translocation factor (TF) values, one species for Pb, seven species for Zn, two species for Cu and five species for Cd possessed the characteristic of hyperaccumulator. Particularly, Abutilon theophrasti Medic, exhibited strong accumulative ability to four heavy metals. Although enrichment coefficients of all samples were lesser than 1 and the absolute concentrations didn’t reach the standard, species mentioned above were primarily believed to be potential hyperaccumulators.  相似文献   

15.
In a reconnaissance study, trace amounts of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were determined in “A-zone” soil from 22 locations in the Dayton, Ohio, area. Soil samples were collected at high-volume air monitoring sites in urban, suburban, and rural areas. Measurable amounts of the elements were found in all of the samples. Positive correlations occur between each metal and particulate matter, with correlation coefficients of aboutr=0.70, at the 99% confidence level. Natural background values for the elements were measured in soil from rural areas. Theoretical background values, which are very close to those measured, were calculated from the individual regression equations. Natural background levels do not exceed 1.00 ppm Cd, 15 ppm Cu, 25 ppm Pb, and 55 ppm Zn. The heavy metal contents of most soils in the area exceed background by factors of up to 3.0 for Cd, up to 4.5 for Cu, up to 11 for Pb, and up to 4.5 for Zn. Significant positive correlations among the metals suggest a common source (or sources) for at least some, if not most, of the heavy metals. For the most part, the highest metal values are found in soils near coal-burning plants. Fly ash from a local plant contains substantial amounts of the elements. The high lead values are largely due to vehicular exhaust. However, there is evidence that the metals can also come from the normal deterioration of vehicles. It appears that airborne pollution is an important source of heavy metals in Dayton area soils.  相似文献   

16.
Heavy metal pollution in vegetable-growing soils is of increasing concern due to the potential health risk via food chain. The present study aimed at assessing the potential ecological risk (RI) of heavy metals (HMs) in the vegetable-growing soils collected from Fujian Province, China, and identifying the potential sources with multivariable methods including correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA). The concentrations of HMs including Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, Cu, Zn, and Ni in 160 soils collected from 25 sites of vegetable-growing land in Fujian Province, China, are measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and hydrogen generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometer, respectively. Results show that most of the soil samples have been seriously contaminated with HMs, especially the metals of Hg, Cd, and Pb, compared with both of the background values of soils in Fujian Province and the limitation of total HMs in soil environmental quality for edible agricultural products set in China (HJ 332-2006). The indexes of RI indicate that only 8% of the 25 sites are environmentally safe, whereas according to the present study 28% of the sampling sites are heavily contaminated with HMs with 628–1,076 of the RI values. Based on PCA analysis, Zn, Cd, and Pb associated with PC1 are found to derive from anthropogenic sources, especially the local industrial activities, such as porcelain plants in Dehua, zinc metallurgical plants in Nan’an, and sewage irrigation from industrial estate in Taijiang. The concentrations of As, Ni, and Cu loaded in PC2 are found to be mainly controlled by natural factors (i.e., the lithogenic process of natural parent soils). Hg in PC3 is also found to originate from the anthropogenic sources, such as local coal combustion in Longhai and industrial activities in Cangshan. However, Cr in PC3 is mainly derived from the lithogenic sources.  相似文献   

17.
《China Geology》2020,3(3):402-410
This paper focuses on the heavy metal enrichment and heavy metal pollution degree associated with mining activities in some crops and the soils of different parent materials in the Xiaoqinling Gold Belt. According to the geochemical analysis results of the soils observed in the gold belt, the soils are most highly enriched in Pb, followed by Cr, Cu, and Zn. Furthermore, they are relatively poor in Hg, Cd, and As. It is also shown that the heavy metals in all kinds of soils have the same geochemical characteristics in the gold belt. As for the crops (such as corn and wheat) in the gold belt, Zn and Cu are the most abundant elements, followed by Pb and Cr. Meanwhile, Hg, Cd, and As were found to have relatively low concentrations in the crops. The heavy metals in wheat and corn have the same geochemical characteristics in the gold belt in general. Compared to the aeolian loess soils and the crops therein, heavy metals are more enriched in diluvial and alluvial soils and the crops therein. As shown by relevant studies, the Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn pollution are mainly caused by mining activities. Corn and wheat in the gold belt have a high tendency of risk exposure to heavy metal pollution since they are mostly affected by mining activities and feature high background values of heavy metal concentrations. Furthermore, wheat is more liable to be enriched in heavy metals than corn is grown in all types of soils. The Hg pollution in soils leads to Hg accumulation, increasing the risk of Hg uptake in crops, and further affecting human health. This study will provide a scientific basis for the control and management of heavy metals in farmland soils of mining areas.  相似文献   

18.
This study focused on the influence of base metal mining on heavy metal levels in soils and plants in the vicinity of Arufu lead-zinc mine, Nigeria. Soil samples (0-15 cm depth) and plant samples were collected from cul-tivated farmlands in and around the mine, the unmineralized site and a nearby forest (the control site). The samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd) by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The physical properties of soils (pH and LOI) were also measured. Results showed that soils from cultivated farm-lands have neutral pH values (6.5-7.5), and low organic matter contents (10%). Levels of Zn, Pb and Cd in culti-vated soils were higher than the concentrations obtained from the control site. These heavy metals are most probably sourced from mining and agricultural activities in the study area. Heavy metal concentrations measured in plant parts decreased in the order of rice leavescassava tuberspeelings. In the same plant species, metal levels decreased in the order of ZnFeMnCuPbCrCd. Most heavy metals were found in plant parts at average concentrations normally observed in plants grown in uncontaminated soil, however, elevated concentrations of Pb and Cd were found in a few cassava samples close to the mine dump. A stepwise linear regression analysis identified soil metal contents, pH and LOI as some of the factors influencing soil-plant metal uptake.  相似文献   

19.
Monitoring of heavy metal transfers, aerial deposition and fluvial transport to soil, stream sediment and vegetation compartments surrounding two former PbZn mines are reported. Results show that 80–100 a after the closure of the mines relatively large amounts of Cd, Pb, Zn and, in once case, Cu are entering the soil and fluvial systems.Aerial deposition of heavy metals within a 300 m radius of the centre of the tailings heaps is shown to be contributing up to 3.3 kg Cd, 71 kg Cu, 373 kg Pb and 1041 kg Zn annually to the surrounding soil and vegetation compartments. It is shown that more than 4.2 kg Cd/a and 1387 kg Zn/a are being transferred from the tailings heaps via the streams in the form of dissolved load. However, the greatest quantities of Cu (38 kg/a) and Pb (74 kg/a) are transported from the heaps as wash load. Transfers calculated as percentages of the total metal quantities in the tailings heaps highlight the greater relative mobility within the fluvial system of Cd and Zn compared to Cu and Pb. Outside of the tailings heaps, the greatest accumulation of metals is in the surrounding soil, while the smallest was observed to occur in the surrounding mixed grassland vegetation.The most important implications of these findings are in the long-term release and partitioning of pollutant metal species from historic metalliferous mine tailings within the terrestrial and fluvial environments. This information is of major ecotoxicological and agronomic importance and is necessary for the effective reclamation and remediation of such contaminated sites.  相似文献   

20.
 Extensive irrigation by the effluents released from a paper mill near Nanjangud have led to the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil and different parts of the paddy crops. In this paper, the physicochemical characteristics of paper mill effluents and the accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Cd, Cr, and Ni) in the soil and different parts (root, leaf, and seed) of the paddy crops growing in the irrigated area are described and compared with the soil and paddy crops irrigated by natural waters (unpolluted). Chemical and biological oxygen demands of wastewater were found to be 437 and 1070 ppm respectively, which are beyond the tolerance limits set by Indian standards. The total dissolved and suspended solids are 1754 and 900 ppm respectively. The concentration of heavy metals (except Zn) in the seeds is remarkably less than that in the roots and leaves of the paddy crops. The heavy metal uptake by plants shows the greatest accumulation of Cu, Cr, Co, and Pb in the roots; Cd and Ni in the leaves; and Zn in the seeds of rice. The heavy metal content of the soil and their total uptake by paddy roots has the relation: Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd and Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd. Survival of paddy crops irrigated by polluted waters indicates tolerance to toxic heavy metals. In conclusion, since in many tropical countries the common diet of people is rice, the accumulation of toxic heavy metals in rice may lead to health disorders. Received: 18 July 1995 / Accepted: 24 February 1997  相似文献   

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