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1.
天山南坡台兰河流域冰川物质平衡变化及其对径流的影响 总被引：22，自引：29，他引：22
应用控制流域的径流及相关降水资料 ,通过模型重建了台兰河流域平均冰川物质平衡序列 .结果显示 ,195 7— 2 0 0 0年流域冰川平均年物质平衡为 - 2 87mm ,累计冰川物质平衡 - 12 .6m ;4 4a来由于气温升温引起的冰川净消融相当于每年补给河流径流 1.2 4× 10 8m3 ,占河流年径流量的 15 % .1982年以后 ,流域冰川物质平衡一直呈负平衡 ,195 7— 1981年平均物质平衡为 - 16 8mm·a-1,1982—2 0 0 0年平均为 - 4 4 5mm·a-1.随着气候由暖干向暖湿转型 ,降水量增加 ,但冰川对气温的敏感性更大 ,冰川消融加快 ,冰川融水量持续增加 .气温和降水量的变化与北大西洋涛动和北极涛动变化一致 ,其突变年份都在 1986— 1988年左右 . 相似文献
2.
祁连山北坡流域冰川物质平衡波动及其对河西水资源的影响 总被引：16，自引：27，他引：16
祁连山北坡各流域发育有现代冰川 2 166条 ,总面积 13 0 8km2 ,冰储量 60km3,冰川融水补给河流约 8× 10 8m3·a-1,占河西地表总径流量的 11% .近 4 0a来 ,东段石羊河流域冰川物质平衡 (Bn)呈较大负平衡 ,Bn在 - 80～ - 12 0mm间 ;西段的讨勒河、疏勒河和党河流域冰川具正物质平衡 ,Bn在+ 5 0～ + 90mm ;黑河流域的冰川处于过渡区 ,其冰川物质平衡多年平均在 - 4 0～ + 4 0mm间 .冰川物质平衡的变化直接影响着河流径流的变化 ,洪水坝河、党河和昌马河的冰川融水补给率达 3 0～ 4 0 %以上 ,东大河、大渚马河、马营河和讨勒河的补给率在 12 %～ 14 %之间 ,而西营河和梨园河仅有 7%左右 .冰川物质平衡逐年变化显示 ,2 0世纪 5 0～ 70年代冰川以负物质平衡为主 ,80年代开始向正的平衡开始转化 ,90年代以正平衡为主 ,主要是冬季气温上升引起的降雪量增加的结果 .在全球气温变暖情景下 ,东段冰川物质平衡将呈增加的趋势 ,西段冰川物质平衡将呈下降的趋势 ,将使西段以冰川融水补给的河流径流增加 ,而东段石羊河流域径流下降明显 . 相似文献
3.
天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川物质平衡高度变化特征及其对径流的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1980-2010年的物质平衡、水文气象实测资料,分析了1号冰川1980-2010年的各高度带物质平衡特征,进而分析了1984-2010年纯积累和纯消融的变化特点及其与气象要素、冰川融水径流变化的关系.结果表明:1号冰川物质平衡处于持续的负平衡,纯积累量与年降水的相关系数为-0.16,纯消融量与年均温的相关系数为0.61,与夏季(6-8月)气温的相关系数为0.78.2010年1号冰川为有观测记录以来的最强消融年(bn=-1 327 mm),整个冰川处于消融区(平衡线高度大于海拔4 484 m,积累区面积为0),同时东、西支冰川各高度区间的物质平衡变化也与往年度显著不同,说明2010年是1号冰川物质平衡变化的特殊年份,也有可能1号冰川的物质平衡变化进入了一个新的亏损变化阶段.对其径流数据的分析还表明,温度对径流的影响大于降水对径流的影响. 相似文献
4.
1961—2006年叶尔羌河上游流域冰川融水变化及其对径流的影响 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
叶尔羌河是塔里木河的主源之一,发源于喀喇昆仑山北坡,冰川融水是其主要补给.以叶尔羌河流域库鲁克栏杆水文站以上流域国家气象台站的月降水与月气温资料、90 m分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)以及1970年代的冰川分布矢量数据为基础,利用冰川度日因子融水径流模型重建了叶尔羌河上游流域平均冰川物质平衡、冰川融水径流序列,分析了叶尔羌河上游流域冰川融水径流变化的特征、趋势及其对河流径流的影响.结果表明:1961—2006年流域冰川平均年物质平衡为-163.1 mm,累积物质平衡为-7.5 m,平衡线平均海拔为5 395.7 m.1991年之后流域冰川物质平衡呈显著负平衡,平均年物质平衡为-301.2 mm,1991—2006年与1961—1990年相比平衡线平均高度上升了64.2 m.1961—2006年流域年平均冰川融水径流深为807.7 mm,冰川融水对河流径流的补给比重为51.3%;2000年之后冰川融水对河流径流的补给比重增大到63.3%,与多年平均值相比冰川融水对河流径流的贡献在2000年后明显增大. 相似文献
5.
天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1959-2009年物质平衡变化过程及特征研究 总被引：8，自引：7，他引：1
以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1958/1959—2008/2009年度物质平衡资料为基础,研究了冰川的物质平衡变化过程及特征.结果表明:51a来1号冰川物质平衡经历了9次负平衡波动和9次正平衡波动,负平衡年与正平衡年之比为35∶16,负平衡年平均物质平衡-450mm,正平衡年平均物质平衡130mm,多年平均物质平衡-267mm.1997—2008年,该冰川连续12a的物质平衡观测结果均为负平衡年,并且总体上处于数值很大的强负平衡,直至2008年出现了历史上最大的负平衡,物质平衡量为-999mm.1959—2009年,累积亏损达-13 646mm(约-2 402.6×104 m3),即冰川平均较之1959年减薄了15.2m,这种长时期连续物质亏损状态对1号冰川是一个严峻的考验. 相似文献
6.
近期小冬克玛底冰川物质平衡变化及其影响因素分析 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
冰川物质平衡是反映冰川状况最为直接、 可靠的参数.基于2008-2012年小冬克玛底冰川花杆和雪坑实测的物质平衡资料以及相关的气象资料, 获取了小冬克玛底冰川物质平衡数据并对其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明: 2009-2012年冰川末端共退缩19.7 m, 年均退缩量为4.9 m, 是1990年代中末期的2.3倍; 平衡线高度为5 720 m, 相比1990年代初的海拔5 600 m上升了120 m.与1995年相比, 冰川面积减少了0.095 km2, 末端海拔从5 380 m上升到5 420 m. 2008-2012年小冬克玛底冰川物质平衡总量为-1 584 mm w.e., 相当于冰川整体减薄1.76 m. 2009/2010年度物质平衡量为-996 mm w.e., 是小冬克玛底冰川有观测记录以来的最大负平衡值, 夏季平均气温偏高和青藏公路维修导致表面反照率急剧降低是主要原因.对影响冰川物质平衡的因素分析结果表明, 气温特别是夏季气温和净辐射是小冬克玛底冰川物质变化的主要影响因素. 相似文献
7.
天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川面积变化对物质平衡计算的影响 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4
应用天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川8期不同时期测绘的冰川地形图,结合冰川物质平衡的实测资料,研究了1号冰川的面积变化及其对物质平衡计算的影响.结果表明:自1962年以来,1号冰川面积处于持续的退缩状态.到2008年8月为止,1号冰川东、西支已经分别退缩了208.2m和110.5m,同时冰川面积退缩为1.645km2,比196... 相似文献
8.
天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川物质平衡特征 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
统计了天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川自1980年以来冰川表面的单点物质平衡,分析了不同季节物质平衡及其冰川变化特征。研究表明,1号冰川厚度较之1959年平均减薄了9 599 mm;1997—2002年为实际观测以来连续的强负物质平衡时段,平均物质平衡为-739.6 mm /a。物质平衡与气温、降水的相关分析显示：1号冰川物质平衡主要取决于夏季平均气温的高低,二者具有较好的反相关关系（相关系数为-0.72）,而与降水的关系相对较差。20世纪80年代末以来,1号冰川退缩速度明显增大,尤以2000—2002年为甚,西支冰川退缩速度为连续的高值(退缩速度分别为6.92 m/a、6.95 m/a和6.25 m/a);东支冰川的退缩速度与高度大于4 200 m的高度带区间的平均物质平衡值有较好的相关关系（相关系数为0.65）,表明了1号冰川进退的动力主要源于冰川积累区的物质平衡大小。 相似文献
9.
1957-2006年天山萨雷扎兹库玛拉克河流域冰川物质平衡变化及其对河流水资源的影响 总被引：11，自引：7，他引：4
天山南坡的萨雷扎兹-库玛拉克河流域在中国阿克苏河协合拉水文站以上面积为12816km2,发育有冰川3195.41km2,冰川覆盖率25%.根据1957—2006年流域站点观测的降水、气温及其径流资料,通过最大熵方法计算了流域冰川物质平衡的逐年变化.结果表明:流域冰川径流深约为895mm,全流域河川径流深为381.3mm,冰川融水占协合拉站控制流量的58.65%,冰川融水变化对流域水资源量的影响非常明显.1957—2006年平均年径流量为48.64×108m3,径流在1993年后急剧增加,1994—2006年的平均年径流量比1957—1993年的增加了10.56×108m3,即增加了23%.由于负物质平衡消耗了大量过去积累的冰川冰,冰川融化对河流额外补给.初步计算,在过去50a由于气温升高引起的冰川净消融额外补给河流的径流量达309.47×108m3,相当于每年径流增加达6.19×108m3,约为年径流量的13%.1957—1993年流域冰川消融对河流的额外净补给量为5.3×108m3,占河流总径流量的11%;1994—2006年流域冰川消融对河流的额外净补给量为8.8×108m3,占河流总径流量的18%.随着... 相似文献
10.
全球变暖背景下海螺沟冰川近百年的变化 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
海螺沟冰川是我国典型的温冰川之一,对100 a来各种观测资料的分析发现:海螺沟冰川自1823年以来末端海拔上升300 m,年均升高1.64 m,20世纪以来末端海拔上升速度加快;在20世纪呈现明显的退缩变化,76 a冰川后退1 821.8 m,年均后退24 m.运用冰川学方法恢复了海螺沟冰川45a来的物质平衡变化,45 a累积物质平衡值为-10 825.5 mm(水当量),年均平衡值为-240.6 mm(水当量).在全球变暖影响下,冰川雪线不断上升,冰川活动强烈,导致冰面形态发生了明显变化,具体表现为:冰川厚度不断变薄、大冰瀑布上出现巨大塌陷洞穴、冰面丘融化变形、冰面径流不断变大、冰川弧拱区裂隙密布等,冰川内部的径流冲刷和冰川表面的剧烈消融是海螺沟冰川表面形态发生显著变化的主要机制.总之,在全球变暖背景下,该冰川表现出以亏损为特征的退缩变化趋势. 相似文献
11.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
12.
奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
13.
S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
14.
Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources. 相似文献
15.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
16.
《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献
17.
18.
The Samchampi-Samteran alkaline igneous complex (SAC) is a near circular, plug-like body approximately 12 km2 area and is emplaced into the Precambrian gneissic terrain of the Karbi Anglong district of Assam. The host rocks, which
are exposed in immediate vicinity of the intrusion, comprise granite gneiss, migmatite, granodiorite, amphibolite, pegmatite
and quartz veins.
The SAC is composed of a wide variety of lithologies identified as syenitic fenite, magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock,
alkali pyroxenite, ijolite-melteigite, carbonatite, nepheline syenite with leucocratic and mesocratic variants, phonolite,
volcanic tuff, phosphatic rock and chert breccia.
The magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock was generated as a cumulus phase owing to the partitioning of Ti, Fe at a shallow
level magma chamber (not evolved DI = O1). The highly alkaline hydrous fluid activity indicated by the presence of strongly
alkalic minerals in carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks suggests that the composition of original melt was more alkalic
than those now found and represent a silica undersaturated ultramafic rock of carbonated olivine-poor nephelinite which splits
with falling temperature into two immiscible fractions—one ultimately crystallises as alkali pyroxenite/ijolite and the other
as carbonatite. The spatial distribution of varied lithotypes of SAC and their genetic relationships suggests that the silicate
and carbonate melts, produced through liquid immiscibility, during ascent generated into an array of lithotypes and also reaction
with the country rocks by alkali emanations produced fenitic aureoles (nephelinisation process). Isotopic studies (δ18O and δ13C) on carbonatites of Samchampi have indicated that the δ13C of the source magma is related to contamination from recycled carbon. 相似文献
19.
蓝晶石矿中氟钠镁铝硅铁钛钾钙元素的X射线荧光光谱分析 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
蓝晶石的分析通常采用碱熔体系,重量、容量、比色、原子吸收光谱法、离子选择电极法等多种分析手段进行单独测定,对含有刚玉、金红石矿物的难熔性蓝晶石样品,这种分析方法常因熔矿不完全而导致测定结果偏低,而且分析手续冗长,操作复杂,不能满足地质测试的需要。本文采用玻璃熔融法制样,建立了X射线荧光光谱法同时测定蓝晶石矿中F、Na、Mg、Al、Si、Fe、Ti等主量元素的分析方法。以不同矿种的标准物质和自制含多种矿物组分的蓝晶石管理样拟合校准曲线,对玻璃熔融法的稀释比、熔矿温度及对F元素的影响因素等测定条件进行优化,确定选择样品与四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂混合熔剂的稀释比为1:10,在1050℃温度下实际样品熔矿完全,各元素的分析结果与化学分析法的测定值基本吻合。方法检出限小于0.05%,方法精密度(RSD, n=7)小于4.5%。本法操作简单,重现性好,准确可靠,解决了难熔样品的熔矿问题,同时也很好地解决了传统方法费时、耗材、不能同时测定多元素的问题。 相似文献
20.
Geochemistry of groundwater,Markandeya River Basin,Belgaum district,Karnataka State,India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Markandeya River Basin stretches geographically from 15o56′ to 16o08′ N latitude and 74o37′ to 74o58′ E longitude, positioned in the midst of Belgaum district, in the northern part of Karnataka. The groundwater quality of 54 pre-monsoon samples in the Markandeya River Basin was evaluated for its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes by estimating pH, EC, TDS, hardness and alkalinity besides major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3–, Cl–, SO42–, PO43-, F-, NO3–), boron, SAR, % Na, RSC, RSBC, chlorinity index, SSP, non-carbonate hardness, Potential Salinity, Permeability Index, Kelley’s ratio, Magnesium hazard and Index of Base Exchange. Negative Index of Base Exchange indicates the chloro-alkaline disequilibrium in the study area and the majority of water samples fall in the rock dominance field based on Gibbs’ ratio. Permeability indices of classes I and II suggest suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Based on Cl, SO4, HCO3 concentrations, water samples can be classified as normal chloride (96.3%) and normal sulfate (94.4%) and normal bicarbonate (44.4%) water types. 相似文献