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辽西义县盆地下白垩统义县组大康堡沉积层分布范围广,为"热河生物群"的重要产出层位。通过对王家沟西山典型剖面的沉积学研究,识别出11种岩相类型,包括基质支撑砾岩相、凝灰质中-粗粒砂岩相、平行层理中-细砂岩相等,并将该时期的湖泊沉积划分为滨浅湖和深-半深湖环境。分析大康堡层垂向序列特征及纹泥特征,将该时期的湖泊演化划分为4个阶段:早期浅水湖泊沉积,见大量浅水生物化石;中期深-半深湖沉积,处于相对封闭-半封闭的状态,盐度增加;晚期湖泊水体变浅,水文动力条件增强,盐度降低;末期深-半深湖环境,纹泥指示陆源碎屑供给极少,降水较少。湖泊的演化过程受古气候控制明显。 相似文献
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以在江汉盆地西缘宜昌张家坳一带等地测制的4个下白垩统五龙组剖面为基础,笔者通过精细划分岩性组合和沉积构造分析等方法,识别出张家坳一带的五龙组一段和二段下部10种典型的岩相类型及岩相组合类型。根据岩相组合类型,进一步识别出6种属于砾质辫状河典型构型单元,分别为辫状河道、心滩、漫滩、废弃河道、决口扇和决口河道沉积构型单元,但是整体上以辫状河道和心滩构型单元为主。五龙组辫状河沉积在张家坳、土城一带为砾质近源辫状河沉积特征,与冲积扇关系密切,发育在河流的上游地段,主要分布于盆地边缘,物源来自西北部的黄陵背斜剥蚀区,而在向家嘴和三溪口一带相变为砂质辫状河沉积。 相似文献
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在野外剖面实测和室内分析的基础上, 对冀北森吉图盆地义县组沉积地层的岩性、沉积构造和古生物特征等进行了详细的研究, 并分析了其沉积环境。结果表明冀北森吉图盆地经历了沉积环境的巨大变化, 岩相类型和岩石组合频繁更替, 表现出快速沉积充填盆地的演化过程。其沉积环境主要可以分为河流沉积和湖泊沉积两种类型, 每一个沉积旋回都是以洪积扇到河流相沉积开始, 向湖泊相沉积演化, 湖泊沉积阶段主要以湖水相对动荡的滨浅湖沉积为主。同时发现火山作用对该时期沉积环境有较大的影响。 相似文献
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豫西济源中三叠世油房庄组下部发育曲流河沉积，以细砂、粉砂和粉砂质泥岩为主，局部含泥砾和粗砂岩。根据Miall的岩相分类法，油房庄组发育有17种岩相，主要有Sts、Sps、Sws、Fh、Fr、Fc、Ch和Cr等，可归纳为代表曲流河不同发展阶段的7种岩相组合类型。根据岩相类型和沉积构造特征，曲流河沉积识别出3个沉积亚相和8个沉积微相，其中河道亚相包括河道滞留沉积微相和边滩沉积微相；堤岸亚相包括天然堤沉积微相和决口扇沉积微相；洪泛平原亚相由近端洪泛平原沉积微相、远端洪泛平原沉积微相、永久性河漫湖泊微相和暂时性河漫湖泊微相组成。研究区河流曲率P为0.64，属于低弯度曲流河沉积。 相似文献
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辽西下白垩统义县组湖相碳酸盐岩及其沉积环境研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
辽西地区下白垩统义县组是热河生物群产出的主要地层，其中产出大量精美的生物化石，但是由于受到后期构造破坏和风化作用影响，难以开展野外工作，热河生物群产出的古地理环境及盆地沉积环境的研究程度仍然较低。该组地层中湖相碳酸盐岩比较发育，本次工作主要对辽西义县组老公沟—金刚山剖面4个沉积层中产出的多层湖相碳酸盐岩沉积层进行了深入研究。通过野外工作结合室内镜下鉴定，分析了义县组湖相碳酸盐岩的产出状态和岩石类型，划分出5个岩相类型和两个相组合。结合野外实测剖面中碳酸盐岩与其它沉积岩层的组合关系对义县组湖相碳酸盐沉积环境进行了探讨，发现义县组湖相碳酸盐岩主要为洪水—漫湖沉积体系中较浅的储水洼地和滨浅湖半咸水沉积环境，并建立了义县组湖相碳酸盐岩沉积相模式。 相似文献
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砾质辫状河型冲积扇岩相类型、成因及分布规律 ——以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
冲积扇砂砾岩储层是准噶尔盆地一类重要的油气储层类型，由于其具岩相类型多、连续性差等特点，对冲积扇内部岩相成因解释一直是冲积扇相带认知的基础和难点。以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例，在大量的野外露头资料和粒度分析数据的基础上，结合冲积扇源区母岩类型、水文资料以及冲积扇文献资料，对现代白杨河冲积扇岩相的类型、成因及分布规律进行探讨。按沉积机制，白杨河冲积扇属于辫状河型冲积扇，具有规模大（扇体总面积约327.6 km2），坡度平缓（约1‰~7‰），沉积粒度粗等特征。在白杨河冲积扇内共可识别出16种岩相类型，并根据岩相形成的流体动力差异划归为5类成因，即重力流成因、高流态牵引流成因、低流态牵引流成因、静水沉积成因以及风成沉积成因。重力流以洪流沉积为主；高流态牵引流主要包括片流沉积和湍流沉积；低流态牵引流以砂（砾）质河道沉积为主；静水沉积以蓄水细粒沉积为主；风成沉积以风携细粒沉积为主。根据各岩相沉积构造、粒度特征及展布规模，可将岩相划分为四类:Ⅰ类岩相沉积构造特征明显并具有较大展布规模；Ⅱ类岩相沉积构造特征明显但展布规模局限；Ⅲ类岩相为不具层理构造但具有较大展布规模的岩相；Ⅳ类岩相不具层理构造并且展布规模局限。其中Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类岩相多为牵引流成因，多发育于洪水期扇体扇中、扇缘区域以及间洪期扇体的扇中区域，并可在地下继承性发育为较好的储集相带。 相似文献
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松科1井南孔白垩系青山口组一段沉积序列精细描述:岩石地层、沉积相与旋回地层 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探松科1井南孔连续取青山口组一段岩心81.41m,收获率为100%。青一段沉积时期应与土仑阶对应。通过对松科1井南孔青一段岩心的精细描述,揭示其岩性-岩相-旋回的沉积序列及其过程。青一段识别出6种岩石类型(泥岩、白云岩、泥灰岩、重结晶灰岩、介形虫灰岩和火山灰)。相类型为深湖亚相以及白云岩沉积、泥灰岩沉积、灰岩沉积、深湖浊流沉积、火山灰沉积和深湖静水泥沉积共6种沉积微相。青一段中可识别的米级旋回(六级旋回)有4种类型,可划分出81个米级旋回。这些米级旋回叠加成25个五级旋回、6个四级旋回,识别出1个三级旋回界面。对青山口组一段暗色泥岩、白云岩、火山灰等特殊事件层的精细刻画对于松辽盆地的缺氧事件、烃源岩、湖海沟通事件研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
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BRUCE M. SIMONSON 《Sedimentology》1985,32(1):23-40
The siliciclastic Wishart Formation of the Early Proterozoic Labrador trough is a high-energy shelf deposit. Wishart sandstones contain both interstitial chert with textures of void-filling cement and thin chert intercalations contaminated with siliciclastic mud. Although volumetrically minor, these cherts occur in several thin, areally extensive stratigraphic intervals. The Wishart contains intraclasts of both the chert-cemented sandstone and the impure chert layers (as well as several other types of chert sand and gravel). This suggests the cherts formed penecontemporaneously, which is consistent with the absence of any signs of replacement in all but one of the chert types and the clear-cut distinctions between chert types, even where they are side by side in a single thin section. The origin which appears to be most compatible with available evidence is that the cherts represent silica precipitated from thermal waters that rose through the sediments of the Wishart shelf and discharged into suprajacent seawater. A biogenic origin is unlikely in view of the lack of appropriate organisms during the Early Proterozoic and the rapidity with which the cements formed. A volcanogenic origin is unlikely because volcaniclastic textures are plentiful in associated formations but absent from the Wishart. Precipitation induced by evaporative concentration is unlikely in view of the widespread evidence of tidal currents and the lack of evidence of desiccation in the Wishart. Finally, the cherts are not restricted to the lowest-energy facies, and therefore they presumably did not accumulate as a background sediment. Deposition of silica above the sediment/water interface was probably made possible by ambient concentrations of silica that were significantly higher than those of Phanerozoic seawater. Cherts with similar textures occur in other Early Proterozoic sediments, most notably arenitic or granular iron-formations. 相似文献
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Germanium/silica (Ge/Si) ratios of dolostone- and mudstone-hosted chert nodules from the Ediacaran (635–542 Ma) Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China, are reported. These chert nodules typically have a calcite rim, a pyrite rim, and a silica core, the latter sometimes containing disseminated pyrite. The silica core was precipitated by early diagenetic replacement of carbonate and silty/muddy sediments. Two types of chert nodules are identified based on their mineralogy and geochemistry. Type-1 chert nodules are poor in disseminated pyrite in the silica core. They also have low Al, and show a strong positive correlation between Al contents and Ge/Si with a near-zero or negative intercept. In contrast, Type-2 chert nodules contain abundant disseminated pyrite in the silica core and show a weakly positive correlation between Ge/Si ratios and Al contents (with a large positive intercept on the Ge/Si axis). The Ge/Si of Doushantuo nodules are greater than those of Cretaceous deep-sea cherts, suggesting that the Ge/Si ratio of Ediacaran seawater/porewater was greater than the Cretaceous due to the more effective discrimination against Ge by inorganic opal precipitation relative to biogenic opal precipitation. The positive correlation between Ge/Si and Al can be interpreted using a mixing model with a pure chert (characterized by a low Ge/Si ratio) and an Al-rich endmember (characterized by a high Ge/Si ratio). The latter is most likely represented by a clay component, but the model-based estimate of the Ge/Si ratio inferred for the Al-rich (clay) endmember is much higher than that of Phanerozoic clay minerals. These high Ge/Si ratios for the clay endmember may be related to the generally high Ge/Si ratio of Ediacaran seawater, but could also be related to clay–organic matter interactions. Organic matter absorbed to clays could provide an additional source of Ge because certain organic molecules are known to have a high affinity for Ge due to their strong metal ion-chelating properties. The high Ge/Si ratio of the Al-rich endmember in Type-1 chert nodules suggests that Ge in porewaters from which these cherts precipitated may have been dominated by Ge–organic complexes. The low Ge/Si ratio inferred for the Al-rich endmember in Type-2 chert nodules is therefore taken to indicate that Ge was released from organic matter, perhaps due to anaerobic degradation of organic matter (accompanied by the formation of pyrite), and was redistributed between clay–organic endmembers and pure chert, resulting in a non-zero intercept in the Ge/Si vs. Al2O3 plots. These observations suggest that a strong terrestrial influence in a restricted sedimentary basin or a high content of dissolved organic carbon in Ediacaran seawater and porewater may have contributed to the dominance of Ge–organic complexes in the Doushantuo basin in the Yangtze Gorges area. 相似文献
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The Origin of Bedded Cherts of the Early Permian Gufeng Formation in the Lower Yangtze Area, Eastern China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Xia Bangdong Zhong Lirong Fang Zhong Lu HongboDepartment of Earth Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu Fei Zhenbi 《《地质学报》英文版》1995,69(4):372-386
Bedded cherts occurring in the Early Permian Gufeng Formation in the Lower Yangtze region, eastern China, are nearly 20-80 m in thickness and contain varying amounts of radiolarians and sponge spicules. There are three types of section for the Gufeng Formation: chert, carbonate and chert-carbonate mixing types. Bedded cherts mainly occur in the first and third types of section. The depocentres of silica are marked by some small (not larger than a few thousand square kilometres in area) rhombic or elliptic hollows and their formation was controlled by faults. Argillaceous volcanic rocks in cherts occur as numerous thin layers. Bedded cherts are characterized by higher Fe and lower Al contents, enrichment in such trace elements as As, Sb, Bi, Ga, Au, Ag and Cr, lower total REE abundance, negative Ce anomaly and varying degrees of HREE enrichment. These characteristics are important evidence for hydrothermal cherts. Minor amounts of substances of non-hydrothermal origin are mixed in the cherts. The tempera 相似文献
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Since lenses of chert are common within the volcano-sedimentary succession hosting the massive sulphide deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (Spain and Portugal), we examined numerous chert occurrences, both petrographically and geochemically, to test their possible value for massive sulphide exploration. The chert is found at two main lithostratigraphic levels (upper and lower) that are also interpreted as massive-sulphide bearing. In both cases the chert is located at the top of acidic volcanic sequences or in the associated sediments; we have not been able to observe the relationships between massive sulphides and chert, but some of the large orebodies of the Province (Lousal, La Zarza, Tharsis, Planes-San Antonio body of Rio Tinto, Neves) are described as being locally capped by chert facies. Four main types are recognized among the chert and associated facies: (1) red hematitic chert?±?magnetite; (2) radiolarian and/or sedimentary-textured (conglomeratic) chert with hematite and/or Mn oxides; (3) pale sulphidic chert; (4) rhodonite and/or Mn carbonate?±?magnetite facies. In the Spanish part of the Province the radiolarian chert is confined to the upper level; the distribution of the other types appears to be haphazard. The hydrothermal origin of the South Iberian chert is shown by its high Fe-Mn and low Co-Ni-Cu contents. The presence of small positive Ce anomalies indicates a shallow marine environment (shelf or epicontinental sea), which is consistent with the volcanological and sedimentological data. The chert was emplaced below the sea floor through chemical precipitation and/or through alteration and replacement of the country rock, residual traces of which are ghost phenocrysts and high Al, Ti and rare earth contents. Macro- and microscopic relationships indicate that the oxide facies (hematite?±?magnetite) formed first, probably providing a protective insulating cover against the marine environment and enabling an evolution towards sulphide facies; a phase of Mn?carbonate and silicate + quartz?±?chlorite + sulphides appears to be even later. It was not possible, through discrimination, to isolate a chert that could be considered as representing a lateral marker of massive sulphides; moreover, both field observations and geochemical data seem to indicate a relative independence of this siliceous sulphide hydrothermal activity from the hydrothermal activity giving rise to the massive sulphides. Such is also indicated by the lead isotopic signature of the chert, which is appreciably more radiogenic than that of the massive sulphides; the lead enrichment in the sulphidic chert facies indicates the participation of a different source (sediments, sea water) from that of the massive sulphides. The hypothesis of an independent hydrothermal “chert” event can thus be envisaged, wherein the chert reflects submarine low-temperature hydrothermal activity that is most apparent during a “break” within the volcano-sedimentary succession and which may locally have competed with the high-temperature hydrothermal activity giving rise to the massive sulphides. The interest of the chert thus rests in its palaeodynamic significance, as a marker of periods of volcanic quiescence, and in its possible role as a protective insulating cap favourable to the deposition of massive sulphides. 相似文献
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华南地区二叠纪栖霞组燧石结核成因研究及其地质意义 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
燧石结核是华南地区二叠纪栖霞组的重要识别特征之一，其成因具重要的古地理、古海洋意义。通过对湖北黄石、江苏南京和广西来宾三地栖霞组燧石结核的岩石矿物学研究，确定了栖霞组燧石结核的矿物组成和成岩作用序列。研究区燧石结核主要由微石英、负延性玉髓、粗晶石英组成，并含少量白云石、方解石及生物碎屑。其中，微石英、负延性玉髓、正延性玉髓、白云石形成于早期成岩作用，方解石晶粒形成于晚期成岩作用，粗晶石英的形成则具有多期性。结合栖霞组菊花状天青石和海泡石成因研究结果，本文认为组成栖霞组燧石结核的硅质来源与当时全球硅质生物的繁盛有关。燧石结核内玉髓和白云石形成环境条件及形成时间的确定，为建立更加合理的燧石结核成因模式和白云岩化模式提供了重要资料，同时也对深入探讨本区二叠纪层状硅质岩的成因具启发意义。 相似文献
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利用岩石地球化学特征判断西秦岭寒武系含矿硅岩建造的沉积环境 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
西秦岭寒武系硅岩建造是拉尔玛、邛莫金矿床和牙相金矿点的赋矿岩系。其主要由炭质硅岩和炭质板岩组成。其中的含矿硅岩构造十分丰富,有块状、条带状、层纹状、多孔状和同生角砾状等。硅岩单层厚度一般为30～200 m。其主要成分除SiO2( 平均含量 95. 30%) 外,其它氧化物含量能达1% 者仅有 FeO 、Fe2O3和 P2O5,且 FeO/Fe2O3比值大于 1, 而 Sr/Ba 比值小于 1 。硅岩建造中有机炭含量相当高,一般为(0.12～8.14) %,高者达 22 %。硅岩中稀土以总量低(3.29×10-6～100×10-6)、铈亏损为特征。硅岩建造中沉积黄铁矿的δ34S值变化在-10‰～ +46.9‰之 间。 硅岩的δ300Si值主要变化在+0.4 ‰～+0.8‰之间。硅岩建造的上述特点反映其主要是在深海-半深海环境下形成的。 相似文献
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西藏南部硅质岩的特征及相关问题探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
西藏南部广泛发育中生代古海洋沉积硅质岩,在空间上集中分布于雅鲁藏布江缝合带和喜马拉雅沉积带,呈东西向条带状分布,断断续续延伸达数千公里。可大致厘定出3条硅质岩带:缝合带蛇绿岩北侧早白垩世硅质岩带、缝合带蛇绿岩南侧三叠纪至白垩纪硅质岩带和喜马拉雅沉积带白垩纪硅质岩带,产出块状、层状、角砾状和结核状4种类型的硅质岩。在沉积建造特征上,缝合带蛇绿岩北侧硅质岩带以蛇绿岩-硅质岩建造为主;缝合带蛇绿岩南侧硅质岩带主要以火山岩-硅质岩建造和改造型硅质岩建造为主;喜马拉雅沉积带硅质岩则以浊积岩-硅质岩建造为特征。藏南硅质岩具有重要的研究意义,其薄弱环节和科学问题主要包括:硅质岩的成因问题、硅质岩的微组构问题、硅质岩中的古海洋沉积事件信息、硅质岩对沉积环境的指相意义等。 相似文献
18.
塔西北地区早寒武世玉尔吐斯组热液作用及沉积模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
埃迪卡拉纪寒武纪之交全球沉积了一套黑色泥页岩和硅质岩组合，塔里木盆地早寒武世玉尔吐斯组即包含这样一套组合，并被认为是塔里木古生界主力烃源岩之一，然而目前对这套岩石组合的成因及沉积过程的研究还相对薄弱。在野外研究的基础上，将玉尔吐斯组分为5段，分为两个海进海退旋回，认为其总体沉积于缓坡背景之上。对第一段硅质岩进行主量元素及稀土元素分析，结果显示其含有较低的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)和较高的Fe/Ti值(均值分别为0.29和108.24)。在AlFeMn和Fe/TiAl(Al+Fe+Mn)图解上，多数样品落入热液作用范围，表明硅质岩主要受热液作用控制。硅质岩REE配分模式显示其不具有Eu的正异常和LREE富集的特征，这显示了海水对热液的稀释作用。靠近热液盆内口的库勒和什艾日克剖面发育较厚的硅质岩和一系列滑移变形构造。早寒武世时期，南天山洋已经打开，硅质热液广泛发育于整个塔北的深水和浅水区，这些迹象表明该区早寒武世仍然有很强的伸展构造活动。 相似文献
19.
The source of silica in the formation of the Precambrian laminated cherts has long remained a problem to be solved. Through experiments on cherts and living blue-green algae, the authors found that the collected chert samples probably come from primary deposits, and there is a great biomass of fossil algae in chert, among which the filamentous algae can be compared with the living blue-green algae Oscillatoria, that a higher Pco_2 of the gas would be favourable for the increase of the biomass of living blue-green algae and consequently raises the pH value of the water body; and that lack of free oxygen and a higher concentration of SiO_2 in the water have no apparent influence on the biomass of blue-green algae. Based on the evidence above, a biogeochemical model concerning the origin of Precambrian laminated chert has been set up, in which the. photosynthesis of algae under the presumed atmospheric conditions of the Precambrian might raise the pH value of the water body and promote the dissolution of silicate minerals, thus providing a source of colloid SiO_2 for the formation of Precambrian laminated chert.Furthermore, a simulation experiment device has been designed successfully, which can control the temperature(30 ± 0.5°), Pco_2(50662.5 Pa) and Po_2(about zero Pa) of the gas, the rate of photosynthesis of algae and the movement of the water carrying opal. In the simulation experiments, separate measurements have been made on the rate of photosynthesis of algae, pH value and concentration of SiO_2 of the water body, with the results indicating that under the conditions similar to the presumed Precambrian atmosphere, the photosynthesis of algae can make the pH value of the water body go up steadily to over 9.7, leading to the dissolution of the silicate minerals, with the concentration of SiO_2 measured reaching as high as 84 mg/l. Finally, through the vaporation of water, a phenomenon of colloid floccilation has been observed.The simulation experiment has verified the proposed biogeochemical model illustrating the origin of Precambrian laminated chert. Moreover, the device and method of its kind may also be applied to the research on the relationship of the Precambrian algae with the formation of some other mineral deposits such as of Fe, Mn, U and carbonates. 相似文献
20.
WILLIAM J. MEYERS 《Sedimentology》1977,24(1):75-105
Chert distribution in the Lake Valley rocks is selective to mud-supported facies; it is not related to proximity to unconformities. The facies selectivity of the chertification is believed to be a function of the depositional distribution of indigenous silica as sponge spicules, an interpretation that is supported by high positive qualitative correlation of chert with spiculitic rocks. Petrography indicates that the spicules were all originally siliceous, and that they all went through a moldic stage during which many molds were compactively destroyed and distorted. Remaining molds were subsequently cemented by calcite or chalcedony. Chert distribution and spicule petrography argue for an intraformational source for much of the silica. Chert micro-fabrics are dominated by microquartz, a replacement of grains and lime mud; length-fast chalcedony, a pore-filling cement; and megaquartz, a post-chalcedony pore-filling cement. Petrography of compaction features within chert masses indicates that chertification occurred after some burial. Based on stratigraphic reconstruction this burial depth was a maximum of about 215 m. and was most likely a few metres to a few tens of metres. Petrography of chert-calcite cement relationships indicates that chertification occurred before and during first generation, pre-Pennsylvanian non-ferroan calcite cementation, and was completed before late-stage, post-Mississippian ferroan calcite precipitation. Petrography of chert clasts in basal Rancheria (Meramecian) and basal Pennsylvanian conglomerates proves these clasts derived from the Lake Valley Formation and were chertified before redeposition. Thus, some cherts in the Lake Valley are pre-Meramecian in age, but all are pre-Pennsylvanian in age. Furthermore, association of the cherts with the non-ferroan cements indicates the cherts were probably precipitated in meteoric phreatic lens established beneath the pre-Meramecian and pre-Pennsylvanian subaerial unconformities. 相似文献