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1.
基于CMIP5模式模拟的净初级生产力(NPP),对21世纪初期(2016-2035年),中期(2046-2065年)和末期(2080-2099年)三种排放情景下(RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5)北半球中高纬度陆地NPP的时空变化进行了预估,并结合气候因子分析了NPP的变化和气温、降水、辐射之间的关系.结果表明:相对于1986-2005年,21世纪北半球中高纬度陆地NPP呈增加趋势,RCP8.5情景下NPP的增加比RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下更为明显;在季节变化上,北半球中高纬度NPP也以增加为主,且NPP在夏季,尤其是6月增加最显著.NPP对气候变化的响应存在明显的区域差异性,在中低排放情景下(RCP2.6、RCP4.5),相对于1986-2005年,21世纪北半球中高纬度地区温度显著影响的范围在逐渐缩小,而辐射和降水显著影响的范围在扩大.在高排放情景下(RCP8.5),21世纪北半球中高纬度地区NPP的变化主要与温度有关. 相似文献
2.
研究分析了RCP2.6和RCP8.5气候情景下2021—2050年我国水稻高温敏感期(孕穗期—乳熟期)高温事件的变化趋势(较基准时段1961—1990年),并利用1981—2009年水稻田间观测资料,明确了水稻高温减产的主导因子,构建了主导因子与水稻减产率之间的经验回归关系式,在此基础上预估了未来RCP2.6和RCP8.5气候情景下我国水稻发生高温热害的风险变化。结果表明:1RCP2.6和RCP8.5气候情景下2021—2050年,全国各水稻种植区,水稻高温事件均有增加趋势,高温日数(HSD)、高温积温(HDD)都呈现增加趋势,高温持续日数(CHD)有延长趋势,其中华南双季稻区、长江流域单季稻区和东北单季稻区的HSD和HDD的变化幅度较为明显。2中国水稻高温中心在1961—2000年主要集中于湖南北部,与湖北省交界处附近,2种情景下2021—2050年均出现了向东北方向移动的趋势。3除东北区外,我国其余水稻种植区,孕穗—乳熟阶段的日最高气温连续3 d超过35℃以上的有效积温HDD2是导致水稻减产的第一大要素,两者之间具有显著线性负相关关系;而东北区水稻产量更易受到孕穗—乳熟阶段的单日日最高气温超过32℃的有效积温SDD2的影响,且两者呈现出显著一元二次曲线关系。4与1961—1990年相比,2种气候情景下2021—2050年我国水稻发生高温热害的概率增加较大的地区,主要集中在长江流域单季稻区的湖北和安徽的大部分地区,华南双季稻区的广东、广西、海南省的大部分地区以及东北单季稻区的南部。 相似文献
3.
利用7个参加耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)的全球气候模式模拟数据,在RCP4.5、RCP8.5两种排放情景下,从年、季、月尺度上对中国以及中国的7个区域的气温和降水进行未来情景预估分析。分析结果表明:2010~2099年,两种情景下中国的气温增加明显,并呈现出春弱秋冬(尤其是一、八、九、十一、十二月)强的特征,北部(N)、西北东部(ENW)、西北西部(WNW)、西藏(Tibet)的升温趋势高于其他地区。RCP8.5情景下的气温线性趋势值大部分都高于RCP4.5情景下的值。在RCP4.5情景下,2060~2099年东北部(NE)呈现降温。两种情景下,全国降水量也呈增加趋势,呈现由东南向西北递减的地理分布,并表现出冬弱春夏强的季节变化特征。西北西部(WNW)在全年降水偏少,春夏季黄河以北降水趋势较小,降水大值中心在长江以南地区,尤其是在五、六、七、八月份。秋季,在RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下SE降水线性趋势分别低于或等于全国平均水平,东北部(NE)、北部(N)、西北东部(ENW)的降水线性趋势略高。在2010~2039年,在RCP8.5情景下西南(SW)的降水减少。 相似文献
4.
基于21个CMIP5全球气候模式集合数据,耦合VIC模型,预估了未来30年（2011-2040年）RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5 三个情景下长江上游区域积雪的时空变化。结果表明:与基准期1970-1999年相比,长江上游区域未来30年的多年平均气温和各月平均气温都将升高1~2℃,其中冬季和春季升温较大;平均年降水量将增加3%~4%,但秋、冬季降水有所减小。未来30年平均积雪深相对于基准期将减小37.8%左右,在积雪过程中达到最大积雪深的时间与基准期基本相同,而融雪开始的时间略有延后;从空间变化来看,冬季（1月份）长江上游区域大部分地区的积雪深都呈现减小趋势,部分地区积雪深减小超过了50%。 相似文献
5.
基于黑河干流历史时期（1960 - 2012年）和RCPs（本文RCPs指RCP2.6、 RCP4.5和RCP8.5三种情景）情景下预估的未来（2013 - 2100年）月平均流量和冰川融水数据， 运用概率分布法和河道来水量距平法， 分析了黑河干流出山径流量与冰川融水径流量及其极值的未来变化趋势与程度、 径流丰枯变化以及冰川融水径流对黑河出山径流的补给与调节作用的变化。结果表明， 相较历史时期， 不同RCPs情景下未来黑河干流出山径流量将略呈增加态势， 但不显著； 月最大（7 - 8月）出山径流量将大幅度减少， 不确定性降低， 月最小（12月 - 翌年1月）出山径流量变化不明显。未来黑河干流， 不同RCPs情景下枯水年的发生概率将增加2～3倍， 偏枯水年在RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下的发生概率亦将增大； 黑河干流未来可能进入平水年， 甚至枯水年。未来黑河干流年冰川融水径流与月最大冰川融水径流均显著减少， 对黑河径流的补给与调节作用均降低。 相似文献
6.
为研究长江和黄河流域极端气温的变化特征，对耦合模式比较计划第5阶段22个大气环流模式数据进行精度评估、Delta降尺度并计算16个极端气温指标，采用可靠性集合平均方法对两流域历史和未来的极端气温进行预估.结果表明:除四川盆地外，两流域的观测值与REA(ensemble reliability average)值在空间上具有较好一致性；未来三个时期(2020s、2050s、2080s)，典型浓度路径(Representative Concentration Pathways，RCP)4.5情景下指标变化趋势依次递减，RCP8.5情景下变化趋势逐渐递增；RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下指标年际变化在21世纪40年代之前是相似的，但之后变化趋势差异增加；两流域的大多数指标呈现上升趋势，冬季趋势相较于其他季节更显著；两流域之间冷极端指标的差异大于暖极端指标.总的来说，两流域的暖极端事件将更加严重. 相似文献
7.
冰川作为固体水库以“削峰填谷”的形式显著调节径流丰枯变化,冰川的水文调节功能对于中国西北干旱区至关重要。使用现有VIC-CAS模型模拟得到中国西部寒区2014—2100年径流预估数据,从趋势和波动变化相结合的视角,基于径流变差系数法,构建了冰川水文调节指数（ GlacierR）,分析了9个寒区流域冰川径流变化的稳定性,详细剖析了历史时期（1971—2010年）和未来到21世纪末这些流域冰川水文调节功能的强弱变化。结果表明：历史时期及RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,除长江流域外,青藏高原其余流域的冰川径流减小时间节点为2020s,西北内陆河流域则为2010s。历史时期及RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下至21世纪末,尽管西部寒区大部分流域的冰川径流呈减少趋势,但波动幅度减小或无明显变化,冰川径流稳定性增强或无变化。总体上,西北内陆河流域的冰川水文调节功能较高,青藏高原流域的冰川水文调节功能较低。RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,至21世纪末,西部寒区各流域冰川水文调节功能均呈现减弱趋势,西北内陆河流域减弱更加显著,如RCP4.5情景下,木扎提河冰川水文调节功能降幅达25.4%,而青藏高原各流域的冰川水文调节功能一直处于较低水平。从年代际变化来看,1970s—2010s是寒区流域冰川水文调节功能较强的时期,1980s和2000s两个时段冰川水文调节功能尤强;RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下,未来到21世纪末,冰川调节功能明显减弱。减弱的时间节点不同,最早为1970s,最晚为2020s。 相似文献
8.
三峡库区的洪峰流量受入库支流洪水及水库运行方式的影响并表现出显著的空间变异性, 开展基于来水组成的入库洪峰及其在库区传播特征的研究, 有助于进一步认识河道型水库的水动力机理并支撑三峡水库优化调度实践。利用水文统计学及河流动力学理论, 分析三峡水库2011—2020年实测的逐日流量数据, 结果表明: ①提出的阈值方法, 能够有效统计任一场次洪水对应库区各站的洪峰流量; ②当入库洪峰流量大于40000 m3/s时, 各支流洪水峰现时刻的异步特性对入库洪峰流量的影响相对较小; ③清溪场、万县的洪峰流量主要取决于入库洪峰流量, 庙河、黄陵庙的洪峰流量还取决于三峡水库的调度运行并随入库洪峰流量呈分段变化的趋势; ④针对不同类型的洪峰, 建立了清溪场、万县洪峰流量的计算公式。 相似文献
9.
黄河流域径流量呈现锐减趋势,径流锐减突出表现在中游河口镇至龙门区间。以河龙区间皇甫川流域为典型支流,选择19542012年洪峰流量大于100m3/s的洪水共271场,分析了次洪水沙特征值的变化。得出如下结论:近些年洪水发生次数和年最大洪峰流量高值出现次数均有减少趋势;次洪洪量和次洪沙量基本呈现逐年代减少的趋势,沙量减少幅度远大于洪量的减幅;涨洪历时比较短,峰型普遍偏尖瘦;洪峰流量大的洪水的基流量占洪量的百分比明显低于洪峰流量小的洪水对应的比值。 相似文献
10.
近10年(2007—2016年)全球地表气温相对于工业革命前(1861—1890年)已上升约1℃,未来达到1.5℃温升阈值时的气候变化及其影响成为国际社会高度关注的问题。目前对未来温度的预估多依赖气候模式,但模式在区域气候预估方面尚存在较大不确定性。采用国际通用的"空间型标度(Pattern scaling)"方法,尝试基于1951—2005年历史温度观测资料,预估1.5℃温升阈值下全球区域地表气温相对于当前升温1℃的变化。由于未来气温变化的空间型可能与历史时期不完全相同,同时非线性因素亦可能令基于线性假设的空间型标度法出现偏差,故利用参加第五次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)的21个气候模式在4种典型浓度路径情景(RCP8.5,RCP6.0,RCP4.5,RCP2.6)下增暖空间型相对于历史时期(1951—2005年)的变化,对观测的空间型进行订正,并考虑非线性因素的影响。结果表明,全球平均温度继续上升0.5℃,达到1.5℃时,4种情景下预估的地表气温变化的空间型和增暖幅度接近。大部分陆地将升温0.6℃以上,北半球比南半球高约0.2℃,陆地比海洋高约0.3℃。预估中国区域升温0.7℃以上。RCP2.6下中国北部和中部升温明显高于其他情景。若不考虑订正方法的影响,在全球和区域尺度上,基于观测资料的空间型标度法预估结果的不确定性均远小于气候模式。 相似文献
11.
The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China (Ningxia), one of main agriculture areas in northwest China, has been severely affected by drought. Based on observed meteorological data, outputs of 20 global climate models and drought disaster data, future climate change and relevant drought hazard in the twenty-first century were projected in Ningxia, with the scenarios of RCP2.6 and RCP4.5; the risks of people, crop, and agriculture economy to drought disasters are quantitatively assessed, with the application of physical vulnerability curve models, probability distribution functions and Monte Carlo simulation method. It is found that the climate in Ningxia is likely to have a warming and wetting tendency in the twenty-first century. The extent of drought hazard is likely to increase. The increase rate is greater under RCP4.5 than that under RCP2.6. In general, the risks of population, crop, and agriculture to drought disasters are likely to increase in Ningxia in the twenty-first century. The magnitude of increase is likely to reach the greatest in the immediate term (2016–2035), followed by the increase in the medium term (2046–2065), and the long term (2081–2100). In comparison with RCP2.6, the drought disaster risks under the scenario of RCP4.5 are likely to increase further in three periods of the twenty-first century. The findings of this work have potential to provide data support for drought disaster risk management and support risk-based decision-making. 相似文献
12.
基于三种不同模式的CMIP5气象数据,采用互信息法挑选预报因子结合RBF神经网络模型,预测不同排放情景(RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5)下未来气候变化下天山西部山区融雪径流的变化情况。对三种模式下不同排放情景预测出的未来径流量进行分析发现:(1)未来径流量在2020～2030年将持续上升,在2060年趋于稳定;未来径流量在非汛期有大幅度的增加而在汛期径流量减少;(2)通过灰色相关性分析找到未来不同模式不同情景下影响径流的主要相关因子,对各相关因子未来变化情况进行分析,发现径流在非汛期有大幅度的增加而在汛期径流量减少的主要原因是:非汛期的降水增加而蒸发减少或增加幅度不大;汛期降水减少而蒸发随气温升高导致汛期的径流量减少。 相似文献
13.
This study investigates the variability of extreme rainfall (temperature) events in the twenty-first century based on 18 (24)-member multimodel simulations of models participating in phase 5 of the Couple Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The study employed extreme indices defined by the WMO’s Experts Team on Climate Change Detection Indices, under two radiative forcing scenarios: RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Two 30-year time periods, mid- (2021–2050) and end (2071–2100) of the twenty-first century, are considered for investigation of extremes, relative to the baseline period (1961–1990). Mann–Kendall test statistic and Sen’s slope estimator are used to investigate trend. Temperature shows a remarkable increase with an increase in radiative forcing. A sharp augmentation in temperature is projected towards the end of the twenty-first century. There will be almost zero cool days and cold nights by the end of the century. Very wet and extremely very wet days increase, especially over Uganda and western Kenya. Variation in maximum 1-day precipitation (R × 1 day) and maximum 5-day precipitation amount shows a remarkable increase in variance towards the end of the twenty-first century. Although the results are based on relatively coarse resolution data, they give likely conditions that can be utilized in long-term planning and be relied on in advanced studies. 相似文献
14.
Climate change is expected to have substantial impacts on flow regime in the Upper Yellow River (UYR) basin that is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in the world. These impacts will most possibly exert negative effects on the habitat availability for riverine species. Thus, it is necessary to understand the alteration of river flow regime under climate scenarios. In this paper, we use the modified hydrological model HBV in conjunction with three general circulation models under three representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) to address changes in flow regime under climate change for the UYR basin in the mid-term (2050s) and end-term (2080s) of the twenty-first century. Flow regime is quantified using the Indicators of hydrological alteration approach. Thereafter, the potential threats to riverine ecosystem in the UYR basin are identified based on the projected alterations of various flow characteristics and their ecological influences. The results showed that the magnitude of monthly flow would increase during the dry period. The date of the annual 1-day minimum streamflow will likely shift toward earlier time under different scenarios, and significant increases in magnitude of annual minimum flow of different durations were detected under both RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios in the 2080s. In addition, assessments of the modification degree of the overall flow regime revealed that climate change would remarkably modify (medium level) the overall flow regime in the UYR basin, particularly by the end of the twenty-first century or under the high emission scenarios. Besides, destruction of habitat and reduced availability of food induced by substantially increased hydrological instability in the 2080s would make two endangered fishes more vulnerable in the UYR basin. These findings provide insights into potential adaptive countermeasures for water resource management and environmental system restoration in the Upper Yellow River. 相似文献
15.
This research addressed the separate and combined impacts of climate and land use change on streamflow, suspended sediment and water quality in the Kor River Basin, Southwest of Iran, using (BASINS–WinHSPF) model. The model was calibrated and validated for hydrology, sediment and water quality for the period 2003–2012. The model was run under two climate changes, two land use changes and four combined change scenarios for near-future period (2020–2049). The results revealed that projected climate change impacts include an increase in streamflow (maximum increases of 52% under RCP 2.6 in December and 170% under RCP 8.5). Projected sediment concentrations under climate change scenarios showed a monthly average decrease of 10%. For land use change scenarios, agricultural development scenario indicated an opposite direction of changes in orthophosphate (increases in all months with an average increase of 6% under agricultural development scenario), leading to the conclusion that land use change is the dominant factor in nutrient concentration changes. Combined impacts results indicated that streamflows in late fall and winter months increased while in summer and early fall decreased. Suspended sediment and orthophosphate concentrations were decreased in all months except for increases in suspended sediment concentrations in September and October and orthophosphate concentrations in late winter and early spring due to the impact of land use change scenarios. 相似文献
16.
Built environment, which includes some major investments in Oman, has been designed based on historical data and do not incorporate the climate change effects. This study estimates potential variations of the hourly annual maximum rainfall (AMR) in the future in Salalah, Oman. Of the five climate models, two were selected based on their ability to simulate local rainfall characteristics. A two-stage downscaling–disaggregation approach was applied. In the first stage, daily rainfall projections in 2040–2059 and 2080–2099 periods from MRI-CGCM3 and CNRM-CM5 models based on two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP8.5 and RCP4.5) were downscaled to the local daily scale using a stochastic downscaling software (LARS-WG5.5). In the second stage, the stochastically downscaled daily rainfall time series were disaggregated using K-nearest neighbour technique into hourly series. The AMRs, extracted from 20 years of projections for four scenarios and two future periods were then fitted with the generalized extreme value distribution to obtain the rainfall intensity–frequency relationship. These results were compared with a similar relationship developed for the AMRs in baseline period. The results show that the reduction in number of wet days and increases in total rainfall will collectively intensify the future rainfall regime. A marked difference between future and historical intensity–frequency relationships was found with greater changes estimated for higher return periods. Furthermore, intensification of rainfall regime was projected to be stronger towards the end of the twenty-first century. 相似文献
17.
A 22-member ensemble from CMIP6 is used to analyze the projected changes and seasonal behavior in surface air temperature over South America during the twenty-first century. In the future projections, CMIP6 models shown a high dependency to the socioeconomic pathway over each country of South America. The multimodel ensemble projects a continuous increase in the annual mean temperature over South America during the twenty-first century under the three future scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). Besides, it was possible to identify consistent positive trends across all the models, with values between 0.45 ± 0.05 and 2.05 ± 0.31 °C cy−1 under the historical experiment, however largest trends occurs for the projection periods (near, mid and far future), with values between − 0.87 ± 0.84 to 2.88 ± 0.60 °C cy−1 (SSP1-2.6), 1.41 ± 0.88 to 5.32 ± 0.81 °C cy−1 (SSP2-4.5) and 4.75 ± 0.58 to 8.76 ± 0.74 °C cy−1 (SSP5-8.5) with maximum values at Bolivia, Brasil, Paraguay and Venezuela whilst minimum values for Argentina and Uruguay, regardless of the SSP scenario used. From the seasonal behavior analysis was possible to identify maximum values between January and March whilst minimum between June and July, except in Brasil, Venezuela and Guyana–Surinam–French Guayana, with annual range decreasing as the latidude decreases. By the end of the twenty-first century the annual mean temperature over South america is projected to increase between 0.92–2.11 °C, 0.97–3.37 °C and 1.27–6.14 °C under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 projection scenarios respectively. This projected increase of temperature across the continent will produce negative repercussions in the social, economic and political spheres. The results obtained in this study provide insights about the CMIP6 performance over this region, which can be used to develop adaptation strategies and might be useful for the adaptation to the climate change. 相似文献
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