共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
It is suggested that the characters of Traumatocrinus hsui Mu infants change remarkably in different ages; however, the characters of adult individuals are comparatively stable. The present study examined specimens of infant and adult individuals of T. hsui. Based on these observations, the authors divided the ontogeny of T. hsui into four infant stages (infant stage I-IV） and one adult stage. In addition, the characters of the anal pyramid are supplemented and the infrabasal plates of T. hsui are confirmed in the present paper for the first time. 相似文献
2.
Andrea M. F. Valli und Maria R. Palombo 《Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae》2005,98(1):133-143
The paleodiet of Eucladoceros ctenoides (Nesti 1841), has been investigated on two sub-species from the Villafranchian fossiliferous sites of Saint-Vallier (Drôme, France), E. ctenoides vireti Heintz 1970, and Senèze (Haute-Loire, France), E. ctenoides senezensis Depéret 1910, using skull and mandible morphological features as well as the meso- and microwears methods. The validity of skull and mandible characters used to infer diet has been tested on extant cervid species: browsers (roe deer, moose and white-tailed deer) and mixed feeders at different level (Père David’s deer, fallow deer, chital, sambar, red deer and elk). The obtained results show that the Eucladoceros specimens from Saint-Vallier and Senèze shared paleodiet and ecologic niche. Cranial morphology and tooth wear are more similar to those characterising browsers than mixed feeders. Cranial morphology can be considered as a useful tool in inferring palaeodiets, in particular when tooth samples are too scanty to apply of micro- and/or mesowear analytic methods.
Manuscrit reçu le 17 septembre 2003 Révision acceptée le 16 février 16, 2005 相似文献
3.
J. C. Gower 《Mathematical Geology》1970,2(1):39-45
Some of the problems of weighting characters and of eliminating correlational effects between characters are discussed. Many
different weighting schemes can be proposed for similarity coefficients even when, as in Burnaby’s coefficient, it is decided
to give high weight to matches between rare states. The rarity of a character state must be considered relative to the sampling
scheme used to select the sampling units. Similarities between all pairs of units may be analyzed to suggest groups among
the units. Groups having many correlated characters may be the most useful but are unlikely to be found by numerical methods
which eliminate correlational effects. 相似文献
4.
Anchiornis huxleyi, which is a member of the Middle–Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota, is the smallest feathered dinosaur ever known. It has been described as a critical link between feathered dinosaurs and birds. Recent studies, including those of Anchiornis, Xiaotingia, Eosinopteryx and Aurornis, challenged Archaeopteryx as the most basal bird. The new Anchiornis huxleyi specimens that are described in this paper show some minor different characters compared to previously reported Anchiornis specimens, which has revised the character list of Anchiornis and indicates a different phylogenetic point from former opinions. 相似文献
5.
Maureen G. Walsh Mark B. Bain Thomas Squiers John R. Waldman Isaac Wirgin 《Estuaries and Coasts》2001,24(1):41-48
Shortnose sturgeon,Acipenser brevirostrum, is a small, endangered species which occurs in 19 estuary systems along the east coast of North America. These populations are considered as separate entities by the U. S. National Marine Fisheries Service although evidence of morphologic or genetic differentiation among populations has not been documented. The purpose of this study was to compare morphological and genetic atributes among shortnose sturgeon collected from the Kennebec and Androscoggin Rivers, Maine, and the Hudson River, New York. Six morphometric and five meristic characteristics were quantified. Multivariate and univariate analyses of covariance and variance were used to assess differences among populations. Our analyses provided evidence for distinct populations in the Androscoggin and Kennebec Rivers, but character differentiation was greater between fish from these two locations and the Hudson River. Analysis of morphometric characters indicated significant differences in fish shape among the three rivers, with Hudson River sturgeon differing from the Maine rivers for the characters of head length, snout length, and mouth width. Significant differences were observed for meristic characters, but pairwise comparisons did not reflect a clear pattern of variability. Sequencing of a portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region revealed 15 haplotypes among 73 total specimens from the three rivers. Shortnose sturgeon from the Kennebec and Androscoggin Rivers were different from each other (p=0.0260); both differed significantly (p<0.0001) from the Hudson River collection. Gene flow was estimated at approximately 7 female migrants per generation between the two Maine populations and about 1 per generation between each of the Maine populations and the Hudson River population. Such strong stock structuring among presumably recently established post-Pleistocene (<10,000 yr) populations suggests that this species occurs in highly discrete units. Morphological and genetic variation observed in this study combined with current knowledge of life history attributes of shortnose sturgeon indicate that conservative management decisions are necessary until the patterns and extent of differentiation among populations species-wide can be investigated further. 相似文献
6.
Keith J. Tinkler 《Mathematical Geology》1971,3(4):335-355
A quantitative analysis was made of the spatial arrangement of 149explosion craters in the western rift of Uganda. A variety of methods demonstrate that the spatial pattern of the craters reveals significant structural patterns that have guided volcanism to the surface. It is shown that the east-west elements in the field affected location, and the main rift fault is resolved into two main components. Tentatively, a possible dextral transform fault is identified that affected the relative location of the two main zones of activity. Grouping techniques demonstrate that crater groups obey an exponential rank-size rule and allow a mapping of the craters into energy classes that reveals a concentric pattern of energy in the field. The effect of the topography on energy levels and crater size show that only topography greater than 11,000ft could have prevented all eruptive activity, but the smaller energies and craters are sensitive to height differences on the order of the height of the rift wall, about 1000ft. Total energy in each crater class size is roughly constant, and the field energy could create one or two single craters comparable in size to small central volcanoes. 相似文献
7.
N. Al-Shayea 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2002,35(4):271-297
Summary
A fracture toughness study was conducted on a limestone rock formation from a petroleum reservoir in Saudi Arabia, and results
were compared with those for outcrop specimens from the same geological formation. The objective was to investigate the possibility
of using outcrop specimens to estimate the fracture toughness behavior of reservoir rock at in-situ conditions of temperature and confining pressure. The study was made on reservoir specimens from a depth of about 3.5 km,
at both ambient and reservoir conditions. Mixed mode I–II fracture toughness at reservoir conditions of high temperature and
confining pressure was studied using straight notched Brazilian disk (SNBD) specimens under diametrical compression. Tests
were conducted at ambient conditions, at an effective confining pressure (σ3) of 28 MPa (4000 psi), and at a temperature of 116°C. The results showed a substantial increase in fracture toughness under confining pressure. Under σ3=28 MPa, the pure mode-I fracture toughness (K
IC), increased by a factor of about 3.2, and the pure mode-II fracture toughness (K
IIC) increased by a factor of 4.4, compared to those under ambient conditions. On the other hand, K
IC at 116°C was only 25% more than that at ambient conditions. These results were compared with recent results for outcrop specimens
from the same geological formation. The results reveal that outcrop specimens can be successfully used to predict the fracture
behavior of reservoir specimens at in-situ conditions, in spite of some differences at ambient conditions. Additionally, fracture toughness envelopes were obtained
for reservoir specimens at ambient and high pressure conditions, in both positive and negative regions.
Received September 14, 2000; accepted February 22, 2002 Published online September 2, 2002 相似文献
8.
O. Brotzen 《Mathematical Geology》1975,7(3):191-214
Large sets of rock compositions can be grouped by the analysis of corresponding point distributions in multidimensional space,
where the separate dimensions represent the chemical variables. The point density around each composition is estimated in
a small, multivariate, rectangular interval. Establishment of the identity of specimens contained in the interval, and systematic
comparison of the point densities surrounding each of them, leads to the recognition of density maxima, which represent the
statistical modes of the rock types present in the set. The remaining specimens by the same operations can be assigned to
the groups formed. Experimental results are given for two sets, one comprising a wide variety of metasedimentary and metavolcanic
rocks from the ore-bearing Skellefte district and adjacent parts of V?sterbotten, Sweden, and the other representing a less
variable population of basic rocks from Norrbotten, Sweden. Linear discriminant analysis and existing geological information
indicate that the groups obtained are statistically and geologically valid. 相似文献
9.
The anatomy of an articulated juvenile specimen of the saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus annectens, LACM 23504, is described in detail. This individual consists of a partial skull and nearly complete articulated postcranium, collected from upper Maastrichtian strata of the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, USA. This study aims to help understand the ontogenetic morphological changes occurring in the cranium and postcranium of saurolophine hadrosaurids using E. annectens as a case study. Emphasis is placed on those morphological attributes that are ontogenetically variable via comparative osteology between the juvenile and the available adult specimens. It is observed that much of the cranial ontogenetic variation relates to the elongation of the skull and mandible. In the postcranium, most of the ontogenetic variation concentrates in the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the stylopodia. Not all the identified patterns of ontogenetic variation may be generalized to all hadrosaurids. The impact of ontogenetic variation on phylogenetically informative characters of saurolophine hadrosaurids is evaluated. It is concluded that, at least for Edmontosaurus annectens (and perhaps other saurolophine hadrosaurids), most characters used in phylogenetic inference of these animals are not affected by ontogeny. Thus, juvenile specimens are still a source of substantial character data suitable for use in phylogenetic analyses of saurolophine relationships. Nevertheless, it is recommended that ontogenetically variable characters are left as missing data in a character–taxon matrix when only juvenile material is available for a given saurolophine taxon. Scoring those characters based solely on juveniles is likely to decrease the accuracy of the phylogenetic inference. 相似文献
10.
11.
New remains of Eremotherium were recovered from the Pacific coast of Ecuador’s Manabi province. The Machalilla fossiliferous locality records the northernmost presence of Eremotherium along the Pacific coast of South America. Most of the fossil remains belong to the same individual, mainly its posterior half, but other individuals are represented. Among the better-preserved specimens are skull fragments, most of the hind limb bones and a number of trunk and caudal centra. These remains were compared with samples collected during the 20th century along the southern coastal regions of Ecuador and northern Peru. Many characters of the long bones and tarsals testify to a possibly different lineage despite the closeness of other Eremotherium populations. Some metric and morphological aspects suggest a different space-temporal southern Caribbean provenance. Other Eremotherium specimens, coming from other Ecuadorian localities, were studied and compared with classic Eremotherium samples. Interesting morpho-functional aspects are pointed out with regard to the tail and its importance in the bipedal stance. 相似文献
12.
Lionel Hautier Hassane Taisso Mackaye Fabrice Lihoreau Pascal Tassy Patrick Vignaud Michel Brunet 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2009,53(4-5):171-176
New fossil remains of the proboscidean genus Anancus are described. Among them, a complete skull allows us to revisit for the first time the entire Chadian Anancus fossil record. This genus occurred in the Old World from the late Miocene up to the early Pleistocene. The analysis of dental and cranial characters was allowed individual variations from specific characters to be distinguished. In this study we show that Anancus kenyensis and Anancus osiris are very likely synonym taxa which leads us to emend the diagnosis of A. kenyensis. In addition, this study shows that dental characters in anancines lineage are of little significance for biostratigraphical inference, by contrast to previous works. This study brings new data about the phylogenetical and palaeobiogeographical history of the African anancines. 相似文献
13.
Compressional (VP) and shear (VS) wave velocities and the dependent elastic constants have been determined by the pulse transmission technique to 6 kb confining pressure at room temperature and to 700° C at 6 kb confining pressure for eleven basalts from the Faeroe Islands. The Faeroe basalts investigated are tholeiitic, they clearly lie within the tholeiitic area, and display a pronounced trend of iron enrichment from rocks with an M/M + F ratio of 0.5 to rocks with an M/M + F ratio of about 0.25. The mean VP and VS for eleven specimens are 5.57 km/sec and 3.18 km/sec, respectively. Velocity—density relations for the basalts might be more appropriately described by non-linear solutions than by linear relations commonly used for basalts. In general, VP and VS remain unaffected by temperature up to 300° C. At higher temperature the changes in wave velocities are influenced by metamorphic processes and are, therefore, somewhat erratic. In zeolite-bearing specimens an abrupt velocity decrease around 350°C is observed, which correlates well with a drastic compaction of bulk volume. Additional experiments on cold-pressed zeolite powder clearly indicate that the sharp velocity decrease in the basalts is related to dehydration of zeolite minerals. Partial-melting processes, which occur within vesicules and pore-spaces at distinctly higher temperatures have no additional effect on wave velocity. Comparison with field data reveals that, without exception, the velocities at 0.5 kb confining pressure display the same range that has been commonly noted in refraction data for Layer 2. There are no significant differences in wave velocities and the pressure—temperature dependence in samples recovered from the upper, middle, and lower basalt series in the Faeroe Islands. 相似文献
14.
Augustus O. Wilson 《Mathematical Geology》1972,4(1):45-54
Data from point counts of 376 thin sections from six stratigraphic sections in the Chickamauga Group carbonates (Middle Ordovician of northeastern Alabama) were smoothed by time-trend methods. The resulting curves were plotted against the stratigraphic sections to show depositional trends and to facilitate interpretation of depositional environments. The depositional environments in the lower third of the sequence studied were dominantly subtidal; in the middle portions they were interbedded subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal; in the lower upper third they were supratidal; and in the uppermost portions they were interbedded subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal. Time-trend methods proved to be useful in this study, for they are easy to use and eliminate much noise observed in the data, whereas preserving major trends. Correlation between outcrops was by means of two continuous bentonites; comparison of the time-trend curves show that they would have been useful for correlation if the bentonites had been absent, although small differences in the vertical positions of beds between localities (indicating lateral migration of environments) would not have been detected by time-trend methods. 相似文献
15.
Anneke H. van Heteren Mietje Germonpré 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2023,52(4):498-506
The Namur area in Belgium is useful to study brown (Ursus arctos) and cave bears (Ursus spelaeus) as the assemblage contains little temporal and no geographical variation. Here, we aim to assess ontogenetic allometry within cave bears, as well as ecomorphological differences between adult brown bears (n = 9), adult cave bears (n = 5) and juvenile cave bears (n = 3). Landmarks for 3D digitization of the mandible were chosen based on the taphonomical damage of the specimens. Extant brown bears and extinct Pleistocene brown and cave bears were digitized with a Microscribe G2. Generalized Procrustes superimposition was performed on the coordinates. Allometry was studied using regression analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to assess ecomorphological differences between the groups. 61% of the shape variance within juvenile and adult cave bears was predicted by size (n = 8, p < 0.01). The juvenile cave bears have relatively deep horizontal rami. In adult cave bears, the horizontal ramus is much narrower dorsoventrally. Juvenile cave bears have a small masseteric fossa and a short coronoid process, whereas both are larger, relative to mandible size, in adult cave bears. This made juvenile cave bears likely less effective masticators than fully grown cave bears. In the PCA, principal component (PC) 1 accounts for 45.0% of the total variance and PC2 accounts for 27.6%. Fossil U. arctos from Namur fall within the 95% confidence interval of modern North American U. arctos on both PCs, but are more similar to cave bears than the average extant brown bear. From the similarity of fossil and modern brown bears, it can be deduced that the diet of fossil brown bears was probably also within the range of their modern North American conspecifics, although they might have been more efficient at masticating plant matter. 相似文献
16.
17.
<正>One new genus and five new species of the family Evaniidae are described from the Early Cretaceous (Albian)Spanish amber of Penacerrada-Ⅰ(Province of Burgos),San Just and Arroyo de la Pascueta(both in the Province of Teruel):Cretevania alonsoi sp.nov.,C.montoyai sp.nov.,C.alcalai sp.nov.,C.rubusensis sp.nov.,and Iberoevania roblesi gen.and sp.nov.Taxonomic changes include Cretevania pristina(Zhang and Zhang,2000) comb.nov.,C.exquisita(Zhang,Rasmtsyn,Wang and Zhang,2007)comb.nov.,C.vesca(Zhang,Rasnitsyn,Wang and Zhang,2007)comb.nov.,and C.cyrtocerca(Deans,2004)comb.nov.,as a result of the reinterpretation of the genera Procretevania and Eovernevania.The new well preserved specimens of the genus Cretevania,together with the characters shown by the type specimens of the synonymized genera,give new information about their anatomical characters of taxonomical importance,and the genus Cretevania Rasnitsyn,1975 is re-diagnosed.The holotypes of the Russian species in amber have been revised.A cladistic analysis of fossil and extant groups of the superfamily Evanioidea is included.Cretevania had a wide palaeogeographic distribution,with the highest diversity known from Spain.The 13 known Cretevania species show a high interspecific variation mainly in wing characteristics,and a wide range of body and wing size. 相似文献
18.
James C. Brower 《Mathematical Geology》1995,27(3):399-420
The relationships between ontogeny and phylogeny have been studied for the bivalve Astarte omaliifrom the Lower, Middle, and Upper Pliocene of Belgium using canonical variates analysis, principal components in the form of multivariate allometry, and bivariate power functions or allometric equations. The results indicate that the three samples represent segments of a single evolutionary lineage which is characterized mainly by paedomorphosis where adult descendants are similar to juvenile ancestors. Recapitulation or peramorphosis is only observed for a single parameter. The Lower and Middle Pliocene samples are considered as Astarte omalii omalii,whereas the Upper Pliocene specimens are placed in A. omalii basteroti.The evolutionary trends most likely reflect changes in the living positions of the bivalves. 相似文献
19.
20.
F. Valenchon 《Mathematical Geology》1982,14(4):331-342
When factor analysis is used in geochemistry, it may be useful for factors to be transformed by rotations in order to be identified either to the end members of a mixing model (Miesch, 1976a),or to known chemical equilibriums. It requires that the formula for recomputing data from the factors may be written in a factored manner, which is generally not the case in correspondence analysis. The present paper shows that this becomes possible with data having constant row sums. As an example, the method is tested on the lavas of Paricutin Volcano, already examined by using an extended Q-mode factor analysis (Miesch, 1979).Recomputation of the data after projection gives simular results for both methods. Otherwise, the fact that correspondence analysis provides centered factors makes it well suited to the study of chemical reactions leading to constant mass transformations. 相似文献