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1.
大洋岩石圈拆沉与大陆下地壳拆沉：不同的机制及意义——兼评“下地壳＋岩石圈地幔拆沉模式” 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
拆沉作用(delamination)是地球科学中一个重要的科学问题。本文认为,大洋岩石圈拆沉和大陆下地壳拆沉是不一样的:(1)拆沉的物质不同。大洋岩石圈拆沉的物质包括大洋地壳、岩石圈地幔甚至一部分软流圈地幔,它们共同进入地幔深部;而大陆下地壳拆沉仅仅限制在下地壳,不包括岩石圈地幔。(2)拆沉的动力不同。大洋岩石圈拆沉是由板块俯冲引起的,是地幔对流的产物,因此是一种快速的主动的拆沉;而下地壳拆沉是由于下地壳加厚使下地壳密度增加引起的,还要求其下刚性的岩石圈地幔转变成塑性的软流圈地幔才有可能发生。因此下地壳拆沉要克服许多阻力才能实现,使拆沉成为一个漫长的过程,是慢速的和被动的拆沉。(3)拆沉的过程不同。大洋岩石圈拆沉是由板块俯冲触发的,俯冲导致碰撞,大洋岩石圈从根部断裂,拆沉进入地幔。大陆下地壳拆沉由地壳加厚开始,使下地壳转变为榴辉岩相;随后,岩石圈地幔减薄,直至全部转化为软流圈地幔;下地壳发生部分熔融,形成大规模的(埃达克质)岩浆,使下地壳榴辉岩的密度大于下伏的地幔,从而引发拆沉。大陆下地壳拆沉不大可能是整体进行的,可能是一块一块地被蚕食、被拆沉的。(4)拆沉后的效应不同。大洋岩石圈地幔拆沉,使热的软流圈地幔上涌,从而引发了一系列地质效应:如岩浆活动、地壳抬升、构造松弛以及随后的造山带垮塌等。而下地壳拆沉只引起地壳减薄,高原和山脉垮塌,并不伴有大规模的岩浆活动和地壳抬升等过程。(5)拆沉与岩浆活动的关系不同。主动拆沉导致大规模岩浆活动,而被动拆沉是在大规模岩浆活动的基础上开始的。此外,文中还对"下地壳 岩石圈地幔拆沉"模式提出了质疑,认为该模式有许多难以理解的问题和太多推测的成分,而且与现在保存的地质事实不符。 相似文献
2.
中国东部中—新生代,下部岩石圈存在壳与幔、岩石圈与软流圈两个相互作用带,它们是重要的岩浆源区,在层圈相互作用中,热和物质的交换及其动力学过程是引起中、新生代岩石圈内部层圈间的厚度调整、岩石圈不均匀减薄以及区域构造-岩浆-成矿作用的重要机理。大陆内部的壳-幔作用有3种类型:地幔来源的底侵熔体与下地壳的作用;下地壳拆沉进入弱化(weakening)了的岩石圈地幔二者发生的作用以及陆-陆碰撞深俯冲带的壳-幔相互作用。它们形成的火山岩组合有一定的差别,但源区都含有地壳组分。岩石圈-软流圈的作用带也是重要的岩浆源区,源区是以软流圈地幔为主,基本不含地壳组分。东部岩石圈的减薄时间大体与出现大规模软流圈来源的玄武岩喷发的时间一致,也与上述两类层圈作用转换的时间一致,大约在100Ma以后。 相似文献
3.
中国东部岩石圈减薄研究中的几个问题 总被引：198，自引：26，他引：198
中国东部岩石圈减薄是近 10年来国内外研究的热门课题 ,但关于岩石圈减薄的具体时间、机制及其构造控制因素 ,多有争论。根据目前的研究资料 ,文中对上述问题进行了全面的讨论。初步认为该岩石圈减薄发生在晚中生代 ,且在 12 0～ 130Ma的早白垩世达到高潮。综合分析认为 ,岩石圈的减薄与东侧太平洋板块的俯冲有关 ,即大洋板块的俯冲作用导致岩石圈加厚 ,进而发生岩石圈拆沉。Os同位素资料显示 ,由地幔橄榄岩包体所反映的新生代岩石圈地幔具有年轻性质 ,与古生代时的岩石圈地幔截然不同。因此笔者认为 ,中国东部现今的岩石圈地幔并不是减薄后的残留 ,它表明中生代时 ,岩石圈地幔和部分下地壳一起通过拆沉作用而沉入软流圈地幔 ,由此而导致软流圈地幔与地壳的直接接触。幔源岩浆的底侵及软流圈对地壳的直接加热作用 ,使上覆地壳发生大规模的岩浆和成矿作用 ,并导致中国东部中生代时期伸展构造的广泛发育。 相似文献
4.
南海北部及其沿岸中、新生代壳幔相互作用与构造演化——纪念“陆缘扩张带”概念的倡导者陈国达教授 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
邹和平 《大地构造与成矿学》2005,29(1):78-86
新生代火山岩中的深源捕虏体资料反映,南海北部及其沿岸地区岩石圈地幔的主体由主量元素易熔组分相对饱满的、同位素组成类似MORB-OIB型的、高温型的二辉橄榄岩所组成;但在其顶部残留有古老的岩石圈地幔,它由主量元素易熔组分相对贫瘠的、同位素组成类似EM型的、较低温的方辉橄榄岩组成。在下地壳底部,分布着由晚中生代幔源岩浆分离结晶和堆晶的基性麻粒岩。由此提出了该区中、新生代壳 -幔或岩石圈 -软流圈相互作用与构造演化的简略模式: (1)印支期 -燕山早期为地壳岩石圈厚度增大的华夏型后地台活化造山带环境;(2)燕山晚期岩石圈快速减薄(如拆沉作用),造山带拉伸塌陷,地壳深处并发生广泛的底侵作用; (3)始新世 -渐新世软流圈再次上涌(如地幔柱的影响),岩石圈地幔发生底蚀减薄,地壳也因为下部层的塑性流展和上部层的张裂拉伸而减薄; (4)中新世以来,由于地幔热源在拉伸环境中被释放,壳幔发生冷却,部分软流圈地幔转化为“新生的”岩石圈地幔。研究进一步说明,南海北部陆缘扩张是该区大陆构造演化到大陆活化造山带后期,在深部壳 -幔的相互作用下,岩石圈所发生的垂向减薄和侧向伸展,既不同于弧后扩张,也不是受控于大西洋式的海底扩张。 相似文献
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拆沉作用(delamination)及其壳—幔演化动力学意义 总被引：45，自引：0，他引：45
拆沉作用导致下地壳和岩石圈地幔下沉，相应软流圈上涌至壳—幔边界，使下地壳、岩石圈地幔和软流圈三者发生物质交换，引起岩浆作用、山脉隆升、伸展、垮塌，形成坳陷盆地，并最终使大陆地壳向长英质方向演化，产生与其它行星不同的、独一无二的中性安山质或英云闪长质成分。拆沉作用是对经典板块构造理论的重要补充与完善 相似文献
6.
壳幔过渡层及其大陆动力学意义 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
根据地震测量结果,造山带常见一个P波传播速度介于典型地壳和典型地幔之间的圈层,称为壳幔过渡层。这个圈层在地球物质科学领域常常被解释为壳幔混合层,形成机制不十分明确。提供了另一种选择,认为壳幔过渡层实际上可能是幔源岩浆底侵作用和地壳分异作用的产物,其密度随压力的逐渐变化是其波速特征的主要原因,是区域岩石圈重力不稳定的标志;也可能是软流圈物质岩石圈化的结果,是区域岩石圈逐渐冷却的象征。这个模型可以更好地解释造山带岩石圈拆沉作用、壳幔物质交换和岩浆活动,因而壳幔过渡层的查明具有重要的大陆动力学意义。 相似文献
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本文主要基于东昆仑造山带、秦岭造山带、兴蒙造山带、阿尔泰造山带、燕山造山带以及华南过铝花岗岩带等花岗岩类形成的研究成果,讨论中国大陆内几个造山带的花岗岩类形成与大陆地壳生长方式和过程,我们的初步认识是:软流圈(对流地幔)的热和物质向大陆的输入(input)是大陆地壳生长和再改造的根本.大陆地壳的形成演化和再改造(reworking)主要通过岩浆作用完成,岩浆的形成、运移和定位是大陆地壳生长的基本过程.幔源玄武质岩浆底侵(underplating)于大陆地壳底部和内侵(intraplating)于地壳内部,是软流圈注入大陆的基本形式.造山带镁铁质下地壳的拆沉作用是致使陆壳总组成为中性火成岩(安山岩和闪长岩,或粗面安山岩和二长岩质的)的主要原因.收缩挤压构造作用使陆壳加厚达≥50 km,是诱发镁铁质下地壳拆沉作用的必需条件.火成岩构造组合及其时间序列是识别大陆地壳从软流圈地幔中分出,直至最终形成的过程的关键记录. 相似文献
8.
大陆下地壳拆沉模式初探 总被引：21，自引：7，他引：21
下地壳拆沉是人们关注的问题,文中指出下地壳拆沉必须满足至少三个条件：（1）地壳加厚使其下部达到熘辉岩相是拆沉的前提.（2）大规模岩浆活动使大量低密度的中酸性物质移出下地壳,使下地壳密度增加直至超过下伏地幔.由于下地壳榴辉岩石部分熔融所形成的岩浆具有埃达克岩的地球化学特征,因此,大规模魂达克岩的熔出是下地壳拆沉的先决和必要条件.（3）岩石圈地幔转化为软流圈地幔,使下地壳能够进入地幔.陆壳下的岩石圈地幔原先是冷的、刚性的和不易流动的，如果有热和水的加入，可以被软化，使其变成热的、塑性的和易流动的软流圈地幔。因此，岩石圈了幔转化为软流圈地幔是下地壳拆沉的必要条件。作者认为，下地壳不大可能整体拆沉，而很可能是一块一块如飘雪花似地拆沉。如果下地壳的密度降低（低于下伏地幔），如果地幔停止热的供给，如果陆壳底部的软流圈地幔幔又恢复为岩石圈地幔，拆沉即终止。文中讨论了中国东部中生代下地壳拆沉的可能性，探讨了岩石圈减薄的机制，认为下地壳不需要也不可能与岩石圈地幔一道拆况。 相似文献
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板块构造学说根据构造的活动性划分单元,不考虑单元是否同质。浅地幔系统考虑了系统组成单元的异质性和动力来源,适合于系统的能量和物质运动总体规律的研究。把地球系统地划分为地球表面、浅地幔、地幔对流和地核四个子系统,地球系统就完整了。浅地幔子系统由四个不同质的的单元相互作用组成,它们是大洋岩石圈、大陆岩石圈、洋陆转换带岩石圈和软流圈,它们是不同质的。地震层析成像结果支持这种单元划分。系统作用反映了大洋岩石圈与大陆岩石圈的相互博弈,洋陆转换带是洋底扩张和大陆增生之间博弈的主要战场和阻尼器。软流圈是地幔对流的顶层,也是系统的能量库和主要动力来源。在深度200 km以下,软流圈的物质运动已经与板块运动模式分离。软流圈物质运动主要是大尺度的蠕动,也包括流体的析出和渗透,局部岩浆的集结和上涌。岩石圈板块浮在蠕动的软流圈之上,软流圈地幔的热流体可以通过岩石圈地幔黏度较小的区域向上渗透。同时,在重力作用下,岩石圈黏度大的物质也可以向下运动,拆沉到软流圈底部。从目前的成像结果可以看到,对于地球表面难以观察的软流圈和地下深部,对比三维的地震波速和电阻率扰动图像,可以获得关于物质运动的信息,认知已经发生在地壳和上地幔的物质运动特征。 相似文献
10.
火山岩携带的橄榄岩捕虏体是研究深部岩石圈地幔成分特征与热结构状态的最直接样品。湖北大洪山早奥陶世钾镁煌斑岩携带的石榴二辉橄榄岩具有富集的地球化学特征,指示当时的岩石圈厚度可达110 km。华南内陆地区宁远和道县早侏罗世玄武岩所携带的地幔包体具有饱满的成分特征,代表遭受了较低程度部分熔融的地幔残留。宁远地幔包体的全岩Re-Os同位素特征显示该地区中生代大陆岩石圈地幔为从软流圈新增生而形成的新生地幔。这表明内陆地区古生代存在的富集地幔被完全拆沉,并被新生地幔所取代;中生代内陆地区的岩石圈拆沉作用可能与该地区自225 Ma以来大规模的岩石圈伸展作用有关。华南新生代地幔包体主要分布在沿海地区。通过地幔包体矿物成分估算获得的温度与压力资料揭示新生代沿海地区岩石圈厚度约为80～90 km,并具有热的地温梯度。无论是全岩还是硫化物的Re-Os同位素特征都表明沿海地区在新生代仍残留有古元古代岩石圈地幔,表明新生代沿海地区的拉张作用仅导致了岩石圈地幔的部分拆沉和减薄。 相似文献
11.
通过分析盆地区大陆伸展模型参数、火成岩地球化学特征时空演化、岩石圈分层伸展几何学和运动学、应力场-变形场的匹配和演化,文章对渤海湾盆地晚中生代以来伸展断陷的动力学过程进行了系统讨论。晚中生代,盆地北、西部以变质核杂岩模式伸展,南、东部以宽裂陷模式伸展;在岩石圈伸展过程中,地壳变形方式为简单剪切,岩石圈地幔变形方式为纯剪切;盆地处于洋壳俯冲背景下弧后伸展区,盆地及西、北部隆起区岩石圈地幔为EM1型,而南、东部隆起区受扬子板块俯冲改造成类似EM2型;盆地变形的力源为板块相对运动产生的引张力,以及郯庐断裂的走滑作用。新生代,渤海湾盆地以窄裂陷模式伸展,地壳和岩石圈地幔变形方式均为纯剪,但岩石圈地幔伸展强度大于地壳;盆地处于大陆内裂谷环境,软流圈地幔上涌并改造岩石圈地幔,且盆地裂陷的力源以软流圈地幔上涌产生的引张力为主。 相似文献
12.
高温高压微束衍射实验进展及其地学应用 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：6
同步辐射X射线微束衍射技术与静态高压装置(包括金刚石压砧设备和大腔体压力机设备)结合运用是研究高温高压下物质晶体结构、相变等的有效方法。金刚石压砧高温高压实验技术的发展体现在:在产生极端高温高压的同时,获得准确的实验温度压力值,采用充装气体传压介质等方法减小压力梯度,采用激光双面加温技术和改进激光光路以减小样品径向和轴向的温度梯度。大腔体压力机高温高压实验技术的发展主要表现在产生更高的实验压力,以及测试过程中使样品在一定幅度摆动以消除晶体生长和择优取向对衍射数据的影响。同步辐射X射线微束衍射技术的发展主要表现在更高亮度和更宽能量范围的同步辐射光源的使用、X射线聚焦技术的发展,以及角色散X射线衍射测试技术的进步。介绍了近年来高温高压微束衍射实验在地球科学领域所取得的一些最新进展,包括硅酸盐超钙钛矿的实验发现,铁的高温高压相变及熔融曲线、SiO2 超斯石英相变、橄榄石尖晶石相—超尖晶石相转变压力的精确测定等研究结果;认为硅酸盐超钙钛矿的进一步深入研究,水对地球深部矿物岩石力学性质及熔融行为的影响,高温高压下物质的化学反应性和地球深部元素的地球化学行为等,是今后高温高压实验研究的重要方向。 相似文献
13.
华北克拉通东部显生宙地幔演化 总被引：23，自引：9，他引：14
华北克拉通东部显生宙以来的地幔可以划分为3种类型:克拉通型地幔,大陆活动带型地幔和大陆裂谷型地幔。1 700 Ma—古生代末,地幔属于克拉通型:ε(Nd,t)值高于-5,为弱富集型;层圈相互作用以幔源的熔体和/或流体与古老的岩石圈地幔的作用为主,但规模较小,范围局部。100 Ma以前的中生代地幔属于“大陆活动带型”:ε(Nd,t)值低,在-5以下,为富集型;地幔中含有地壳的组分,层圈相互作用以下地壳与弱化的岩石圈地幔之间的作用为主;发生的时间为190~100 Ma,高峰期在130 Ma左右;发生的部位邻近莫霍面,导源的岩浆多为钙碱性系列,部位浅,活动范围广泛。100 Ma至新生代,地幔属于“大陆裂谷型”:为亏损型的软流圈地幔,ε(Nd,t)值高,几乎均为正值。层圈相互作用转变为软流圈岩石圈地幔之间的作用,转变的时间具有约40 Ma的过渡时期,前锋开始于100~109 Ma,导源的岩浆大致沿NWW和NEE向的大型断裂带分布。进一步证实了软流圈地幔上隆的不均匀性和主动性。 相似文献
14.
Continental rift evolution: From rift initiation to incipient break-up in the Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Main Ethiopian Rift is a key sector of the East African Rift System that connects the Afar depression, at Red Sea–Gulf of Aden junction, with the Turkana depression and Kenya Rift to the South. It is a magmatic rift that records all the different stages of rift evolution from rift initiation to break-up and incipient oceanic spreading: it is thus an ideal place to analyse the evolution of continental extension, the rupture of lithospheric plates and the dynamics by which distributed continental deformation is progressively focused at oceanic spreading centres.The first tectono-magmatic event related to the Tertiary rifting was the eruption of voluminous flood basalts that apparently occurred in a rather short time interval at around 30 Ma; strong plateau uplift, which resulted in the development of the Ethiopian and Somalian plateaus now surrounding the rift valley, has been suggested to have initiated contemporaneously or shortly after the extensive flood-basalt volcanism, although its exact timing remains controversial. Voluminous volcanism and uplift started prior to the main rifting phases, suggesting a mantle plume influence on the Tertiary deformation in East Africa. Different plume hypothesis have been suggested, with recent models indicating the existence of deep superplume originating at the core-mantle boundary beneath southern Africa, rising in a north–northeastward direction toward eastern Africa, and feeding multiple plume stems in the upper mantle. However, the existence of this whole-mantle feature and its possible connection with Tertiary rifting are highly debated.The main rifting phases started diachronously along the MER in the Mio-Pliocene; rift propagation was not a smooth process but rather a process with punctuated episodes of extension and relative quiescence. Rift location was most probably controlled by the reactivation of a lithospheric-scale pre-Cambrian weakness; the orientation of this weakness (roughly NE–SW) and the Late Pliocene (post 3.2 Ma)-recent extensional stress field generated by relative motion between Nubia and Somalia plates (roughly ESE–WNW) suggest that oblique rifting conditions have controlled rift evolution. However, it is still unclear if these kinematical boundary conditions have remained steady since the initial stages of rifting or the kinematics has changed during the Late Pliocene or at the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary.Analysis of geological–geophysical data suggests that continental rifting in the MER evolved in two different phases. An early (Mio-Pliocene) continental rifting stage was characterised by displacement along large boundary faults, subsidence of rift depression with local development of deep (up to 5 km) asymmetric basins and diffuse magmatic activity. In this initial phase, magmatism encompassed the whole rift, with volcanic activity affecting the rift depression, the major boundary faults and limited portions of the rift shoulders (off-axis volcanism). Progressive extension led to the second (Pleistocene) rifting stage, characterised by a riftward narrowing of the volcano-tectonic activity. In this phase, the main boundary faults were deactivated and extensional deformation was accommodated by dense swarms of faults (Wonji segments) in the thinned rift depression. The progressive thinning of the continental lithosphere under constant, prolonged oblique rifting conditions controlled this migration of deformation, possibly in tandem with the weakening related to magmatic processes and/or a change in rift kinematics. Owing to the oblique rifting conditions, the fault swarms obliquely cut the rift floor and were characterised by a typical right-stepping arrangement. Ascending magmas were focused by the Wonji segments, with eruption of magmas at surface preferentially occurring along the oblique faults. As soon as the volcano-tectonic activity was localised within Wonji segments, a strong feedback between deformation and magmatism developed: the thinned lithosphere was strongly modified by the extensive magma intrusion and extension was facilitated and accommodated by a combination of magmatic intrusion, dyking and faulting. In these conditions, focused melt intrusion allows the rupture of the thick continental lithosphere and the magmatic segments act as incipient slow-spreading mid-ocean spreading centres sandwiched by continental lithosphere.Overall the above-described evolution of the MER (at least in its northernmost sector) documents a transition from fault-dominated rift morphology in the early stages of extension toward magma-assisted rifting during the final stages of continental break-up. A strong increase in coupling between deformation and magmatism with extension is documented, with magma intrusion and dyking playing a larger role than faulting in strain accommodation as rifting progresses to seafloor spreading. 相似文献
15.
Harro Schmeling 《Tectonophysics》2010,480(1-4):33-47
Active or passive continental rifting is associated with thinning of the lithosphere, ascent of the asthenosphere, and decompressional melting. This melt may percolate within the partially molten source region, accumulate and be extracted. Two-dimensional numerical models of extension of the continental lithosphere–asthenosphere system are carried out using an Eulerian visco-plastic formulation. The equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy are solved for a multi-component (crust–mantle) and two-phase (solid–melt) system. Temperature-, pressure-, and stress-dependent rheologies based on laboratory data for granite, pyroxenite and olivine are used for the upper and lower crust, and mantle, respectively. Rifting is modelled by externally prescribing a constant rate of widening with velocities between 2.5 and 40 mm/yr. A typical extension experiment is characterized by 3 phases: 1) distributed extension, with superimposed pinch and swell instability, 2) lithospheric necking, 3) continental break up, followed by oceanization. The timing of the transition from stages 1) to 2) depends on the presence and magnitude of a localized perturbation, and occurs typically after 100–150 km of total extension for the lithospheric system studied here. This necking phase is associated with a pronounced negative topography (“rift valley”) and a few 100 m of rift flanks. The dynamic part of this topography amounts to about 1 km positive topography. This means, if rifting stops (e.g. due to a drop of external forces), immediate additional subsidence by this amount is predicted. Solidification of ascended melt beneath rift flanks leads to basaltic enrichment and underplating beneath the flanks, often observed at volcanic margins. After continental break up, a second time-dependent upwelling event off the rift axis beneath the continental margins is found, producing further volcanics. Melting has almost no or only a small accelerating effect on the local extension value (β-value) for a constant external extension rate. Melting has an extremely strong effect on the upwelling velocity within asthenospheric wedge beneath the new rift. This upwelling velocity is only weakly dependent on the rifting velocity. The melt induced sublithospheric convection cell is characterized by downwelling flow beneath rift flanks. Melting increases the topography of the flanks by 100–200 m due to depletion buoyancy. Another effect of melting is a significant amplification of the central subsidence due to an increase in localized extension/subsidence. Modelled magma amounts are smaller than observed for East African Rift System. Increasing the mantle temperature, as would be the case for a large scale plume head, better fits the observed magma volumes. If extension stops before a new ocean is formed, melt remains present, and convection remains active for 50–100 Myr, and further subsidence is significant. 相似文献
16.
Rifts and passive margins often develop along old suture zones where colliding continents merged during earlier phases of the Wilson cycle. For example, the North Atlantic formed after continental break-up along sutures formed during the Caledonian and Variscan orogenies. Even though such tectonic inheritance is generally appreciated, causative physical mechanisms that affect the localization and evolution of rifts and passive margins are not well understood.We use thermo-mechanical modeling to assess the role of orogenic structures during rifting and continental breakup. Such inherited structures include: 1) Thickened crust, 2) eclogitized oceanic crust emplaced in the mantle lithosphere, and 3) mantle wedge of hydrated peridotite (serpentinite).Our models indicate that the presence of inherited structures not only defines the location of rifting upon extension, but also imposes a control on their structural and magmatic evolution. For example, rifts developing in thin initial crust can preserve large amounts of orogenic serpentinite. This facilitates rapid continental breakup, exhumation of hydrated mantle prior to the onset of magmatism. On the contrary, rifts in thicker crust develop more focused thinning in the mantle lithosphere rather than in the crust, and continental breakup is therefore preceded by magmatism. This implies that whether passive margins become magma-poor or magma-rich, respectively, is a function of pre-rift orogenic properties.The models show that structures of orogenic eclogite and hydrated mantle are partially preserved during rifting and are emplaced either at the base of the thinned crust or within the lithospheric mantle as dipping structures. The former provides an alternative interpretation of numerous observations of ‘lower crustal bodies’ which are often regarded as igneous bodies. The latter is consistent with dipping sub-Moho reflectors often observed in passive margins. 相似文献
17.
Tom Pedersen 《地学学报》1993,5(2):144-149
When continental rifting takes place above a hot asthenosphere, pressure-release melting of adiabatically upwelling mantle may generate large volumes of basaltic melts which subsequently are emplaced at crustal levels and cool. To correctly estimate the heat flow from tectonic subsidence and crustal thinning, it is necessary to account for the melt volumes. A simple physical model of heat flow that incorporates a crustal growth correction on lithospheric extension estimates, as well as the heat in the emplaced magma, has been developed. The principal result is that heat flow may be substantially increased for several million years after rifting, even for a moderately heated asthenosphere. 相似文献
18.
甘肃龙首山岩带西井镁铁质岩体成因及其构造意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
西井岩体位于北祁连造山带以北,阿拉善地块西南缘的龙首山隆起带。以往的研究多以沿龙首山断裂分布的镁铁-超镁铁质岩带作为和金川岩体相关的岩浆事件进行,而本次选择西井镁铁质岩体进行了精确的地质年代学和地球化学研究,确定了西井岩体岩性主要为橄榄辉石岩和辉长岩,成岩时代为 (421.0±9.0) Ma,可以和北祁连高压变质带榴辉岩年龄相对应;εNd(t)为4.06~5.52,(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.704 548~0.707 575,具有地幔岩石圈特征;微量元素及其同位素计算表明西井岩体经历了约10%的下地壳物质混染。据此得出西井岩体及其龙首山岩带早志留世镁铁质侵入岩体成因模式为:祁连洋壳连续俯冲过程中洋壳与陆壳分离,热的软流圈物质持续冲击地幔岩石圈的底部;由于热传导效应,大地热流沿着地幔岩石圈上升,使得80 km深度的湿的橄榄岩层发生熔融,产生玄武质岩浆作用,玄武质岩浆上升过程中与下地壳物质发生约10%混染,形成西井岩体及其龙首山镁铁超镁铁质岩带。 相似文献
19.
E. P. Dubinin A. V. Kokhan D. E. Teterin A. L. Grokhol’sky E. S. Kurbatova N. M. Sushchevskaya 《Geotectonics》2016,50(1):35-53
Western, central, and eastern provinces are recognized in the Scotia Sea. They are distinguished by their bottom topography, geophysical characteristics, and crustal structure, which record their different origin and evolution. The western province is characterized by the oceanic crust that formed on the West Scotia Ridge, where active spreading may have ceased as a result of a collision between propagating rift and the structural barrier of the thick continental lithosphere of the Falkland Plateau. The central province is a series of blocks mainly composed of continental crust that subsided to various depths depending on the degree of extension in the course of rifting. These blocks are separated by local areas with oceanic crust formed due to the breakup of the continental crust and diffusive spreading. These areas are characterized by deep bottom and high values of Bouguer anomalies. The southern framework of the central province consists of subsided continental blocks and microcontinents divided by small spreading-type basins formed by lithospheric extension complicated by strike-slip faulting. The eastern province is composed of oceanic crust formed on the backarc spreading East Scotia Ridge. The results of density analysis, analog, and numerical simulations allowed us to explain some features of the structure and evolution of these provinces. The insight into tectonic structure of the provinces and their evolution allowed us to recognize several types of riftogenic basins differing in geodynamics, age, and geological and geophysical characteristics. 相似文献