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1.
Fish are a key part of the marine ecosystem likely to be affected by hydrokinetic tidal turbines, but little is known about their behavior around such obstacles in the natural environment. In September 2010, two DIDSON acoustic cameras were used to observe fish interactions with a commercial-scale turbine in Cobscook Bay, Maine. Twenty-two hours (nearly two tidal cycles) of footage were collected. Behaviors of individual fish and schools were classified (e.g., entering, avoiding, passing, or remaining in the wake of the turbine). We analyzed the effects of turbine motion (rotating or not rotating), diel condition (day or night), and fish size (small, ≤10 cm; large, >10 cm) on individual fish behaviors, and compared behaviors of individual fish to schools of fish. When the turbine was rotating, the probability of fish entering the turbine decreased by over 35 % from when it was not. The probability that fish would enter the turbine was higher at night than during the day, and this difference was greater for small fish than for large fish (probability of small fish entering?=?0.147 day, 0.513 night; large fish?=?0.043 day, 0.333 night). Fish were almost always present in the wake of the turbine. Schools of fish had a 56 % lower probability of entering the turbine than individual fish, and reacted at greater distances from the turbine (median distance of 2.5 m for schools, 1.7 m for individuals). This study indicates that fish behavior in response to tidal turbines appears to be similar to responses to obstacles such as trawls, and highlights the importance of environmental context in determining the effects of a tidal turbine on fish. 相似文献
2.
We analyzed monthly boat electrofishing data to characterize the littoral fish assemblages of five regions of the Sacramento-San
Joaquin Delta (northern, southern, eastern, western, and central), California, during two sampling periods, 1980–1983 (1980s)
and 2001–2003 (2000s), to provide information pertinent to the restoration of fish populations in this highly altered estuary.
During the 1980s, almost 11,000 fish were captured, including 13 native species and 24 alien species. During the 2000s, just
over 39,000 fish were captured, including 15 native species and 24 alien species. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) of total fish,
alien fish, and centrarchid fish were greater in the 2000s compared with the 1980s, largely because of increased centrarchid
fish CPUE. These differences in CPUE were associated with the spread of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), particularly an
alien aquatic macrophyte,Egeria densa. Native fish CPUE declined from the 1980s to the 2000s, but there was no single factor that could explain the decline. Native
fish were most abundant in the northern region during both sampling periods. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling indicated
similar patterns of fish assemblage composition during the two sampling periods, with the northern and western regions characterized
by the presence of native species. The separation of the northern and western regions from the other regions was most distinct
in the 2000s. Our results suggest that native fish restoration efforts will be most successful in the northern portion of
the Delta. Management decisions on the Delta should include consideration of possible effects on SAV in littoral habitats
and the associated fish assemblages and ecological processes. 相似文献
3.
Andrew W. H. Turnpenny 《Estuaries and Coasts》1981,4(4):363-368
Twenty-four species of marine and freshwater fish were examined to determine mesh size requirements for fish screens placed at water intakes. Curves relating fish length to the mesh size requirements are given for these species and a model for predicting mesh size requirements as a function of fish shape and size is presented. This is of superior accuracy in general application to a previous model given by Bell (1973) and appears to hold good for a wide range of fish species. Its practical application is discussed. 相似文献
4.
5.
Stephen B. Brandt 《Estuaries and Coasts》1993,16(1):142-159
Fish aggregations at fronts may be caused by either increased food availability or better thermal conditions at the front, but a quantitative evaluation of the effects of fronts on fish has yet to be done. Bioenergetics models were used to evaluate the growth rate potential of a cool-water fish, the chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and a warm-water fish, the striped bass (Morone saxatilis), across thermal fronts of different temperatures and prey concentrations. The distributions of growth rate potentials across these fronts depended on fish physiology, the temperatures encompassed by the front, and prey distributions across the front. When food was distributed uniformly across the front, the growth rates of both species were highest at their optimal temperatures, if sufficient prey was available. Lower temperatures were better for growth if prey availability was low. Increased food availability at the front enhanced fish growth rate potential at the front. Actual growth rates depended on whether the fish behaviorally selected habitats by temperature, food, or growth rate potential. Results illustrate that prey patchiness and the nonlinearities inherent in the relationsip of fish growth to temperature and prey availability must be considered in order to evaluate how a population of fish might respond to a front and how the front might affect fish growth and production. 相似文献
6.
运用遗迹化石恢复造迹动物的形态结构是古遗迹学研究的难点.近年来在陕北横山晚三叠世地层中发现大量完好的鱼类游泳遗迹, 能较好地恢复造迹鱼类鳍的着生位置及相关形态结构, 确定造迹鱼的类型.通过游泳遗迹的形态结构与鱼类形态结构相互关系的分析, 建立了游泳遗迹形态结构参数与造迹鱼类形态结构参数之间的数学关系式.通过计算显示同一遗迹种的鱼鳍间距与鱼体长度比值一定, 这与现代鱼类形体特征一致.应用该方法恢复了研究区两遗迹种的造迹鱼类, 其中Undichna britannica造迹鱼类的尾鳍和臀鳍间距与体长之比为0.3, 臀鳍和胸鳍间距与体长之比为0.45~0.5, 尾鳍和腹鳍间距与体长之比为0.49~0.5, 与邻区相同层位发现的鱼类实体化石Wayaobulepis zichangensis相关特征一致.另一遗迹种Undichna tricosta恢复的尾鳍和臀鳍间距与体长之比约为0.35, 可能与本区相同层位发现的Saurichthys huanshenensis特征相似. 相似文献
7.
The designation of Texas as a “hotspot” for fish mortalities relative to the other 22 coastal US states is of serious concern
for scientists, resource managers, and the public alike. We investigated the major sources and causes of fish kills in coastal
Texas from 1951 to 2006. During this 55-year period, more than 383 million fish were killed, 72% of which were Gulf menhaden
(Brevoortia spp.). We examined the relationships between climate and the physical features of Texas bays and estuaries as well as the consequences
of high-density industrialization and urbanization along several coastal centers on fish kills, including the impact of eutrophication,
algal blooms (toxic and nontoxic), and hypoxia. Galveston and Matagorda Bays had the highest number of fish kill events and
total number of fish killed. The largest number of fish kill events and the highest number of fish killed occurred during
the warmest months, particularly in August. The leading cause of fish kills was found to be low dissolved oxygen concentrations
caused by both physical and biological factors. From 1958 to 1997, about two thirds of the mortalities from low oxygen concentrations
were caused by human activities. With the population predicted to double in Texas by 2050, mostly along the coastal areas,
natural resources will require additional protection. Further increases in nutrient loading are expected in areas unable to
keep up with construction of sewage treatment facilities. Defining the sources and causes of fish kill events in Texas will
allow better management and conservation efforts. 相似文献
8.
Soumyajit Mukherjee 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(6):1303-1314
Mineral fish are sheared and commonly asymmetric mineral grains or clusters of grains. This work reports 11 sub-types of mineral
fish showing a top-to-SE sense of ductile shearing in the Karakoram Metamorphic Complex (KMC). The mineral fish are of three
broad geometries: sigmoid, lenticular and parallelogram. Reliable senses of shear are indicated by the overall asymmetry and
inclination of mineral fish. On the other hand, the true shear sense is not always indicated by either the orientations of
their cleavage planes or those of the individual grains in composite mineral fish. The ranges of local orientations of single
sigmoid mineral fish that include the lower values (<23°) in the KMC indicate their extensive ductile shearing. The studied
mineral fish were products of a range of deformation mechanisms including homogeneous deformation, simple shear, intra-granular
slip, crystal-plastic deformation, fracturing and synthetic shearing. Additionally, some examples might have undergone duplex
slips and a few nucleated and grew either prior to or during the top-to-SE shearing. 相似文献
9.
Fish biomass size spectra in Chesapeake Bay 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Biomass size spectra of pelagic fish were modeled to describe community structure, estimate potential fish production, and delineate trophic relationships in Chesapeake Bay. Spectra were constructed from midwater trawl collections each year in April, June–August, and October 1995–2000. The size spectra were bimodal: the first spectral dome corresponded to small zooplanktivorous fish, primarily bay anchovyAnchoa mitchilli; the second dome consisted of larger fish from several feeding guilds that are supported by multiple prey-predator linkages. Annual production estimates of pelagic fish, derived from a mean production to biomass ratio, varied nearly three-fold, ranging from 162 × 109 kcal (125 × 103 tons) in 1996 to 457 × 109 kcal (352 × 103 tons) in 2000. Seasonally, the biomass level and mean individual sizes of fish in the first dome increased from April to October, while the biomass level of the second dome was relatively stable. Regionally, biomass levels in the second dome were higher than biomasses in the first dome for the upper and lower Bay, but were minimal in the middle Bay where seasonal and episodic hypoxia occurs. To test a benthic-pelagic coupling hypothesis that could explain the higher biomass in the second domes for the lower and upper Bay, a cyclic size-spectrum model was fit that included only species in the zooplanktivorous-piscivorous fish guilds. The mean, normalized slope equaled ?1, indicating that zooplanktivorous fish may support piscivore production, but that a benthic-pelagic linkage is required to fully support fish production in the second dome. Interannual variability in slopes and intercepts of modeled size spectra was related to salinity, recruitment level of bay anchovy, and the primary axis of a correspondence analysis (salinity effect) on fish community structure. The spectral slope and intercept of normalized spectra were lowest in 1996, a near-record wet year. Results suggest that fish size spectra can be developed as useful indicators of ecosystem state and response to perturbations, especially if prey-predator relationships are explicitly represented. 相似文献
10.
The feeding habits of several fish species in a water reservoir of the Ria Formosa, Portugal, that has similar ecological characteristics to the outside tidal channels, were studied and compared with food availability. The gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), the most abundant fish species, mainly selected gastropods and bivalves, although occasionally fish and small crustaceans such as tanaids, ostracods, and cumaceans were also selected. Polychaetes, although abundant in the environment, were not particularly selected by any of the fish species studied. The diets of all the species studied were characterized by a large variety of prey, allowing them to survive in environments of low diversity and poor stability, such as coastal lagoons. These fish are largely benthic feeders, essentially eating the epimacroinvertebrates and endomacroinvertebrates and, occasionally, fish.Diplodus vulgaris andDiplodus annularis preferentially selected gastropods and small crustaceans.Spondyliosoma cantharus generally preyed on crustaceans, including the highly mobile epifauma, the mysids, and decapods.Halobatrachus didactylus andAnguilla anguilla, had very diversified diets that included fish.Mullus barbatus were found to have selected all groups of crustaceans and also bivalves. Wrasses, gobies, andDiplodus sargus, all small-sized fish, singled out small crustaceans, gastropods, and bivalves. The Sparids were the least specialized predators, with broader niches than the other species. They preferentially selected molluscs, which were abundant in the environment. A large overlap of diets was observed and competition may be important when fish biomass is high. 相似文献
11.
James R. Coull 《GeoJournal》1996,39(2):185-194
Shetland, as an isolated group of islands on the north-west margin of Europe, has always depended in its economy on marine-based resources, and current trends suggest that this will continue for the future. Up to the oil era Shetland depended mainly on the fisheries around it, although for centuries externally-based fishermen have profited more from these fisheries than have the Shetland people. As well as the development of oil from the 1970s there has been the other major economic innovation of fish farming. The oil industry is on massive scale and has greatly changed the economy of the islands and brought notable social benefits; but the direct employment it provides is considerably exceeded by the fish-related industries, which include employment in fish processing and packing plants as well as in fish catching and fish farming. With the oil industry in Shetland now on a settled downward trajectory, the islands are inevitably now having to look more to fish-related employment for their future. In the internal structure of Shetland, fish farming has a notable effect in distributing employment throughout the islands. Activity in fishing and fish processing is more selectively located: fishing is mainly concentrated in certain islands in the archipelago, particularly Whalsay and Burra; and fish processing is mainly in central locations, especially Lerwick and Scalloway. A prominent problem for fish processors is getting reliable supplies in face of higher fish prices at markets on the Scottish mainland. The processors also now face the challenge of putting more value added on their products in an outlying location. For the future there is a major issue in getting more effective measures for conservation of fish stocks in the Shetland area; there is also the related issue of whether Shetland fishermen should get preference in the allocation of fish quotas in this area. For fish farming there is the basic issue of maintaining a pollution-free environment: this was emphasised by the oil spill from the Braer oil tanker, and there is also concern about potential polluution from the prospective development of oil fields in the more difficult deep-water environment to the west of the islands. 相似文献
12.
To determine the role of mangroves for fisheries in the arid region of the Persian Gulf, we investigated fish community structure and trophic diversity in intertidal creeks with and without mangroves. Fish community abundances and biomass were compared across habitats and seasons. To identify variations in overall community trophic niches among habitats and seasons, we measured niches with size-corrected standard ellipse areas (SEAc) calculated from C and N stable isotope values. Although there was a slightly greater species richness occurred in mangrove creeks, we found a general similarity in the diversity patterns in creeks with and without mangroves. Also, there were no consistent differences in fish abundance or biomass for mangrove vs. non-mangrove fish collections. Community trophic diversity measured as SEAc also showed no significant difference between mangrove and non-mangrove sites. Instead, strong seasonal patterns were observed in the fish assemblages. Winter samples had consistently higher fish abundance and biomass than summer samples. Winter SEAc values were significantly higher, indicating that the fish community had a larger isotopic niche in winter than summer. Overall, we found that seasonality was much stronger than habitat in determining fish community structure and trophic diversity in the mangrove and non-mangrove ecosystems of Qeshm Island, Iran. 相似文献
13.
A field experiment was established in Bocas Del Toro, Panama to examine the relationship between sessile organisms living
on mangrove prop roots and fish communities. Artificial mangrove roots (AMR) with different sets of artificial (AE) or real
epibionts were established in five different locations in two separate years. Fish species in each plot were identified, counted,
and their size estimated by visual census for 15 days in each replicate. In the artificial mangrove plots, the treatments
with the most heterogeneous structure had significantly greater abundance of most families and species richness of fish in
both years of the experiment. AMR plots with AEs attracted a more abundant and diverse fish assemblage than those with live
epibionts, which had lower three-dimensional structure. All of the AMR plots had significantly greater fish abundance than
comparable plots of sea grass alone. The location of the replicate also made a significant difference to fish abundance. The
data indicate that prop-root epibionts can enhance fish abundance and diversity in mangroves, although the relationship may
depend on the specific nature of the epibionts and fishes present. 相似文献
14.
一种恢复岩层初始厚度的新方法——鱼嘴构造研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据发育程度,将鱼嘴构造划分成A、B、C、D、E五种基本类型,研究了鱼嘴构造的形态特点以及鱼嘴的周缘长度与岩层初始厚度之间的关系,利用物理模拟的手段,模拟出B、C两种类型的鱼嘴构造,相应地得出了利用这两类鱼嘴构造恢复岩层初始厚度的系数k1、k2,并成功地运用于实际岩石能干层初始厚度恢复. 相似文献
15.
Protocols for monitoring wetland mitigation and restoration projects call for routine counts of animals, yet long-term spatial and temporal patterns are rarely examined. An analysis of monitoring data from three southern California estuaries spanning 11 years, four seasons, and multiple stations within the estuaries revealed differences in spatio-temporal patterns between fish and invertebrates. Ordination analysis showed that fish assemblages were more predictable from environmental variables than were invertebrate assemblages. Variation in the fish assemblage was, primarily due to seasonal differences that were driven by changes in temperature. Invertebrates showed little seasonal variation, but a much higher degree of interannual variation than fish. Streamflow and dissolved oxygen were significant predictors of the invertebrate assemblage, indicating that irregular disturbances such as flooding events had a more important effect on the invertebrate assemblage than predictable seasonal cues such as temperature. Variation in fish and invertebrates was high both between and within the three estuaries, indicating that differences exist on multiple spatial scales. The influence of spatial and temporal factors on estuarine invertebrate and fish communities should be considered in planning monitoring programs for wetland mitigation or restoration sites. 相似文献
16.
17.
Lance B. Morrissey Philippe Janvier Simon J. Braddy John P. Bennett Susan B. Marriott Peter R. Tarrant 《Geology Today》2006,22(2):66-67
Armoured jawless fish, or 'ostracoderms', lived 450–360 million years ago, and display unusual morphologies, unlike any modern fish group. Since they left no living descendants, their mode of swimming has, until recently, remained speculative, although this is a crucial question as the first true pectoral fins evolved within the 'ostracoderms'. The discovery of the oldest-known fish trails, from the Early Devonian (400 million year old) 'Lower Old Red Sandstone' of south-east Wales offers new insights into the swimming behaviour of these early fish, notably the osteostracan 'ostracoderms' (or cephalaspids), whose horseshoe-shaped head and paddle-shaped pectoral fins have remained a functional riddle. 相似文献
18.
Estuaries contain mosaic habitats which support fish across different life stages. Artificial reefs represent a form of habitat enhancement which can provide additional structure for fishes and improve fishing opportunities, but the role of artificial reefs within the broader estuarine seascape has not been extensively studied. We used a VEMCO Positioning System (VPS) to monitor the fine-scale movements of yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis, referred to as Bream), an estuarine predator and important recreational species. Fish were implanted with acoustic tags with accelerometer sensors (to measure relative fish activity), and their movements monitored on an artificial reef and adjacent habitats. Elevated activity patterns during crepuscular periods indicated that foraging was likely occurring over a large seagrass bed adjacent to the artificial reef system. Alternatively, lower activity was observed when fish were on the artificial reef, which may reflect the role of this habitat as a refuge, or that alternative foraging strategies were being employed. All fish exhibited a high degree of fidelity to the artificial reef on which they were tagged, and there was minimal movement among other reef groups within the array. There was extensive overlap in space use contours for smaller fish on the seagrass edge, but no overlap for larger fish that also tended to forage further afield. These findings have implications for the way in which artificial reefs support fish production, especially the importance of connectivity with other key habitats within the estuarine seascape. 相似文献
19.
Nekton communities were sampled from 38 Hawaiian coastal wetlands from 2007 to 2009 using lift nets, seines, and throw nets
in an attempt to increase our understanding of the nekton assemblages that utilize these poorly studied ecosystems. Nekton
were dominated by exotic species, primarily poeciliids (Gambusia affinis, Poecilia spp.) and tilapia. These fish were present in 50–85% of wetlands sampled; densities were up to 15 times greater than native
species. High densities of exotic fish were generally found in isolated wetlands with no connection to the ocean, were often
the only nekton present, were positively correlated with surface water total dissolved nitrogen, and were negatively correlated
with native species richness. Native species were present in wetlands with complete or partial connection to the ocean. Additional
studies are needed to document exotic fish impacts on native fish and bird habitat and whether native fish communities can
contribute to invasion resistance of coastal wetlands. Future wetland restoration should include exotic fish eradication,
maintenance of hydrological connection to the ocean, or programs to prevent future introductions in order to create wetlands
that support native-dominated nekton communities. 相似文献
20.
Concentrations of mercury (Hg) in fish were compared between two Florida estuaries, the Indian River Lagoon and Florida Bay. The objective was to determine if differences in Hg concentration exist and to attempt to relate those differences to sources of Hg. Five hundred and thirteen estuarine fish were collected and analyzed for Hg concentration. Fish species collected were black drum, bluefish, bonnethead shark, common snook, crevalle jack, gafftopsail catfish, gray snapper, Mayan cichlid, pompano, red drum, sheepshead, southern flounder, spadefish, and spotted seatrout. Analysis of variance of species-specific Hg data among the three defined regions of eastern and western Florida Bay and the Indian River Lagoon substantiated regional differences. Proximity to known anthropogenic sources of Hg appeared to be a significant factor in the distribution of Hg concentration among the fish collected. Sufficient numbers of crevalle jack, gray snapper, and spotted seatrout were collected to permit statistical analysis among regions. Hg concentrations in all three of these species from eastern Florida Bay were higher than those collected in the other two areas. A major fraction of the estuarine fish collected in eastern Florida Bay exceeded one or more State of Florida or U.S. Food and Drug Administration fish consumption health advisory criteria. In general, fish from western Florida Bay contained less Hg than those from the Indian River Lagoon, and fish from the Indian River contained less Hg than those from eastern Florida Bay. Crevalle jack from all areas and spotted seatrout from Florida Bay were placed on a consumption advisory in Florida. Detailed study of Florida Bay food web dynamics and Hg biogeochemical cycling is recommended to better understand the processes underlying the elevated Hg levels in fish from eastern Florida Bay. This information may be vital in the formulation of appropriate strategies in the ongoing South Florida restoration process. 相似文献