共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
裂隙性为黏土的主要特性之一。探讨黏土的开裂规律,对于分析地裂缝成因机理,开展预测研究具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。通过室内试验,研究了黏土干燥收缩过程中含水率的变化规律。分别制备不同厚度、宽度、含砂量的试样,获得不同条件下黏土失水过程含水率的变化规律。在试验所设定的条件下,土体开裂时的含水率很接近,平均约为33.48%;当样品宽度不变时,土层越厚,含水率变化速率越小;当样品厚度相同时,宽度不同,含水率变化速率几乎相同;当厚度、宽度都相同时,含水率变化速率随含砂量的增大而减小。对于同一样品,土体厚度越大,样品裂隙率越小;土体厚度相同时,样品的裂隙率随着样品宽度的增大先减小后增大,且样品的开裂周期与样品的裂隙率同步变化。 相似文献
2.
裸露岩质边坡的数量随着基础设施建设规模和数量的不断增大,客土喷播技术作为一种有效的边坡护坡绿化技术可以改善岩质边坡的表层稳定性,但多种因素造成表层土体失水开裂,影响客土喷播的修复效果。针对此问题,采用剑麻纤维和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对客土进行改良,开展了不同土层厚度、剑麻纤维和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)含量条件下干缩开裂试验,研究了不同条件对土体干燥失水、表面裂隙发育的影响,采用微观扫描技术(SEM)对改良后客土的内在结构变化进行了测试。结果表明：随土层厚度增大,改良土蒸发稳定时间有所延长,且土层厚度增大能有效抑制试样表面裂隙的发育。剑麻纤维和PAM的掺入有效延长了黏土蒸发的路径,且随着纤维和PAM含量增加土体蒸发速率逐渐降低,抑制了土体表层裂隙发育。PAM的强吸水性能够降低土体的蒸发速率,纤维的“桥接作用”可以抑制裂隙的扩展,提高土体的整体性。 相似文献
3.
呼和浩特地区压实红黏土收缩开裂特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
红黏土在工程应用中易随环境温、湿度的变化产生收缩变形甚至开裂现象,从而诱发产生诸多工程问题。在工程应用中掌握红黏土的收缩与开裂性能,才能及时做出有效的防治措施。为此,以内蒙古地区典型红黏土为研究对象,在明确其击实特性的基础上,分析了红黏土在不同击实次数条件下的收缩特性并结合图像处理技术进一步阐释了压实红黏土裂缝形态的发展规律。试验结果表明:红黏土的最大干密度随着击实次数的增加呈线性增加,最佳含水率随着击实次数的增加呈线性减小的特征;红黏土失水率曲线随干燥时间呈指数规律变化,干燥初期,试样水分迅速蒸发呈线性变化,随着干燥时间的延续水分蒸发量逐渐减少,失水率曲线趋于稳定;随着击实次数的增加试样收缩率增大,收缩指标（径向线缩率、轴向线缩率以及体积收缩率）随干燥时间呈指数规律变化。红黏土收缩几何因子小于3,表明其轴向收缩大于径向收缩,红黏土收缩具有各向异性的特点;红黏土的裂缝特征参数（平均裂缝宽度、裂缝总长度、裂隙率）也随击实次数的增加而增大。试样击实次数的增加破坏了土体的黏粒结构,导致土体对结合水最大吸附能力减弱,降低了土体的持水能力,从而使土体的失水率、收缩率以及裂隙率增大。因此,在工程应用中增加击实次数以期改善红黏土的收缩与抗裂性是低效不经济的。 相似文献
4.
压实黏土干燥过程中产生的裂隙可能对渗透性能有较大影响。通过室内模拟试验研究发现,裂隙面积率、裂隙总长度和裂隙宽度随含水率减小而增大。压实黏土中裂隙可分为主裂隙和次裂隙2类,次裂隙出现前后裂隙参数的变化速率有较大差异。较宽裂隙在湿化后不能完全愈合,干湿循环过程使压实黏土产生了不可逆的变化。采用试验筒壁上涂阿尔代胶的方法可以有效模拟土样中裂隙的形成,并能较好地防止侧漏。渗透试验发现,一次干湿循环导致压实黏土的渗透系数增大将近2个数量级。湿化过程中干燥裂隙不能完全愈合及微裂隙的形成可能是导致渗透系数增大的主要原因。 相似文献
5.
干湿循环作用下膨胀土裂隙演化规律试验研究 总被引：27，自引：1，他引：26
对南阳膨胀土在反复干湿循环作用下的裂隙演化规律进行了室内试验研究。试验中采用烘干法模拟脱湿过程,采用抽气饱和法模拟饱和过程。在脱湿过程中,定时对土样进行称重、定点拍照,以记录裂隙发育状况。利用矢量图技术对裂隙照片进行矢量化处理,以提取裂隙的各种几何要素,继而进行裂隙度计算。裂隙度变化规律分析结果表明,影响裂隙张开程度的关键因素并非土体含水率,而是含水率梯度,而脱湿速率的空间分布、土块渗透特性以及土块尺寸大小则是决定含水率梯度大小的关键因素;膨胀土裂隙在干湿循环的作用下会逐步发育,主要体现在裂隙总面积与总长度的增加,但此作用有限,裂隙的发育达到一定程度以后便会因为土块尺寸过小而停止;反复干湿循环会使土体产生范性变形,该范性变形与完整土块的胀缩特性并无直接联系,其主要成因是裂隙的发育与土体完整性的破坏,裂隙越发育,土体范性变形量越大 相似文献
6.
降雨蒸发作用下膨胀土湿热和裂隙特性室内模拟试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以广西白色强膨胀土为研究对象,对有、无植被覆盖的膨胀土样进行蒸发、降雨再蒸发试验,研究降雨、蒸发过程对膨胀土湿热和裂隙拓展特性的影响。结果表明,植被覆盖土样表面的反射量比无植被覆盖土样小100 W/m2左右,土样表面温差小5～6 ℃。无植被覆盖土样经历降雨过程后,在相同蒸发条件下,土样表面裂隙率由1.28%增加到3.82%,表层土体累计脱湿量由3.42%增加到11.17%,脱湿速率由0.59%/d增加到1.44%/d,表层土体温度变化平均值由13.1 ℃增加到14.9 ℃。可见,降雨、蒸发过程使得土体水量变化加大,水分迁移速率增加,温度变化加剧,土体趋于破碎。植被覆盖土样经历降雨过程后,在相同蒸发条件下,土样表面并未出现明显裂隙,表层土体累计脱湿量由3.16%变为2.36%,脱湿速率由0.58%/d变为0.37%/d,表层土体温度变化平均值由0.58 ℃变为0.37 ℃。可见,短期降雨、蒸发过程对植被覆盖下膨胀土的持水能力影响不大。 相似文献
7.
在工程建设与自然环境中,土体因失水而产生收缩、开裂的过程受多重因素的影响,且各因素之间的相互作用关系十分复杂。其中,环境温度在土体开裂的起始与结束中,起至关重要的影响;同时,鲜见关于土体内部黏土、砂粒配比对于裂隙发育影响的研究。故本研究设置了不同环境温度、含砂率条件,展开一系列室内蒸发试验,通过记录试验过程中土体内部水分散失以及表面裂隙发育、发展情况,利用相关图形分析软件,对裂隙率、裂隙网络的几何形态进行定量分析,进而探究不同温度、含砂率对土体干缩、开裂的影响机理。研究结果表明：（1）砂粒的存在,导致土体内部的结构发生改变,部分输水通道被堵塞,从而延长了自由水的运移路径,水分蒸发速率随着含砂率的增加而降低。（2）砂粒的存在将导致土体表面提前产生开裂,此现象受含砂率的影响较小,与是否含砂有关。（3）土体内部含砂率越高,裂隙发育纵深越小,延伸长度越短,同时裂隙的宽度与含砂率呈反比。（4）相同含砂率条件下,环境温度越高,水分蒸发速率、土体表面形成的裂隙宽度越大,且在一定程度上促使表面裂隙提前产生。 相似文献
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干燥失水现象是引起膨胀土裂隙萌生和扩展的关键性因素,裂隙的演化过程对土体结构完整性和地基的长期稳定与安全具有重要影响。为了研究膨胀土干缩裂隙的演化特点,对原状土试样开展显微CT扫描试验,结合图像分析技术获取了土体细观裂隙的二维/三维图像与特征参数,从定性和定量角度分析了干缩裂隙的演化规律。结果表明：三维重构后的数字模型还原了膨胀土在干燥过程中的体积收缩特征,与试样实测的体积有较好的一致性;从显微CT图像中可以提取细观裂隙的量化指标,如裂隙率、裂隙数量、裂隙体积与裂隙结构特征参数等;随着含水率从24.0%下降至12.0%,膨胀土的裂隙率、裂隙体积呈增大趋势,裂隙数量呈减小趋势;根据裂隙的体积和几何形态特征将其分为连通裂隙和独立裂隙,干燥过程中连通裂隙的体积占比显著提高,独立裂隙数量不断减少;球棒模型有效地模拟了膨胀土裂隙的几何形态特征,在干燥失水过程中等效孔隙半径、喉道半径、喉道长度与孔喉配位数均有增大趋势,裂隙连通性显著增强;SEM图像表明细观裂隙的连通与黏土颗粒排列形式、粒间孔隙发育程度等存在重要关联。 相似文献
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为了探究土体干缩开裂问题,文章采用ERT技术,对黏性土开展了一维干缩开裂动态监测试验。配制初始状态饱和
的泥浆试样,在自然条件下干燥,采用ERT技术获得试样干燥过程中的电阻值变化。结合试样的电阻值图像和裂隙图像,
对土体干缩开裂规律进行了分析。研究结果表明：在干燥蒸发初期,土体电阻值随时间增加缓慢减小,其原因在于土体干
燥收缩导致土颗粒间接触面积增大,颗粒水化膜变薄,进而使得土颗粒表面双电层导电性增强。随着干燥继续进行,气体
进入土体内部,土体由初始饱和状态转变为非饱和状态,电阻值转为缓慢增加。当土体产生裂隙时,裂隙周围土体电阻值
急剧增大,而未发育裂隙的土体电阻依然保持缓慢增加的趋势。通过对比试样电阻值变化曲线和裂隙图像,发现两者所呈
现的裂隙发育位置和状态存在良好的一致性。因此,ERT技术能对干燥过程中土体裂隙发育进行有效的动态监测,准确掌
握裂隙发育的时空动态信息,并且能提前预测裂隙发育的可能位置,为研究极端干旱气候作用下土体的工程性质响应提供
了理想手段。 相似文献
10.
基于变湿应力概念的膨胀土初始开裂分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
含水率变化时膨胀土体积会产生吸水膨胀或失水收缩,这与温度变化时一般材料的反应相似。当土体的胀缩变形受到约束时就会产生应力,据此提出了变湿应力的概念。借用温度应力理论分析思路,基于弹性力学理论,采用变湿应力来计算土体的胀缩变形,建立了用含水率变化计算变湿应力的理论模型。揭示了裂隙产生的机理是不同埋深处土体水分丧失速率的不同,产生了不均匀的收缩变形。提出了膨胀土初始开裂的临界变湿判据,经比较与实测结果较一致。利用该模型,推导了地表蒸发条件下膨胀土的裂隙初始开展深度,并对其与土体变形模量、胀缩特征参数等的关系进行了讨论。 相似文献
11.
Crack patterns in clayey soils: Experiments and modeling 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The paper presents an experimental and numerical study to investigate the behavior of desiccated clayey soils. The performed tests permit to evaluate the crack pattern as well as the tensile strength as a function of suction. A new model that relates the porosity evolution to the suction and to the tensile strength was developed and implemented in the finite element program CODE_BRIGHT. The proposed model captured the initiation and propagation of cracks in a thin layer of desiccated clay and predicted crack patterns in terms of the Minkowski densities (i.e. average crack length and crack intensity factor). The effect of the heterogeneity of the tested specimens, modeled by random clusters, was also quantified. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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An energy approach is proposed as a complement to the stress approach commonly considered for investigating soil desiccation cracking. The elastic strain energies before and after crack initiation are estimated by both numerical and analytical solutions. The energy released by cracking is then compared with the fracture energy to discuss crack initiation conditions. This leads to combined energy and stress conditions for crack initiation following Leguillon's theory. An approximate analytical solution is derived from a variational formulation of the porous elastic body equations. A cohesive zone model and finite element code are used to simulate crack propagation in an unsaturated porous body. This analysis shows that the energy criterion is reached before the stress criterion, and this can explain unstable crack propagation at the beginning. The approximate analytical solution allows predicting correctly the crack depth and opening in its initiation stage. 相似文献
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红层泥质胶结物在干燥条件下会因含水率变化产生开裂,裂缝进一步发展贯通最终导致红层泥岩崩解破坏。目前对红层泥岩崩解机制的研究多为定性描述,缺乏定量分析方法。因此,定量研究红层泥质胶结物开裂的产生及扩展对深化红层泥岩崩解理论研究具有重要意义。基于线弹性断裂力学及非饱和土力学,建立了考虑含水率变化的红层泥质胶结物裂缝深度及间距计算公式,并对公式参数敏感性进行了分析。应用CT试验数据对PFC2D数值模型进行了校准,并基于干缩开裂数值试验结果,对裂缝深度及间距计算公式进行了对比验证。结果表明：提出的计算公式能较好地预测红层泥质胶结物的开裂深度及间距,裂缝深度随含水率减小呈先快速增加再缓慢增长的特点。研究成果有助于加深对红层泥岩崩解的量化理论分析,并为预测工程中红层泥岩的开裂程度提供参考。 相似文献
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章君政唐朝生巩学鹏周启友程青吕超施斌 《岩土力学》2023,(2):392-402
土体在气候作用下发育干缩裂隙是一种常见的自然现象,裂隙的存在会极大弱化土体的工程性质,诱发许多岩土与地质工程问题。为了实时掌握黏性土中干缩裂隙网络的发展状态,提出了一套基于高密度电阻率层析成像技术（ERT）的土体干缩裂隙动态发展过程精细监测方法。分别开展模型试验及原位试验,利用自行研制的测定系统持续采集电流-电位差数据,随后利用自行开发的有限元法电阻率层析成像（FemERT）系统进行数据处理,获取了裂隙网络在不同发育阶段的空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）ERT可以实现土体裂隙发育过程的精细监测,具备监测三维裂隙网络几何形态的能力,裂隙宽度的识别精度达到毫米级,裂隙深度的识别精度达到厘米级;（2）ERT的感度分布特征解释了裂隙发育对于土体电阻率的影响规律,测定电阻值时程曲线因裂隙产生位置的不同而呈现不同的变化规律;（3）反演电阻率及其相对变化率（Rev）可以直观表征裂隙网络在不同阶段的空间几何形态,凸显裂隙动态发育过程对于土体导电性的影响。 相似文献
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The ability to model and predict the formation of desiccation cracks is potentially beneficial in many applications such as clay liner design, earth dam construction, and crop science, etc. However, most studies have focused on statistical analysis of crack patterns and qualitative study of contributing factors to crack development rather than prediction. Because it is exceedingly difficult to capture the nonlinear processes during desiccation in analytical modelling, most such models handle crack formation without considering variation of material properties with time, and are unattractive to use in realistic modelling. The data obtained from laboratory experiments on clay soil desiccating in moulds were used as a basis to develop a more refined model of desiccation cracking. In this study, the properties, such as matric suction, stiffness and tensile strength of soil, and base adhesion, could be expressed approximately as functions of moisture content. The initial conditions and the development of suction due to desiccation and the varying material properties were inputted to UDEC, a distinct element code, using its internal programming language FISH. The model was able to capture some essential physical aspects of crack evolution in soil contained in moulds with varying lengths, heights, and materials of construction. Extension of this methodology is potentially beneficial not only for modelling desiccation cracking in clay, but also in other systems with evolving material properties such as concrete structures and road pavements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Crack evolution is initiated by the occurrence of tensile wing cracks and is then further promoted due to the crack coalescence caused by the extension of a central tensile crack segment between two relatively adjacent flaws. To understand such progressive failures in rock, a parallelized peridynamics coupled with a finite element method is utilized. Through this method, the initiation position of tensile wing cracks is observed with respect to varying inclination angles of a flaw, and then its corresponding shifting mechanism is investigated. In addition, the phenomenon of the position shifting being sensitive to various flaw shapes is discussed. Moreover, it is observed that the inclination angle of a central flaw affects the initiation position of other flaws; therefore, the initiation positions of tensile wing crack emanating from other neighboring flaws are analyzed with their angles. Following tensile wing cracks, a central tensile crack segment occurs in the bridging region between a central flaw and other neighboring flaws; the developmental patterns caused by the crack segment are discussed as well. Finally, the role a central tensile crack segment plays in the formation of crack coalescence and specimen failure is investigated in detail. The numerical results in this paper demonstrate good fidelity with established physical test results and complement them, thereby expanding the understanding of fracturing morphology in rock specimens with various flaws. 相似文献
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Drought in the Sahel 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The Sahel region of West Africa is well known as a region of environmental degradation. The reported incidence of desertification
has been challenged but persistent and widespread drought is still widely accepted. Drought, defined solely as a function
of rainfall, is believed to have commenced in the early 1970s and continued through to the present. It is usually defined
as a meteorological phenomenon and standardised rainfall anomalies are employed to indicate the severity of negative departures
from the ‘norm’. There are several difficulties with this approach. The period of standardising rainfall has changed from
1931–1960 to 1961–1990 but the impacts on drought occurrence have not been fully determined. The spatial aggregation of rainfall
anomalies may mask important local variation and the purely statistical approach to defining drought takes little account
of human impact. The first two issues, averaging period and spatial aggregation, are investigated through an analysis of rainfalls
in Continental Sahel (Bukina Faso, Mali and Niger). A new classification of drought classes is suggested. Despite the clear
evidence of negative rainfall anomalies for rainfalls aggregated across the Sahel region, it is found that the averaging period
has a significant impact on our perceptions of the occurrence of what can be considered to be meteorological drought according
to the definition employed and that there is significant spatial variation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献