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1.
Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Agterberg Frits 《地球科学》2011,36(2):189-200
Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area. 相似文献
2.
利用测井信息评价盐湖相烃源岩 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
盐湖相烃源岩富含膏、盐质成分,使其测井响应特征发生极大改变,给测井评价烃源岩带来困难。基于实测数据,分析了盐湖相烃源岩中普遍发育的纯泥岩、含膏(盐)泥岩和膏(盐)质泥岩有机碳含量的测井响应模式,发现纯泥岩和含膏(盐)泥岩TOC与AC和LogRt呈正比,与DEN呈反比,膏(盐)质泥岩TOC与DEN呈正比,与LogRt呈反比,并基于此建立了盐湖相烃源岩测井评价方法,即首先利用ΔGR区分岩性,再针对不同岩性建立TOC评价模型,最后根据实测S1+S2和TOC建立相关关系,就可以求取烃源岩的TOC和S1+S2。利用该方法对东营凹陷沙四下亚段烃源岩性质和展布进行分析,发现预测TOC与实测TOC吻合程度高,具有一定推广价值。 相似文献
3.
中国昆明地区岩溶洞穴洞口带苔藓植物研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了研究中国西南岩溶洞穴植物区系与生物多样性特征, 作者曾两次对云南昆明地区12个岩溶洞穴进行了野外考察和苔藓植物标本采集工作。其中含昆明市石灰岩洞穴1个, 石林县石灰岩洞穴5个和宜良县白云岩洞穴6个。根据采自12个岩溶洞穴洞口带的164件苔藓植物标本研究, 本文首次报道昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物10科18属25种。昆明地区洞穴中分布较多的苔藓植物科有丛藓科( Po ttiaceae) 5属8种,凤尾藓科( Fi ssidentaceae ) 1属4种,柳叶藓科( Amblystegiaceae ) 3 属3 种和青藓(Brachytheciaceae ) 2属3种。溶洞中较常见的4种苔藓植物种类是萤光苔类植物光苔Cyathodiumcavernarum Kunze ( 见于6个溶洞中) , 小凤尾藓Fissidens bryoides Hedw ( 见于4个溶洞中) , 橙色净口藓Gymnostonum calcareum Nees et Ho rsch (见于3 个溶洞中)和长叶扭口藓Tortella tortuosa( Hedw ) Limp ( 见于3个溶洞中)。野外观察表明,受洞穴弱光环境生态因子的限制, 昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物主要生长于洞穴洞口0～ 26m带范围内; 2种丛集型藓类植物, 橙色净口藓Gymnostonumcalcareum Nees et Horsch, 和钩喙净口藓G.recurvirost re Hedw 参与洞口带钟乳石或石笋钙华沉积。 相似文献
4.
《煤田地质与勘探》2021,49(3):1-7
The Deep Resources Exploration and Mining(DREAM) grant program, within the framework of The National Key Research and Development Program grants, is a pillar to implement China's science and technology strategy in the area of deep resources exploitation. To tackle the insufficient of theories and technologies for the 1000-meter-deep mining, a section of mining, covering the research of basic theories, general technologies and application demonstration, was arranged in the layout of DREAM under the principle of "whole chain design, integrated implementation". In the aspect of basic research, DREAM mainly focused on the deep rock mechanics and mining theory, such as the in-situ mechanical behavior of deep rock, deep high stress induction and energy regulation theory. For the general and key technologies, DREAM supported the research on the mine construction and hoisting, excavation, rock breaking, mining methods and mining safety according to the characteristics of coal and metal mines. For the demonstration application, taking green, safe and efficient as the starting point, DREAM aimed at the green, safe and high efficiency mining, and the demonstration and leading role projects such as the low-waste and high-efficiency back fill mining. Since 2016, 10 RD projects have been funded, and 122 institutional participants with a total budget of RMB 235 million from the central government and RMB 480 million from enterprises as well as local governments have been involved. It is expected that the mining section of DREAM would contribute to establishing the theory and technology system in the area of deep mining and promoting the ability of deep resource exploitation in China. 相似文献
5.
Huan-huan Yang Qin Wang Yan-bo Li Bin Lin Yang Song Yi-yun Wang Wen He Hong-wei Li She Li Jian-li Li Chang-cheng Liu Shi-bin Feng Tang Xin Xue-lian Fu Xin-juan Liang Qi Zhang Bei-qi Wang Yang Li 《China Geology》2022,5(1):136-159
The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet. 相似文献
6.
Three-dimensional(3 D)static modelling techniques are applied to the characterization of the Qishn Formation(Fm.)in the Sharyoof oil field locating within the Masila basin,southeastern Yemen.The present study was initiated by the seismic structural interpretation,followed by building a 3 D structural framework,in addition to analysing well log data and from these,3 D facies and petrophysical models are constructed.In the Sharyoof oil field,the Qishn Fm.exhibits depth values within the range of 400-780 m below sea level,with a general increase towards the SSE.A set of high dip angle normal faults with a general ENE-WSW trend dissect the rocks.The strata are also folded as a main anticline with an axis that is parallel to the fault trend,formed as a result of basement uplift.According to the facies models,the Qishn Fm.comprises 43.83% limestone,21.53% shale,21.26% sandstone,13.21% siltstone and 0.17% dolomite.The Qishn Carbonates Member has low porosity values making it a potential seal for the underlying reservoirs whereas the Upper Qishn Clastics SI A and C have good reservoir quality and SIB has fair reservoir quality.The Upper Qishn Clastics S2 and S3 also have fair reservoir quality,while the Lower Qishn Clastics zone has good reservoir quality.The water saturation decreases towards the west and east and increases towards north and south.The total original oil in-place(OOIP)of the Upper Qishn clastics is 106 million STB within the SI A,SIC and S2 zones.Drilling of development wells is recommended in the eastern study area,where good trapping configuration is exhibited in addition to the presence of a potential seal(Upper Qishn Carbonates Member)and reservoir(Qishn Clastics Member)with high porosity and low water saturation. 相似文献
7.
印度共和国位于南亚次大陆中部,陆地面积297.32万km2(不包括印控克什米尔地区与锡金),北部为喜马拉雅高山区,海拔平均为5500m;中部是印度河-恒河-布拉马普特河(在中国境内称雅鲁藏布江)平原,平均海拔100~200m,是印度经济最发达、人口最稠密地区;南部是印度半岛高原区,西高东低, 相似文献
8.
M. Fokeeva 《冰川冻土》2004,26(Z1):215-219
Field investigations of several gas mains in different geosystems were carried out in Noviy Urengoy region (Eastern Siberia) in September, 2003. There were on ground pipelines covered with peat or sand. In case of small rivers pipelines were elevated by pile support on the shores. Because pipelines were applied in cryolithozone that means special secure methods used in pipeline systems functioning and operating. There are multiple sites of natural landscapes destructed or totally destroyed during building and exploiting of the pipelines. That causes negative cryogenic processes development. The most dangerous one is the heaving, that reaches up to several meters in humid landscapes. The complex thermoerosion, thermokarst and heaving occur very often at one site. The heaving of piles leads to pipe deformations and the emergency situations to occur. It is possible to predict negative cryogenic processes development and so far to reduce an emergency risk. 相似文献
9.
Wei Yan Yanyao Zhang Yunlu Ma Mingyue He Lifei Zhang Weidong Sun Christina Yan Wang Xi Liu 《地学前缘(英文版)》2021,12(1):313-326
A series of coesite,coexisting with or without a liquid phase,was synthesized in the nominal system SiO2-H2O at800-1450℃and 5 GPa.Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to identity the crystalline phase,electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS were employed to quantity some major and trace elements,and unpolarized FTIR spectroscopy was applied to probe the different types of hydrogen defects,explore water-incorporation mechanisms and quantify water contents.Trace amounts of A1 and B were detected in the coesite.Combining our results with the results in the literatures,we have found no positive correlation between the Al contents and the"Al"-based hydrogen concentrations,suggesting that previously proposed hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H^++Al^3+■Si^4+does not function in coesite.In contrast,we have confirmed the positive correlation between the B contents and the B-based hydrogen concentrations.The hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H^++B3^+■Si^4+readily takes place in coesite at different P-T conditions,and significantly increases the water content at both liquid-saturated and liquid-undersaturated conditions.For the SiO2-H2O system,we have found that type-Ⅰhydrogarnet substitution plays a dictating role in incorporating water into coesite at liquid-saturated condition,type-II hydrogarnet substitution contributes significantly at nearly dry condition,and both operate at conditions in between.The water solubility of coesite,as dictated by the type-Ⅰhydrogarnet substitution,positively correlates with both P and T,cH2O=-105(30)+5.2(32)×P+0.112(26)×T,with cH2O in wt ppm,P in GPa and T in℃.Due to its low water solubility and small fraction in subducted slabs,coesite may contribute insignificantly to the vertical water transport in subduction zones.Furthermore,the water solubility of any coesite in exhuming ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks should be virtually zero as coesite becomes metastable.With an adequately fast waterdiffusion rate,this metastable coesite should be completely dry,which may have been the key factor to the partial preservation of most natural Coe.As a byproduct,a new IR experimental protocol for accurate water determination in optically anisotropic nominally anhydrous minerals has been found.Aided with the empirical method of Paterson(1982)it employs multiple unpolarized IR spectra,collected from randomly-orientated mineral grains,to approximate both total integrated absorbance and total integrated molar absorption coefficient.Its success relies on a high-level orientation randomness in the IR analyses. 相似文献
10.
Magmatic and hydrothermal zircon growth during multiple orogenic cycles in an evolving mantle wedge 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The Hongseong area of the Hongseong-Imjingang Belt in the central-western Korean Peninsula forms part of a subduction-collision system that is correlated with the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu Belt in China. Several serpentinized ultramafic bodies carrying blocks of metamorphosed mafic rocks occur in this area. Here we investigate zircon grains in serpentinites from Bibong(BB) and Wonnojeon(WNJ), and high-pressure(HP) mafic granulite from Baekdong(BD) localities based on U-Pb, REE and Lu-Hf analyses. The zircons from BD HP mafic granulite show distinct age peaks at 838 Ma, 617 Ma and 410 Ma, with minor peaks at1867 Ma, 1326 Ma and 167 Ma. The Neoproterozoic age peaks in these rocks as well as in the serpentinites suggest subduction-related melt-fluid interaction in the mantle wedge at this time. The older zircon grains ranging in age from the Early to Middle Paleoproterozoic might represent detrital grains from the basement rocks transferred to the wedge mantle through sediment subduction. The BD HP mafic granulite shows a Middle Paleozoic age peak(Devonian; 410 Ma). The 242-245 Ma age peaks in the compiled age data of zircon grains serpentinites from BB and WNJ correspond to a major Triassic event that further added melts and fluids into the ancient mantle wedge to crystallize new zircons. In the chondrite normalized rare earth element diagram, the magmatic zircon grains from the studied rocks show LREE depletion and HREE enrichment with sharply negative Eu and Pr anomalies and positive Ce and Sm anomalies. The REE patterns of hydrothermal zircons show LREE enrichment, and relatively flat patterns with negative Eu anomaly. Zircon Hf signature from the WNJ serpentinite show negative εHf(t)(-18.5 and-23.5) values indicating an enriched mantle source with TDM in the range of 1614 Ma and1862 Ma. Zircons from the BD HP mafic granulite also show slightly negative εHf(t)(average-4.3) and TDM in the range of 1365-1935 Ma. Our study provides evidence for multiple zircon growth in an evolving mantle wedge that witnessed melt and fluid interaction during different orogenic cycles. 相似文献
11.
鲁东地热区在地质构造单元上位于沂沭断裂带昌邑—大店断裂以东,地热资源丰富。本文采集了鲁东地热区招远地热田内一眼2000m深地热井（DRZK01）中的40块岩芯样品进行岩石热导率、岩石生热率测试及分析,结合测温资料及收集资料对该区地热通量构成及分层热流进行了分析研究;采集区内典型地热流体样品进行水化学分析并采用合适的地热温标估算了该区热储温度;综合研究成果建立了该区地热成因概念模型。研究结果显示,该区岩石热导率数值较高,测量值在2.8~5.7W/（m·K）之间,普遍高于上地壳平均热导率,地温梯度较高,为31.8℃/km;利用热导率和地温梯度计算的地热通量102mW/m2中热传导分量为（73.2±6.18）mW/m2,对流分量为（28.76±6.18）mW/m2,其中热传导分量中地壳热流为22.5mW/m2,地幔热流为（50.74±6.18）mW/m2,二者比值为1:1.98～1:2.52,为“热幔冷壳”型热结构。石英温标计算热储平均温度为128.6℃,热循环深度约3634m。研究结果丰富了该区地热系统理论并为该区地热资源开发利用提供一定的理论支撑。 相似文献
12.
鲁东地热区在地质构造单元上位于沂沭断裂带昌邑—大店断裂以东,地热资源丰富。本文采集了鲁东地热区招远地热田内一眼2000 m深地热井(DRZK01)中的40块岩芯样品进行岩石热导率、岩石生热率测试及分析,结合测温资料及收集资料对该区地热通量构成及分层热流进行了分析研究;采集区内典型地热流体样品进行水化学分析并采用合适的地热温标估算了该区热储温度;综合研究成果建立了该区地热成因概念模型。研究结果显示,该区岩石热导率数值较高,测量值在2.8～5.7 W/(m·K)之间,普遍高于上地壳平均热导率,地温梯度较高,为31.8℃/km;利用热导率和地温梯度计算的地热通量102 mW/m~2中热传导分量为(73.2±6.18) mW/m~2,对流分量为(28.76±6.18)mW/m~2,其中热传导分量中地壳热流为22.5 mW/m~2,地幔热流为(50.74±6.18) mW/m~2,二者比值为1∶1.98～1∶2.52,为"热幔冷壳"型热结构。石英温标计算热储平均温度为128.6℃,热循环深度约3634 m。研究结果丰富了该区地热系统理论并为该区地热资源开发利用提供一定的理论支撑。 相似文献
13.
在“雄县模式”和环境压力的双重驱动下,河北地区已形成我国最大的地热供暖城市群。因此,研究武城凸起地热田地热地质特征,对河北省故城县地热开发具有重要的指导意义。本文通过测井、地震和区域地质资料,结合水化学特征、同位素测试结果的分析,系统分析了地热田的不同类型热储展布、储集层物性、地下热水补给来源和循环路径特征,并精细评价了地热资源量。结果表明武城凸起地热田热储类型主要为馆陶组砂岩热储和奥陶系岩溶热储。砂岩热储区域稳定分布,主要产水层为下馆陶组,底板埋深1 200~1 600 m,单井出水量79~123 m3/h, 井口水温52~54 ℃;岩溶热储有利区带主要分布在寒武—三叠系卷入的背斜核部,呈南北向带状展布,主要产水层为上马家沟组、下马家沟组和亮甲山组,顶板埋深2 100~2 900 m,单井出水量75~98 m3/h,井口水温82~85 ℃。地下热水来源为西部太行山脉和北部燕山山脉,热水沿着NE-SW向断裂破碎带和岩溶不整合面向上水平运移进入浅层热储,通过沧县隆起和邢衡隆起在武城凸起汇集,形成中低温地热田。地下热水质类型为Cl-Na型,最大循环深度为2 822.5~3 032.5 m,14C测年表明砂岩热储和岩溶热储年龄分别为21 ka和32 ka。明化镇组和石炭—二叠系分别为两套热储的直接盖层。武城凸起地热田地热资源量分层精细评价结果表明,热储地热资源量合计4.86×1010 GJ,折合标煤16.6×108 t。年可开采地热资源量可满足供暖面积1.1×108 m2,市场开发潜力巨大。 相似文献
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陕西咸阳地热田地热流体成因研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
陕西咸阳地热田位于关中盆地腹地,横跨两个不同的基底构造和岩性单元,南北分界线为渭北断裂。研究区地热水的水化学类型主要是Cl—Na型,渭北断裂北侧的水比南侧的水相对更成熟。氢氧同位素证据表明咸阳市区和武功县城的地热水来自于秦岭山区大气降水的补给;地热水γ(Na~+)/γ(Cl~-)均大于0.85,阳离子交换指数位于-0.42～5.93之间,脱硫酸系数均大于1,推断研究区的地热水主要形成于溶滤作用,其中武功地区的热储层较封闭,可能存在沉积水;惰性气体同位素n(~3He)/n(~4He)—n(~4He)/n(~(20)Ne)表明流体循环仅发生在地壳深度内,没有幔源物质的补给。 相似文献
17.
渭河断陷盆地地热资源赋存特征与热储分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
渭河盆地地处多个构造体系的交汇部位,呈现多条断裂带。这些断裂带控制着渭河盆地的基底构造以及地热资源的展布。在充分收集区域地质、水文地质、物化探及地热资料基础上,通过对断裂构造特征的研究,分析了渭河盆地地热资源的形成背景、赋存条件、分布规律及特征,为进一步研究、勘探及开发地热资源提供了依据。 相似文献
18.
甘肃省地热资源丰富,其地热资源的开发利用具有较大的潜力。本文介绍了甘肃省地热资源分布概况,结合地区构造、地热水化学特征、地热资源量及开发利用现状探讨了甘肃隆起山地对流型与沉积盆地传导型地热资源的赋存特征,并对两种类型地热资源潜力进行了分析评价。结果表明,沉积盆地地热资源分布于河西、陇西及陇东盆地等,热储类型为裂隙型和孔隙型,热储层自元古宙至新生代均有发育,岩性以砂岩为主;隆起山地型地热资源主要分布于祁连山和西秦岭造山带,热储类型为断裂破碎带,岩性以花岗岩为主;通过潜力计算得知,全省热量开采系数≥0.4的仅占29.17%,表明目前甘肃地热资源开采程度较低,开采潜力较大。 相似文献
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【研究目的】太原盆地作为优质岩溶热储分布与城市供暖需求匹配良好的地区之一,其岩溶地热系统的形成演化与成因要素的研究对本区地热资源的整体开发以及断陷盆地型地热资源展布规律的认识均具有重要的指导意义。【研究方法】本文在综合前人研究成果与最新54口地热井资料的基础上,分析了太原盆地岩溶地热系统的热源、热储展布和水热动力学特征,并分8个单元评价了地热资源量。【研究结果】结果表明,岩溶热储发育的层位主要为华北板块广泛分布的下古生界奥陶系,经历了早古生代末的表生岩溶、晚古生代的直接盖层沉积、中生代岩溶地热系统初始形成、新近纪的改造与第四纪最终定型等5个阶段。该地热系统的热源来自于新生代裂谷盆地产生的高大地热流（最高达79.12 mW/m2）,热传递方式可分为强烈对流型（盆地边缘）和热传导型（盆地内部）截然不同的两类。热储储集性能具纵向分层、平面分带特征。在纵向上识别出15～20层有效储集段,累计厚度160～180 m,可划分为3~4层主力含水段;在平面上有利储集带主要受NE向隐伏构造的控制,且主力含水层在运移过程中易发生“越流”现象。盆地中段的奥陶系热储因埋藏适中（约400~1900 m）、且储层温度较高（30~75℃）,是最有利的勘探开发区。依据热储体积法评价出太原盆地岩溶地热系统可利用的静态地热资源量为83.03×108 GJ,折合标煤2.83×108 t。【结论】年开采地热资源量可满足1502万m2的供暖面积。鉴于目前已开发资源仅占可开发的23.3%,开发潜力巨大。创新点：根据区域构造－沉积旋回对地热系统组成要素的控制作用,剖析山间断陷盆地岩溶地热系统的成因模式;结合地热井产水量与测井曲线解释成果,分析热储物性纵向分层、平面分带的规律;采用热储体积法分区块精细评价太原盆地岩溶地热系统的地热资源量。 相似文献
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西藏亚东-谷露裂谷带是新生代的活动构造带,具有构造活跃、地震频繁、热泉广布、大地热流高等特征,孕育了丰富的地热资源。已实现商业开发多年的羊八井地热田和羊易地热田正是位于亚东-谷露裂谷带的中部,而位于该构造带北部的谷露地热田地热资源前景和勘探方向还有待深入认识。为此,本文解析了地表地热构造,对比了羊八井地热模式,分析了谷露地热田的深部热动力学背景,并结合钻井试采资料揭示谷露地热田具有良好的地热资源前景。在此基础上,利用大地电磁和重力预测了谷露地热田的地热分布具有南北分带性,即北部和中部具有深部和浅部两个层次的地热储层,而南部地热储层则以浅部为主。为深入研究亚东-谷露裂谷带的地热系统模式及指导地热勘探开发提供了重要的地球物理依据。 相似文献