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1.
We synthesize and update the science supporting the Action Plan for Reducing, Mitigating, and Controlling Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force 2001) with a focus on the spatial and temporal discharge and patterns of nutrient and organic carbon delivery to the northern Gulf of Mexico, including data through 2006. The discharge of the Mississippi River watershed over 200 years varies but is not demonstrably increasing or decreasing. About 30% of the Mississippi River was shunted westward to form the Atchafalaya River, which redistributed water and nutrient loads on the shelf. Data on nitrogen concentrations from the early 1900s demonstrate that the seasonal and annual concentrations in the lower river have increased considerably since then, including a higher spring loading, following the increase in fertilizer applications after World WarII. The loading of total nitrogen (TN) fell from 1990 to 2006, but the loading of total phosphorus (TP) has risen slightly, resulting in a decline in the TN:TP ratios. The present TN:TP ratios hover around an average indicative of potential nitrogen limitation on phytoplankton growth, or balanced growth limitation, but not phosphorus limitation. The dissolved nitrogen:dissolved silicate ratios are near the Redfield ratio indicative of growth limitations on diatoms. Although nutrient concentrations are relatively high compared to those in many other large rivers, the water quality in the Mississippi River is not unique in that nutrient loads can be described by a variety of land-use models. There is no net removal of nitrogen from water flowing through the Atchafalaya basin, but the concentrations of TP and suspended sediments are lower at the exit point (Morgan City, Louisiana) than in the water entering the Atchafalaya basin. The removal of nutrients entering offshore waters through diversion of river water into wetlands is presently less than 1% of the total loadings going directly offshore, and would be less than 8% if the 10,093 km2 of coastal wetlands were successfully engineered for that purpose. Wetland loss is an insignificant contribution to the carbon loading offshore, compared to in situ marine production. The science-based conclusions in the Action Plan about nutrient loads and sources to the hypoxic zone off Louisiana are sustained by research and monitoring occurring in the subsequent 10 years.  相似文献   

2.
选择长江中下游49个湖泊进行不同季节的水体溶解无机氮(DIN)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP),溶解性无机磷(DIP)以及叶绿素a(Chla)等环境参数分析,开展不同营养水平湖泊水体环境变化特征及生物响应机制研究。结果表明:DIN、TN/TP随TP的变化规律反映了不同营养水平和季节下地球化学作用的影响;氨氮(NH4-N)、TP、DIP、Chla尤其是NH4-N的季节性变化规律与营养水平关系密切;TP<0.05 mg/L时,NH4-N随总磷升高的趋势夏季大于其他季节,TN/TP与硝态氮(NO3-N)、TN相关性好,营养源组成和氨化作用是主要影响因素;0.05 mg/L4-N随总磷升高的趋势基本相同,TN/TP与亚硝态氮(NO2-N)、NO3-N、TN相关好,水生植物利用、氨化和反硝化作用是主要影响因素。TP>0.1 mg/L,冬季NH4-N随总磷升高的趋势明显大于其他季节,TN/TP在冬季和春季与TN、NO3-N相关性好,夏季和秋季与TP相关性好,其主要原因在于夏季和秋季水生植物对DIN的利用量、反硝化作用和湖泊内源释放的显著增强。  相似文献   

3.
潮白河是京津冀地区的重要河流。本研究以潮白河中游段为研究区,针对该区段沉积物有机质、氮磷污染程度不明的问题,通过对研究区130个采样点表层沉积物中有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的测定,分析了表层沉积物中有机质和氮磷的分布特征及污染来源,将有机指数和有机氮污染指数评价法相结合开展污染及生态风险评价。结果表明:(1)潮白河中游表层沉积物中OM含量变化范围为0.17%~13.15%,平均含量为5.32%; TN的含量为0.005~1.028 g/kg,平均含量为0.192 g/kg;TP的含量为0.367~4.825 g/kg,平均含量为1.662 g/kg。(2)相关性分析表明,OM与TP、OM与TN均呈弱相关,而TN与TP呈强相关。这是因为TN和TP来源相近,主要来自外源,与OM来源有一定差异。根据TOC/TN特征分析,OM主要受藻类、浮游植物和非纤维束植物等影响。(3)有机指数评价结果显示,潮白河中游段表层沉积物监测点中60%为清洁,33.85%为较清洁,4.62%为尚清洁,1.54%为有机污染。有机污染点主要位于运潮减河入潮白河口和田贾庄排干渠入潮白河口。区域有机氮评价结果以清洁级别为主,整体较好。  相似文献   

4.
Concentrations and vertical distributions of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and their different forms in sediments obtained from nine locations of Lake Dalinouer in September 2008 were analyzed. The results demonstrated that TP in surface sediments ranged from 0.493 to 0.904 g/kg, and inorganic phosphorus was the main fraction of total phosphorus, ranging from 335 to 738 mg/kg. Simultaneously, the autogenetic calcium phosphorus (ACa-P) was the main fraction of inorganic phosphorus, ranging from 145.4 to 543.2 mg/kg. Vertical distribution of different phosphorus forms in different sediment cores was distinguishing, and most of them tended to increase toward the surface sediment, indicated that the phosphorus concentration was related to the humanity with a certain extent. The relationships between TP and occluded phosphorus and ACa-P were significant. Nitrogen in the sediment was composed mainly of organic nitrogen, accounting for grater than 80 % of TN. NO3 ?-N was the dominate fraction of inorganic nitrogen in the surface sediment, ranging between 51 and 346 mg/kg (151.1 ± 104.4 mg/kg), and accounting for between 2.2 and 17.7 % of total sediment nitrogen (6.2 ± 5.6 %). The ratio of organic carbon and TN in sediment was in range of 6.0–25.8 and presented a tendency of lake centre >lake sides, indicating that nitrogen accumulated in the sediments from lake sides came mainly from terrestrial source and nitrogen was mainly autogenetic in lake centre. Ratio of N:P in all sampling sites was below 14, indicated that N was the limiting nutrient for algal growth in this lake.  相似文献   

5.
太湖水体氮、磷赋存量的逐月变化规律研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文
基于中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统研究站2005~2009年对太湖逐月叶绿素a、氮、磷各形态因子及水深的监测,结合太湖大浦水文站的逐日水位数据,估算出2005~2009年太湖的逐日水量,并运用泰森多边形法,估算出太湖水体总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、溶解性总氮（TDN）、溶解性总磷（TDP）、硝态氮（NO3）、铵态氮（NH4）、亚硝态氮（NO2）、反应性活性磷（PO4）、颗粒态总氮（TPN）、颗粒态总磷（TPP）、浮游藻类叶绿素a（Chla）的逐月动态变化过程。结果表明:（1）太湖2005~2009年TN、TDN、NO2、NO3、NH4、TP、TDP、PO4、TPN、TPP、Chla的平均赋存量分别为1.36×104t、1.02×104t、0.02×104t、0.37×104t、0.25×104t、514.34 t、147.30 t、51.44 t、0.34×104t、367.04 t、7.92 t,不同月份、年际之间变化剧烈,变幅分别为106%、142%、657%、252%、233%、95%、196%、276%、236%、131%、276%;（2）2007年6月无锡贡湖水厂"饮用水危机"事件之后,截止到2009年12月,太湖水体各形态氮及总磷赋存量的下降趋势不明显,溶解性总磷、反应性活性磷的赋存量反而增高,反映出营养盐控制任务的艰巨性。本研究表明,对于年水量变幅巨大的大型湖泊,全湖水体营养盐赋存量在评估水体营养盐污染状况中是一个有价值的指标;对于太湖流域的污染控制效果,仅从浓度角度评价具有一定的缺陷,有必要从水体营养盐赋存量的变化规律上探讨其治理效果。  相似文献   

6.
Nutrient inputs have degraded estuaries worldwide. We investigated the sources and effects of nutrient inputs by comparing water quality at shallow (< 2m deep) nearshore (within 200 m) locations in a total of 49 Chesapeake subestuaries and Mid-Atlantic coastal bays with differing local watershed land use. During July–October, concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), dissolved ammonium, dissolved inorganic N (DIN), and chlorophyll a were positively correlated with the percentages of cropland and developed land in the local watersheds. TN, DIN, and nitrate were positively correlated with the ratio of watershed area to subestuary area. Total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved phosphate increased with cropland but were not affected by developed land. The relationships among N, P, chlorophyll a, and land use suggest N limitation of chlorophyll a production from July–October. We compared our measurements inside the subestuaries to measurements by the Chesapeake Bay Program in adjacent estuarine waters outside the subestuaries. TP and dissolved inorganic P concentrations inside the subestuaries correlated with concentrations outside the subestuaries. However, water quality inside the subestuaries generally differed from that in adjacent estuarine waters. The concentration of nitrate was lower inside the subestuaries, while the concentrations of other forms of N, TP, and chlorophyll a were higher. This suggests that shallow nearshore waters inside the subestuaries import nitrate while exporting other forms of N as well as TP and chlorophyll a. The importance of local land use and the distinct biogeochemistry of shallow waters should be considered in managing coastal systems.  相似文献   

7.
In this paper we assemble and analyze quantitative annual input-export budgets for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for Chesapeake Bay and three of its tributary estuaries (Potomac, Patuxent, and Choptank rivers). The budgets include estimates of TN and TP sources (point, diffuse, and atmospheric), internal losses (burial in sediments, fisheries yields, and denitrification), storages in the water column and sediments, internal cycling rates (zooplankton excretion and net sediment-water flux), and net downstream exchange. Annual terrestrial and atmospheric inputs (average of 1985 and 1986 data) of TN and TP ranged from 4.3 g TN m?2 yr?1 to 29.3 g TN m?2 yr?1 and 0.32 g TP m?2 yr?1 to 2.42 g TP m?2 yr?1, respectively. These rates of TN and TP input represent 6-fold to 8-fold and 13-fold to 24-fold increases in loads to these systems since the precolonial period. A recent 11-yr record for the Susquehanna River indicates that annual loads of TN and TP have varied by about 2-fold and 4-fold, respectively. TN inputs increased and TP inputs decreased during the 11-yr period. The relative importance of nutrient sources varied among these estuaries: point sources of nutrients delivered about half the annual TN and TP load to the Patuxent and nearly 60% of TP inputs to the Choptank; diffuse sources contributed 60–70% of the TN and TP inputs to the mainstream Chesapeake and Potomac River. The direct deposition of atmospheric wet-fall to the surface waters of these estuaries represented 12% or less of annual TN and TP loads except in the Choptank River (37% of TN and 20% of TP). We found direct, although damped, relationships between annual rates of nutrient input, water-column and sediment nutrient stocks, and nutrient losses via burial in sediments and denitrification. Our budgets indicate that the annual mass balance of TN and TP is maintained by a net landward exchange of TP and, with one exception (Choptank River), a net seaward transport of TN. The budgets for all systems revealed that inorganic nutrients entering these estuaries from terrestrial and atmospheric sources are rapidly converted to particulate and organic forms. Discrepancies between our budgets and others in the literature were resolved by the inclusion of sediments derived from shoreline erosion. The greatest potential for errors in our budgets can be attributed to the absence of or uncertainties in estimates of atmospheric dry-fall, contributions of nutrients via groundwater, and the sedimentation rates used to calculate nutrient burial rates.  相似文献   

8.
Predictive nutrient criteria method, combined with expert elicitation and structural equation model (SEM), was proposed in this study for establishing lake nutrient standard in Chinese lakes (Yungui Plateau ecoregion and Eastern Plain ecoregion). Expert elicitation was involved to quantify the probability of attainment of the designated-use (drinking water source) based on monitoring data. The experts scoring results were introduced to SEM to assess predictive relationships between candidate standard variables and the designated-use attainment. In Yungui ecoregion, the standardized effects of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus (TP) on designated-use attainment were ?0.41, ?0.14, and ?0.43, respectively. These result demonstrated that the two most predictive indicators for designated-use attainment were TP and Chl-a. In Eastern ecoregion, the standardized effects of TP, total nitrogen (TN), dissolved oxygen and water temperature (T) on designated-use attainment were 0.77, ?0.12, 0.13 and ?0.02, respectively. The most predictive indicator was TP. The model was further used for estimating the designated-use attainment associated with various levels of candidate standards. TP, TN, Chl-a and Secchi depth (SD) were selected as standard indicators in Yungui ecoregion. TP, TN, and Chl-a were selected in Eastern ecoregion. In order to achieve the 85 % designated-use attainment, standard values of TP, TN, Chl-a and SD in Yungui ecoregion would be 0.02 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, 1.4 μg/L, and 0.581 m; and standards of TP, TN, and Chl-a in Eastern ecoregion would be 0.039 mg/L, 0.95 mg/L, and 1.75 μg/L, respectively. Finally, the differences between standards in these two ecoregions were also analyzed.  相似文献   

9.
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is now recognized as an important source of nutrients and freshwater to some coastal environments. We studied a shallow coastal lagoon (Little Lagoon, AL, USA) in the northern Gulf of Mexico that lacks riverine inputs but has been suspected to receive significant SGD. We observed persistent salinity gradients between the east and west ends of the lagoon and the pass connecting it to the Gulf of Mexico. Covariance between salinity in the lagoon and the groundwater tracer 222Rn indicated that SGD was responsible for the salinity gradients and is the primary source of freshwater to the lagoon. Cluster analysis of 246 biweekly samples based on temperature, salinity, and two proxies of SGD revealed two hydrographic regimes with different drivers for nutrient inputs. In samples characterized by high discharge and low temperatures (generally December–April), total nitrogen (TN) was negatively correlated with salinity, while total phosphorus (TP) was positively correlated with temperature. Total nitrogen in the groundwater was very high (0.36–4.80 mM) while total phosphorus was relatively low (0.3–2.3 μM), consistent with SGD as the source of TN during the high-discharge periods. In periods with low discharge and higher temperatures (approx. May–November), TN and TP had strong positive correlations with temperature and are inferred to originate from benthic efflux. Seasonal changes in nutrient stoichiometry in the lagoon water column also indicate an alternation between low TN/TP sediments and high TN/TP groundwater as the primary sources of nitrogen in this system.  相似文献   

10.
External nutrient loadings, internal nutrient pools, and phytoplankton production were examined for three major subsystems of the Chesapeake Bay Estuary—the upper Mainstem, the Patuxent Estuary, and the 01 Potomac Estuary—during 1985–1989. The atomic nitrogen to phosphorus ratios (TN:TP) of total loads to the 01 Mainstem, Patuxent, and the Potomac were 51, 29 and 35, respectively. Most of these loads entered at the head of the estuaries from riverine sources and major wastewater treatment plants. Approximately 7–16% for the nitrogen load entered the head of each estuary as particulate matter in contrast to 48–69% for phosphorus. This difference is hypothesized to favor a greater loss of phosphorus than nitrogen through sedimentation and burial. This process could be important in driving estuarine nitrogen to phosphorus ratios above those of inputs. Water column TN: TP ratios in the tidal fresh, oligohaline, and mesohaline salinity zones of each estuary ranged from 56 to 82 in the Mainstem, 27 to 48 in the Patuxent, and 72 to 126 in the Potomac. A major storm event in the Potomac watershed was shown to greatly increase the particulate fraction of nitrogen and phosphorus and lower the TN:TP in the river-borne loads. The load during the month that contained this storm (November 1985) accounted for 11% of the nitrogen and 31% of the phosphorus that was delivered to the estuary by the Potomac River during the entire 60-month period examined here. Within the Mainstem estuary, salinity dilution plots revealed strong net sources of ammonium and phosphate in the oligohaline to upper mesohaline region, indicating that these areas were sites of considerable internal recycling of nutrients to surface waters. The sedimentation of particulate nutrient loads in the upper reaches of the estuary is probably a major source of these recycled nutrients. A net sink of nitrate was indicated during summer. A combination of inputs and these internal recycling processes caused dissolved inorganic N to P ratios to approach 16:1 in the mesohaline zone of the Mainstem during late summer; this ratio was much higher at other times and in the lower salinity zones. Phytoplankton biomass in the mesohaline Mainstem reached a peak in spring and was relatively constant throughout the other seasons. Productivity was highest in spring and summer, accounting for approximately 33% and 44%, respectively, of the total annual productivity in this region. In the Patuxent and Potomac, the TN:TP ratios of external loads documented here are 2–4 times higher than those observed over the previous two decades. These changes are attributed to point-source phosphorus controls and the likelihood that nitrogen-rich nonpoint source inputs, including contributions from the atmosphere, have increased. These higher N:P ratios relative to Redfield proportions (16:1) now suggest a greater overall potential for phosphorus-limitation rather than nitrogen-limitation of phytoplankton in the areas studied.  相似文献   

11.
Al-Wehda dam is an impoundment on the Yarmouk River basin north of Jordan, which came recently into operation. The reservoir is designated to provide water for agricultural, domestic, and industrial uses. Evaluation of seasonal trends in water quality of Al-Wehda dam over the year 2010 showed strong influences by weathering and leaching of geologic units along with discharge of effluents from the adjacent agricultural lands. Seasonal trends in TDS level showed slight variations, though its concentrations have been affected by events of rainfall and evaporation. The presence of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) promoted the development of photosynthetic algae. Temporal fluctuations in TN, TP, chlorophyll a, COD, and BOD have been observed with peaks occurred in spring season. TN to TP ratios varied seasonally with a minimum ratio observed in spring concurrent with algal bloom. Eutrophication tends to occur throughout the year, though its intensity increased in springtime. A variety of water quality parameters has been used to evaluate water for irrigation use during summer time when the water demand for irrigation increased. Of all parameters evaluated, Na% and TH indicated that the reservoir water is not suitable for irrigation purposes.  相似文献   

12.
We examined the spatial extent of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation of each of the major benthic primary producer groups in Florida Bay (seagrass, epiphytes, macroalgae, and benthic microalgae) and characterized the shifts in primary producer community composition following nutrient enrichment. We established 24 permanent 0.25-m2 study plots at each of six sites across. Florida Bay and added N and P to the sediments in a factorial design for 18 mo. Tissue nutrient content of the turtlegrassThalassia testudinum revealed a spatial pattern in P limitation, from severe limitation in the eastern bay (N:P>96:1), moderate limitation in two intermediate sites (approximately 63:1), and balanced with N availability in the western bay (approximately 31:1). P addition increasedT. testudinum cover by 50–75% and short-shoot productivity by up to 100%, but only at the severely P-limited sites. At sites with an ambient N:P ratio suggesting moderate P limitation, few seagrass responses to nutrients occurred. Where ambientT. testudinum tissue N:P ratios indicated N and P availability was balanced, seagrass was not affected by nutrient addition but was strongly influenced by disturbance (currents, erosion). Macroalgal and epiphytic and benthic microalgal biomass were variable between sites and treatments. In general, there was no algal overgrowth of the seagrass in enriched conditions, possibly due to the strength of seasonal influences on algal biomass or regulation by grazers., N addition had little effect on any benthic primary producers throughout the bay. The Florida Bay benthic primary producer community was P limited, but P-induced alterations of community structure were not uniform among primary producers or across Florida Bay and did not always agree with expected patterns of nutrient limitation based on stoichiometric predictions from field assays ofT. testudinum tissue, N:P ratios.  相似文献   

13.
太湖东部湖湾水生植物生长区底泥氮磷污染特征   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
向速林  朱梦圆  朱广伟  许海 《沉积学报》2014,32(6):1083-1088
为了解太湖东部湖湾(贡湖湾、光福湾、渔洋湾)表层底泥中氮、磷的污染特征及其与水生植物生长的关系,采集了各湖湾滨岸带水生植物生长区的表层底泥,探讨了水生植物的生长与分布对表层底泥中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及总有机碳(TOC)等含量的影响,并对表层底泥进行营养评价.结果表明,水生植物生长密集区底泥中TN、TP、TOC的含量均显著低于水生植物零星生长区,说明水生植物的生长对太湖东部湖湾表层底泥中营养盐与有机碳含量具有较为明显的影响;相关性分析显示,表层底泥中TOC与TN含量呈显著相关性(R2=0.832 8),而与TP的相关性则较弱(R2=0.166 5),反映了TOC在湖泊底泥中的沉积可能成为湖泊氮的重要来源,而对磷的影响较小.利用有机指数与有机氮指数两种方法分别对东部各湖湾底泥进行污染评价,贡湖湾、光福湾、渔洋湾底泥有机指数平均值分别为0.142 7、0.228 6与0.208 6,均属较清洁与尚清洁水平,而各湖湾有机氮指数平均值均为Ⅲ与Ⅳ级,说明底泥已遭受了一定程度的氮污染.因此,对水生植物零星生长区表层底泥中氮含量的控制与削减有利于湖泊富营养化的预防与治理.  相似文献   

14.
Phytoplankton productivity and the factors that influence it were studied in the Logan River and southern Moreton Bay, a large embayment on the east coast of Australia. Phytoplankton productivity, dissolved and total nutrient concentrations, and turbidity were determined throughout high and low rainfall periods to characterize light and nutrient influences on productivity. Turbidity and nutrient concentrations were highest at upriver sites, but productivity was highest at the river mouth and within the river plume. Phytoplankton productivity peaked after rainfall events (>150 mg C m?3 h?1), commensurate with a decrease in dissolved nitrogen concentrations. Productivity responses to increased nutrient concentrations and light availability were determined in laboratory incubations. During summer, productivities at the bay sites were stimulated by nitrogen (N) enrichment, while productivities at upriver sites were stimulated by phosphorus (P) addition. Light stimulation of productivities was more pronounced at upriver sites than bay sites. The relative magnitude of nutrient and light stimulation of productivities indicate a predominance of light limitation upriver, significant N limitation within the Logan River plume, and little effect of light, N, or P at sites beyond the Logan River plume. Productivity decreased with seasonal decreases in temperature. Lower water temperatures in winter probably helped determine maximum rates of phytoplankton productivity. The combination of light and N limitation of productivity during summer, and temperature limitation during winter, account for low areal productivities (<0.6 g C m?2 d?1), compared with other rivers and estuaries worldwide.  相似文献   

15.
借助1∶25万云南省广南县幅土壤地球化学调查数据,并利用单因素方差分析、多重比较法以及地统计学方法,对岩溶区和非岩溶区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征及其空间分布进行了对比分析。结果显示:广南县幅岩溶区土壤中有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量显著高于非岩溶区,而碳氮比（C∶N）、碳磷比（C∶P）、氮磷比（N∶P）显著低于非岩溶区;无论是岩溶区还是非岩溶区,表层（0～20 cm）SOC、TN、C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均显著高于深层（＞100 cm）。克里格空间插值结果表明,研究区表层土壤中SOC、TN、TP含量具有东高西低的特征,而C∶N、C∶P、N∶P具有低值区集中于东部、高值区散布在西部的空间分布格局。成土母质和土壤类型等自然因素严重制约了研究区土壤碳氮磷的空间变异,同时土地利用变化等人为因素也起到了不可忽视的作用。   相似文献   

16.
A large environmental restoration project designed to improve the hydrological conditions of the Florida Everglades and increase freshwater flow to Florida Bay is underway. Here we explore how changing freshwater inflow to the southern Everglades is likely to change the input of nutrients to Florida Bay. We calculated annual inputs of water, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to Everglades National Park (ENP) since the early 1980s. We also examined changes in these nutrient concentrations along transects through the wetland to Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. We found that the interannual variability of the water discharge into ENP greatly exceeded the interannual variability of flow-weighted mean nutrient concentrations in this water. Nutrient inputs to ENP were largely determined by discharge volume. These inputs were high in TN and low in TP; for two ENP watersheds TN averaged 1.5 mg l?1 (0.11 mM) and 0.9 mg l?1 (0.06 mM) and TP averaged 15 μg l?1 (0.47 μM) and 9 μg l?1 (0.28 μM). Both TP and DIN that flowed into ENP wetlands were rapidly removed from the water. Over a 3-km section of Taylor Slough, TP decreased from a flow-weighted mean of 11.6 μg l?1 (0.37 μM) (0.20 μM) and DIN decreased from 240 μg l?1 (17μM) to 36 μ l?1 (2.6 μM). In contrast, TN, which was generally 95% organic N, changed little as it passed through the wetland. This resulted in molar TN:TP ratios exceeding 400 in the wetland. Decreases in TN concentrations only occurred in areas with relatively high P availability, such as the wetlands to the north of ENP and in the mangrove streams of western ENP. Increasing freshwater flow to Florida Bay in an effort to restore the Everglades and Florida Bay ecosystems is thus not likely to increase P inputs from the freshwater Everglades but is likely to increase TN inputs. Based on a nutrient budget of Florida Bay, both N and P inputs from the Gulf of Mexico greatly exceed inputs from the Everglades, as well as inputs from the atmosphere and the Florida Keys. We estimate that the freshwater Everglades contribute <3% of all P inputs and <12% of all N inputs to the bay. Evaluating the effect of ecosystem restoration efforts on Florida Bay requires greater understanding of the interactions of the bay with the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent mangrove ecosystems.  相似文献   

17.
A year-long analysis of the characteristics of the seagrassSyringodium filiforme and the associated dynamics of the nutrient pool in the sediment pore water was done to assess co-variation. Changes in seagrass growth rate and standing stock throughout the year were accompanied by seasonal changes in the nutrient pools. The link between plant production and morphometrics and the sediment nutrient pool was found to be predominantly physiological, with the plant balancing the ability to photosynthesize with the nutrients needed for maintaining production. Measurements of whole plant growth for this seagrass, rather than the more typical leaf growth measurements, show that the production of new shoots and rhizome elongation for these plants represents as substantial amount of growth that usually goes unmeasured. Further, these whole plant growth measures demonstrate the rapid lateral rhizome spread of this species, exceeding one meter per plant per year. The primary cause of seasonal variation in the yearly seagrass cycle was investigated. Correlation analysis supported the hypothesis that the major factor controlling seasonal variation in this seagrass was light. During the peak growing season, however, growth was not regulated by light but by nitrogen. Depletion of the sediment ammonium pool and reduction in pore water ammonium relative to adsorbed ammonium, as well as changes in N content of seagrass leaves, support our hypothesis of peak growing season nitrogen limitation. Our results forSyringodium filiforme in terrigenous sediments are in contrast to our recent findings of phosphorus limitation in this same species occurring in carbonate sediments.  相似文献   

18.
Kamer  Krista  Fong  Peggy  Kennison  Rachel  Schiff  Kenneth 《Estuaries and Coasts》2004,27(2):201-208
We conducted a laboratory experiment to quantify nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) limitation of macroalgae collected along a gradient in water column nutrient availability in Upper Newport Bay estuary, a relatively nutrient-rich system in southern California, United States. We collectedEnteromorpha intestinalis and water for use in the experiment from five sites ranging from the lower end of the estuary to the head. Initial algal tissue N and P concentrations and molar N∶P ratios—as well as water column NO3 and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)—increased along a spatial gradient from the lower end toward the head. Water column soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) varied among sites as well but did not follow a pattem of increasing from the seaward end toward the head. Algae from each site were assigned to one of four experimental treatments: control (C), nitrogen enrichment (+N), phosphorus enrichment (+P), and nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment (+N+P). Each week for 3 wk we replaced the water in each unit with the appropriate treatment water to mimic a poorly flushed estuary. After 3 wk, the degree of nutrient limitation ofE. intestinalis varied spatially with distance from the head of the estuary. Growth ofE. intestinalis collected from several sites increased with N enrichment alone and increased further when P was added in combination with N This indicated that N was limiting and that when N was sufficient, P became limiting. Sites from whichE. intestinalis exhibited nutrient limitation spanned the range of background water column NO3 (12.9±0.4 to 55.2±2.1 μM) and SRP (0.8±0.0 to 2.9±0.2 μM) concentrations. Algae that were N limited had initial tissue N levels ranging from 1.18±0.03 to 2.81±0.08% dry weight and molar N∶P ratios ranging from 16.75±0.39 to 26.40±1.98.  相似文献   

19.
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux dynamics were examined in the context of other biogeochemical cycles in intertidal sediments inhabited by benthic microalgae. In August 2003, gross oxygenic photosynthetic (GOP) rates, oxygen penetration depths, and benthic flux rates were quantified at seven sites along the Duplin River, GA, USA. Sediments contained abundant benthic microalgal (BMA) biomass with a maximum chlorophyll a concentration of 201 mg chl a m?2. Oxygen microelectrodes were used to determine GOP rates and O2 penetration depth, which were tightly correlated with light intensity. Baseline and 15N-nitrate amended benthic flux core incubations were employed to quantify benthic fluxes and to investigate the impact of BMA on sediment water exchange under nitrogen (N)-limited and N-replete conditions. Unamended sediments exhibited tight coupling between GOP and respiration and served as a sink for water column dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and a source of silicate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The BMA response to the N addition indicated sequential nutrient limitation, with N limitation followed by silicate limitation. In diel (light–dark) incubations, biological assimilation accounted for 83% to 150% of the nitrate uptake, while denitrification (DNF) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) accounted for <7%; in contrast, under dark conditions, DNF and DNRA accounted for >40% of the NO3 ? uptake. The N addition shifted the metabolic status of the sediments from a balance of autotrophy and heterotrophy to net autotrophy under diel conditions, and the sediments served as a sink for water column DIN, silicate, and DIC but became a source of DOC, suggesting that the increased BMA production was decoupled from sediment bacterial consumption of DOC.  相似文献   

20.
The organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen content of silt and clay fractions of surface sediments from the marine-coastal region north and south of the Paria Peninsula (PP) were quantified. Organic carbon concentrations (Corg) were determined by dry combustion after decarbonation with 10% hydrochloric acid, and total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN). This information was then used to produce maps of the iso-concentrations of the distribution of these elements in the sub-marine continental shelf north of the PP and in the Gulf of Paria (GP). In the silt fraction, the Corg concentration, TP and TN showed average values of 1.53, 0.04 and 0.03%, respectively. The highest Corg, PT and NT values were recorded from silts from the PP with a gradual increase towards the west and the lowest figures were found in the GP. In the clay fraction, Corg, TN and TP had mean values of 1.64, 0.13 and 0.04%, respectively, and showed a spatial distribution very similar to the silt fraction, indicating the influence of ocean currents and coastal upwelling patterns. The C/N ratio had an average of 23.67 and showed that the Corg present in the PP sediments is of marine origin, resulting from primary productivity, especially towards the west. This zone has been identified as the most productive in this region due to coastal upwelling and the influence of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers (Gomez 1996; Monente 1997). In contrast, a greater variability in the parameters measured was found in the GP sediments, probably due to the mixing of marine and continental Corg, confirming the influence of the Orinoco and Amazon waters brought by the Guyana Current.  相似文献   

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