共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
黏性土在失水过程中逐渐变形开裂,裂隙相互交错形成网络,这一过程涉及水热力等多场耦合的作用。本文基于南京大学自主研发的三维离散元软件MatDEM,采用紧密堆积离散元模型对土体开裂进行模拟。在此模型中,每个离散元单元代表一定体积的土颗粒、孔隙和孔隙水的集合体。单元具有含水量属性,并采用有限差分思想计算水分运移量,实现了水分场模拟。同时,考虑水分场对土体抗拉强度等力学性质的影响,建立水分场和应力场的耦合。在数值模拟中,假定土体表面水分以一定速率蒸发,根据试验数据由含水量计算单元直径和力学参数,从而实现黏土蒸发失水、收缩和开裂变形过程模拟。数值模拟与前人室内试验结果基本一致,能较好地再现开裂过程中的各个阶段。本文为研究多场作用下土体变形破坏模拟提供了一个新的思路。 相似文献
2.
This paper is aimed at showing the efficiency of discrete element modelling for the prediction and understanding of drying shrinkage and associated cracking. The discrete element approach used is presented first. Cohesive forces between grains, as well as drying shrinkage deformation, are included in the formulation. A numerical model is then used to simulate drying shrinkage experiments conducted on a fine-grained soil. The numerical simulations agree well with the experimental measurements. When drying shrinkage is constrained at the boundaries, and when moisture gradients develop in the drying soil, the model is able to predict the time of the occurrence of cracking, as well as the crack pattern formed. Finite element simulations and the discrete element approach both predict similar behaviours before cracking occurs. The proposed discrete element approach is highly promising for studying the origins and causes of cracking in soils. 相似文献
3.
This paper presents some experimental results on desiccation cracking tests conducted on thin layers of clay soils. Observation
of the evolution of cracking patterns was examined to clarify the transient mechanisms of the crack formation of clay soils.
Laboratory experimentation on desiccation cracking was carried out to examine experimentally the quantitative relationships
between the characteristics of soil cracks and the prevailing controlling conditions. Five desiccation cracking tests for
slurried clay soils were carried out using shrinkage moulds in a humidity chamber, which was capable of controlling relative
humidity and temperature. The soil used in the experimental studies was residual basaltic clay and was classified as a highly
reactive soil. In order to provide simple conditions for theoretical modelling, the tests were conducted in perspex and metal
moulds with rectangular cross-sections. The lengths of the moulds were considerably larger than their widths so that parallel
cracking were generated in thin layers. In each cracking test, several rectangular moulds of different thicknesses and widths
were used. Some of these tests were used for observation, crack initiation and evolution, and others for moisture content
measurement during desiccation. The test results include evolution of the cracking pattern, influences of speed of desiccation
and typical crack spacing to depth ratios for soil layers. 相似文献
4.
为了探究土体干缩开裂问题,文章采用ERT技术,对黏性土开展了一维干缩开裂动态监测试验。配制初始状态饱和
的泥浆试样,在自然条件下干燥,采用ERT技术获得试样干燥过程中的电阻值变化。结合试样的电阻值图像和裂隙图像,
对土体干缩开裂规律进行了分析。研究结果表明：在干燥蒸发初期,土体电阻值随时间增加缓慢减小,其原因在于土体干
燥收缩导致土颗粒间接触面积增大,颗粒水化膜变薄,进而使得土颗粒表面双电层导电性增强。随着干燥继续进行,气体
进入土体内部,土体由初始饱和状态转变为非饱和状态,电阻值转为缓慢增加。当土体产生裂隙时,裂隙周围土体电阻值
急剧增大,而未发育裂隙的土体电阻依然保持缓慢增加的趋势。通过对比试样电阻值变化曲线和裂隙图像,发现两者所呈
现的裂隙发育位置和状态存在良好的一致性。因此,ERT技术能对干燥过程中土体裂隙发育进行有效的动态监测,准确掌
握裂隙发育的时空动态信息,并且能提前预测裂隙发育的可能位置,为研究极端干旱气候作用下土体的工程性质响应提供
了理想手段。 相似文献
5.
在干燥环境中,由于蒸发失水,膨胀土发生收缩,表面容易产生纵横交错的裂隙网络(龟裂)。龟裂的产生会极大弱化土体的工程性质,并导致各种工程问题。随着极端干旱气候的频发,膨胀土龟裂问题将会越来越多,越来越显著。开展龟裂研究对揭示龟裂现象的本质规律和指导膨胀土地区的工程实践有重要意义。龟裂的形成和发展是一个动态的过程,与土中水分的蒸发速率、应力状态、收缩特性等直接相关:龟裂形成时水分蒸发处于常速率阶段; 吸力和抗拉强度是制约龟裂形成的两个关键力学参数,当土体中的吸力引起的张拉应力超过土体的抗拉强度时,龟裂便会产生; 龟裂是孔隙发生收缩的直观表现。总体上,力的作用和收缩空间是土体龟裂形成的两个必要条件。此外,膨胀土龟裂具有非常复杂的发生发展过程,受土质学、土力学、土结构、试验条件和方法等许多因素的影响。龟裂定量分析是龟裂研究的重要内容之一,能为龟裂机理研究及相关理论模型的建立提供必要参数。计算机图形处理技术具有效率高、操作性强、精度高等优点,为龟裂定量分析提供了强有力的工具。目前关于土体龟裂研究还存在许多不足之处,在今后的工作中,应该重视龟裂形成和发展过程的动态特征,围绕与土体龟裂相关的水-土作用关系、力学机制、收缩变形机制、大尺度现场试验和三维观测分析技术等方面开展更多的针对性研究,综合考虑龟裂形成过程中的土质学、土力学和土结构因素,结合宏观现象与微观分析,建立土体龟裂的理论体系。 相似文献
6.
This paper presents a numerical study on the desiccation cracking process of clayey soil. The initiation and propagation of cracks were investigated using finite element code, including the damage-elastic cohesive fracture law to describe the behaviour of cracks. The coupling between the hydraulic behaviour (moisture transfer in the soil matrix and in the cracks) and the mechanical behaviour (volume change of the soil matrix and development of cracks) were also considered. The results of a laboratory experiment performed on clay soil, taken from a literature review, were used to evaluate the numerical modelling. The results show that the code can reproduce the main trends observed in the experiment (e.g., shrinkage related to drying, crack development). In addition, the numerical simulation enables the identification of other phenomena, such as the evolution of suction and stress related to drying and the development of a single crack. These phenomena are difficult to observe experimentally. 相似文献
7.
Influencing factors of geometrical structure of surface shrinkage cracks in clayey soils 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
In order to investigate the effects of temperature, thickness of soil layer, wetting and drying cycles and soil types on geometrical structure of surface shrinkage cracks in clayey soils, special software Crack Image Analysis System (CIAS) for analyzing shrinkage crack patterns was developed. Eight groups of soil samples were prepared and subjected to drying to crack in laboratory. The number of crack segments and intersections, average crack length, width and aggregate area, crack intensity factor (CIF), and the corresponding probability density functions (PDF) of these parameters were determined by analyzing several crack patterns derived from different experimental conditions. The results show that the soil cracking behavior and the geometrical structure of crack patterns are significantly influenced by these considered factors. There is a tendency of crack length, width, aggregate area and their most probable value (MPV) related to the PDF increases with temperature increase. With thicker soil layers, the average crack length, width, aggregate area and CIF are increased, and the main distribution ranges of crack length, width and aggregate area are increased also. When the soil is subjected to multiple wetting–drying cycles, the soil surface generates more irregular and coarse cracks. The number of short and narrow crack segments increases significantly, and the CIF decreases with an increase in wetting–drying cycles. It is also observed that the extent of cracking is directly related to the soil fines fraction and its plasticity index (IP). The greatest CIF and crack width are observed in the soils with the largest fines fraction and highest IP. In addition, the ratio of numbers of crack segments to intersections ranges from 1.5 to 2, and cracking mainly takes place in three stages: main-cracks initiation stage; sub-cracks initiation stage; terminal stable stage. 相似文献
8.
新近系三趾马红土黏粒含量高,失水干燥易开裂形成干缩裂纹。为研究干密度对三趾马红土干燥开裂行为影响,利用自制干燥装置开展压实三趾马红土脱湿试验,并采用数字图像相关(DIC)方法分析其表面干缩裂纹扩展与自愈规律。结果表明:(1)不同初始干密度试样干燥过程中均出现开裂现象,其表面干缩裂纹演化过程可分裂纹萌生、裂纹扩展、裂纹自愈、裂纹稳定4个阶段;小干密度试样表面干缩裂纹网络展布密集均匀,而大干密度试样表面开裂以“宽大稀疏”裂纹为主;(2)试样表面应变场变化能够较好反映试样表面干缩裂纹演化过程,蓝色压应变区代表试样失水整体产生的体积收缩,红色应变条带代表试样表面受拉而产生的干缩裂隙;试样干燥过程表面蓝色压应变区不断扩大,红色拉应变条带区逐渐变小,表明表面裂纹受到试样整体收缩牵拉而产生“自愈”收缩。且干密度越小,试样干缩过程表面红色拉应变网络越密集,干缩裂纹自愈程度越高;(3)试样表面应变场变化表明各等级干缩裂纹均出现自愈现象,但主裂纹的主应变减少量最大,自愈程度最高,对试样整体裂纹自愈起主导作用;试样初始干密度越小,各等级裂纹的峰值应变越大,自愈时的应变缩减量越高,表明试样失水收缩特征越显著。研究成果对进一步揭示压实黏土干燥裂纹的复杂演化过程机理研究提供新参考。 相似文献
9.
This article describes a miniaturised electrical imaging (resistivity tomography) technique to map the cracking pattern of
a clay model. The clay used was taken from a scaled flood embankment built to study the fine fissuring due to desiccation
and breaching process in flooding conditions. The potential of using a miniature array of electrodes to follow the evolution
of the vertical cracks and number them during the drying process was explored. The imaging technique generated two-dimensional
contoured plots of the resistivity distribution within the model before and at different stages of the desiccation process.
The change in resistivity associated with the widening of the cracks were monitored as a function of time. Experiments were
also carried out using a selected conductive gel to slow down the transport process into the cracks to improve the scanning
capabilities of the equipment. The main vertical clay fissuring network was obtained after inversion of the experimental resistivity
measurements and validated by direct observations. 相似文献
10.
11.
膨胀土属高塑性黏土,是一种典型的非饱和土,性质极不稳定,其吸水膨胀、失水收缩、干缩裂隙发育等特性常常使建筑物产生不均匀的胀缩变形,造成在膨胀土地基上的建筑物位移、开裂、倾斜,甚至破坏,是一种典型的工程灾害性地质土。另外,膨胀土边坡也常由于雨水的作用失稳,造成不必要的损失。近年来,对膨胀土的强度和变形特性的研究已成为热点。其最大的特点是：在季节气候的影响下其强度特性具有明显的规律变动。通过模拟土体季节性的干缩湿胀,测定其自由膨胀率、液塑限、抗剪强度和无侧限抗压强度,并与掺入7％石灰后的改良土的试验数据及其他试验资料对比,探讨干湿循环效应对膨胀土强度的影响。 相似文献
12.
The ability to model and predict the formation of desiccation cracks is potentially beneficial in many applications such as clay liner design, earth dam construction, and crop science, etc. However, most studies have focused on statistical analysis of crack patterns and qualitative study of contributing factors to crack development rather than prediction. Because it is exceedingly difficult to capture the nonlinear processes during desiccation in analytical modelling, most such models handle crack formation without considering variation of material properties with time, and are unattractive to use in realistic modelling. The data obtained from laboratory experiments on clay soil desiccating in moulds were used as a basis to develop a more refined model of desiccation cracking. In this study, the properties, such as matric suction, stiffness and tensile strength of soil, and base adhesion, could be expressed approximately as functions of moisture content. The initial conditions and the development of suction due to desiccation and the varying material properties were inputted to UDEC, a distinct element code, using its internal programming language FISH. The model was able to capture some essential physical aspects of crack evolution in soil contained in moulds with varying lengths, heights, and materials of construction. Extension of this methodology is potentially beneficial not only for modelling desiccation cracking in clay, but also in other systems with evolving material properties such as concrete structures and road pavements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
The problem of desiccation cracks in soils has received increasing attention in the last few years, in both experimental investigations and modeling. Experimental research has been mainly focused on the behavior of slurries subjected to drying in plates of different shapes, sizes and thickness. The main objectives of these studies were to learn about the process of crack formation under controlled environmental conditions, and also to understand better the impact of different factors (e.g. soil type, boundary conditions, soil thickness) on the morphology of the crack network. As for the numerical modeling, different approaches have been proposed to describe the behavior of drying cracks in soils. One aspect that it is still difficult to simulate properly is the 3-D crack pattern typically observed in desiccated soils. In this work we present a numerical technique to model the behavior of drying soils. The proposed approach inserts high aspect ratio elements in-between standard elements of a finite element mesh. This mesh fragmentation technique can be easily adapted to standard finite element programs. We used this technique to analyze multiple case studies related to soil desiccation cracks developed under laboratory and field conditions. We focused our attention in some key factors that control the 3-D morphology of the drying cracks network in soils. We show that the proposed technique is able to simulate very satisfactorily the main patterns typically observed in cracked soils. 相似文献
14.
边界约束对膨胀土干缩开裂的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
膨胀土是岩土工程中常见的一类特殊土,具有失水收缩和吸水膨胀的变形特征,如何量化收缩变形及其与干缩裂缝之间的关系是土工建筑物稳定性和安全性评估的基本问题。本文利用Bishop有效应力原理和广义胡克定律证明了采用含水率或基质吸力为基本变量的两种分析方法的等价性。把岩土工程中常用的原状土收缩实验中测量的收缩系数与收缩应变关联,得到了土体两端存在和没有位移约束时的总水平应力及其与含水率分布之间的关系。结果表明,无边界位移约束时,收缩变形的不均匀性小,应力水平低,且含水率对应力分布的影响小;存在约束时,收缩变形将受到限制,易诱发干缩裂缝,其深度受土体弹性模量和收缩系数的影响。 相似文献
15.
粘性土在不同温度下龟裂的发展及其机理讨论 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过试验,研究了粘性土在不同温度下龟裂的发生和发展规律,运用计算机图像处理和编程技术,对不同温度下获得的粘性土龟裂网络的几何结构和形态特征进行了定量分析。结果表明：龟裂的发展过程可分为四个阶段,温度效应十分明显。温度越高,龟裂形貌越简单,龟裂条纹越宽,而在较低的温度下,龟裂的形貌比较复杂,龟裂条纹纤细且间距较密,表面比较破碎;从粘土矿物双电层理论对龟裂的形成机理提出了一种新的解释;在试验中还发现了一个十分有趣的现象,即大部分龟裂都呈垂直或近似垂直相交,被龟裂分割出的区块形状多以四边形为主,其它多边形较少;最后提出了龟裂研究的下一步课题。 相似文献
16.
This paper presents the experimental study conducted on a clayey soil originating from the region of Béja, north-west of Tunisia. The evaporation, shrinkage and permeability behaviours were studied. The Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC) was determined from the slurry state to dry state, under the desiccation path (called initial drying curve). The Crack Intensity Factor (CIF), settlement and void ratio were also studied to characterise the shrinkage phenomenon during desiccation. Moisture content (ω), saturation degree (Sr) and evaporation rate (Re) evolutions during desiccation path were also presented. This type of slurry clay presents three stages during the desiccation process (pendular, funicular and capillary regimes). During desiccation process, the evaporation rate presents a linear relationship as a saturation degree function. Furthermore, the evaporation rate versus suction presents two phases: quasi-saturated and unsaturated states. This paper introduces a study of the hygroscopic and mechanical parameters naturally modified during a desiccation process and proposes some analytical models to describe clay behaviour. Using these parameters, we can determine the intrinsic permeability during the desiccation process. 相似文献
17.
Cracks are common in clayey or expansive soils and provide preferential pathways for water infiltration into soils. A field study was conducted to investigate the mechanisms of initiation and development of desiccation cracks on two soils. Based on results of the field study and measurements of soil-water retention curves and soil shrinkage properties in the laboratory, the conditions of crack initiation and the development of crack geometric parameters (i.e., crack porosity, crack aperture, and crack density) with water content or drying time were quantified. The results show that desiccation cracks developed in three stages: initial stage, primary stage, and steady state stage. In the initial stage, few cracks developed with gradually decreasing water content. When the water content reached a critical value for crack initiation, cracks developed quickly and this was the start of the primary stage. The critical suction at crack initiation was calculated using a stress criterion, which is in the range of 5.3–21.3 times the preconsolidation pressure of the soil. As the water content approached the shrinkage limit of the soil, cracks developed slowly and approached a steady state. The cracks were found to be repeatable during three drying–wetting cycles. 相似文献
18.
冻结砂土力学性质的离散元模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于离散单元法颗粒流理论,土体颗粒单元间采用接触黏结模型中来考虑冻土中冰的胶结作用,建立了冻结砂土的颗粒流模型。通过改变计算模型中颗粒单元的参数,模拟了在不同冻结温度以及不同围压下冻结砂土的宏观力学性质,并与冻结砂土的室内试验结果进行了比较,结果表明：颗粒流方法可以较好地模拟冻结砂土的应力-应变关系以及剪切带的发展变化过程,颗粒流细观参数对温度具有显著的依赖性。研究结果对离散单元法在特殊土中的应用具有一定的理论和应用价值。 相似文献
19.
膨胀土工程地质特性研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据近年来国内外学者围绕膨胀土工程地质特性取得的研究成果,着重从胀缩性、裂隙性、超固结性、强度、渗透性、微观结构及工程处治技术等几个方面总结了该课题的研究现状及进展,得到如下认识:（1）胀缩性主要取决于强亲水性黏土矿物含量、水/力边界条件及初始状态,在干湿循环条件下具有不可逆性,关于胀缩机理学界存在不同的观点;（2）裂隙性是膨胀土区别于一般土体的显著特征之一,裂隙的存在会极大破坏土体的整体性,弱化力学性质,是许多工程地质问题的直接或间接原因,裂隙形成过程与膨胀土矿物成分、微观结构和干燥过程中的内应力发育状态有关;（3）超固结性使膨胀土具有较大结构强度和水平应力,易在开挖过程中引起较强的卸荷效应,是促进边坡失稳的重要因素;（4）膨胀土的强度随干湿循环次数增加而逐渐降低,并最终趋于稳定,其中裂隙发育和土结构调整在此过程中起关键作用;（5）渗透性在很大程度上受裂隙的控制,但目前关于两者之间的定量关系还缺少系统研究;（6）微观结构反应了膨胀土的形成条件和应力历史,是决定其宏观物理力学性质的主要因素,开展微观结构研究是掌握膨胀土宏观性质本质规律的重要途径。在工程处治技术上,本文重点介绍了近些年发展起来的膨胀土路堤物理处治技术和路堑边坡柔性支护技术。最后,针对该课题的研究现状,笔者提出了今后的研究重点和方向,主要包括胀缩性和力学性质的各向异性、裂隙形成的力学机理、裂隙形态特征与工程地质特性之间的定量关系、宏-微观力学模型耦合问题及多场耦合作用下膨胀土工程性质响应特征等。 相似文献
20.
干湿循环条件下重塑膨胀土的裂隙发育特征及量化研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
裂隙性是膨胀土的典型工程地质特性之一,对其工程性质有重要影响,直接或间接地导致各种工程问题。通过对重塑膨胀土开展室内干湿循环试验,对获得的裂隙数字图像采用图像处理技术进行一系列预处理操作,提出了表面裂隙率、裂隙条数、裂隙总长度、裂隙平均宽度和绝对收缩率等量化指标,定量描述裂隙的形态特征,分析干湿循环过程中压实膨胀土的裂隙发育规律。结果表明:含水率和干湿循环次数是影响膨胀土裂隙发育的重要因素。随着含水率的减小,重塑膨胀土的裂隙发育程度总体上有增加的趋势。表面裂隙率、裂隙条数和总长度随含水率的减小逐渐增加,绝对收缩率随含水率减小而增大,而裂隙宽度与含水率之间没有明显的规律;随干湿循环次数的增加,裂隙进一步发育,裂隙条数、裂隙总长度、表面裂隙率增加,绝对收缩率总体增大,但裂隙平均宽度存在减小的现象,这与后期发育的大量微裂隙有关。 相似文献