共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
根据杭州市40个土壤全铅和38个可溶相铅的统计分析,土壤中全铅平均含量为49.6×10-6,可溶相铅平均为21.4×10-6,城区表土的全铅高达76.1×10-6,显著高于全国土壤平均值。分析结果还显示,从农村→远郊→近郊→公路旁,土壤可溶相铅含量逐渐增加,且土壤的可溶相铅含量与深度具明显的负相关关系。表明杭州市土壤受到了不同程度的铅污染,污染程度由农村→远郊→近郊→公路旁→城区有明显的增高趋势。通过对茶园土壤中可溶相铅、残渣态铅及城区表土全铅的同位素组成对比分析发现,从土壤残渣态(代表土壤背景)→土壤可溶相→城区表层土壤全铅206Pb/207Pb比值有明显的降低。208Pb/(206Pb+207Pb)也有类似的变化趋势。将土壤与杭州市的汽车尾气、大气等环境样品进行对比发现,随着土壤受污染程度的增加,铅同位素组成逐渐向汽车尾气铅漂移,表明汽车尾气排放的铅为其主要污染源。 相似文献
2.
应用Microsoft Excel软件中"数据分析"工具之T-检验,对杭州地区不同环境介质的铅同位素组成(206Pb/207Pb比值)进行了均值相等假设检验。通过T-检验,揭示了杭州市哪些环境介质具有相似或不同的铅同位素组成。结果表明,汽车尾气铅具有独特的铅同位素组成而不同于其它环境介质;汽车尾气铅对环境的污染导致环境中铅同位素组成逐渐偏离原值,如城区表土污染最为严重,其206Pb/207Pb比值已与土壤的残渣显示有显著差异,西湖表层沉积淤泥也与深部沉积柱样品有明显的不同。大气和水与多个环境介质具有相似的铅同位素比值,说明大气与水在环境中能与多种环境介质进行同位素物质交换,对污染的扩散起了重要的作用;茶叶与大气有相似的铅同位素比值,说明大气(降尘)对茶叶铅有较大的贡献。而运河沉积物与城区表土铅同位素比值高度一致则说明运河沉积物可能就是来自城区流失的表土。通过实例,介绍了Excel中T-检验在地球化学研究中的应用。 相似文献
3.
杭州西湖与运河沉积物铅同位素组成及其示踪意义 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
西湖底部表层沉积淤泥与沉积柱中沉积物的铅同位素组成存在明显的差异。沉积柱中206Pb/207Pb=1.1906±0.0029(2σ),208Pb/206Pb=2.0858±0.0074(2σ),而表层沉积淤泥的206Pb/207Pb=1.1705～1.1726,208Pb/206Pb=2.1052～2.1069,存在明显的异常。沉积柱中铅同位素组成演变特征表明,西湖沉积柱的上部受到了现代人为的铅污染,污染物厚度35cm左右,其中顶部10cm污染较为严重。与杭州市有关环境样品的铅同位素背景对比表明,西湖的铅污染主要来源于汽车尾气排放铅。运河(杭州段)0～30cm的沉积柱中除个别样品外,206Pb/207Pb=1.1543～1.1705,208Pb/206Pb=2.1011～2.1540,与西湖沉积柱下部沉积物中的铅同位素组成明显不同,而与西湖表层沉积淤泥的铅同位素组成一致,这表明运河沉积物存在显著的铅污染。对比表明,运河铅污染也主要来自汽车尾气,同时煤铅可能也有一定的贡献。根据西湖沉积柱中铅污染的深度与平均沉积速率估计,杭州地区的铅污染开始于1910年代,但到1970年代铅污染明显加剧。 相似文献
4.
西藏邦铺钼铜多金属矿床硫、铅同位素
地球化学特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
[摘 要]西藏邦铺钼铜多金属矿床位于西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带东段,是典型的大型斑岩型矿床,以钼、铜为主,共生铅、锌。本文通过硫、铅同位素研究,获得含矿岩浆岩的硫同位素δ34S( -0.48‰～12.2‰,平均3.80‰)与硫化物矿物的硫同位素δ34S( -1.5‰～ +4.3‰,平均0.98‰) 组成一致,具有典型的岩浆硫特点(δ34S=0译);含矿岩浆岩铅同位素206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb208Pb/204Pb 比值分别变化于38.857～39.857、15.620～15.704、18.684 ～ 18.768 之间,方铅矿铅同位素组成206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb 比值分别变化于18.752～18.825、15.712 ～ 15.718、39.348～39.463 之间,显示其具有正常铅同位素的特点,可能同源,具有相同的演化历史或起源;特征值及铅同位素图解显示其具有壳幔混合特征,以壳源为主,可能主要来源于参加造山带的上部地壳。 相似文献
5.
云南大坪超大型金矿床是哀牢山金矿带内最具代表性的金矿床之一,矿体赋存于华力西期桃家寨闪长岩体内,矿化类型以石英脉型为主。对该矿床石英脉型矿石中方铅矿进行了系统的铅同位素测定,测定结果表明,矿石铅具有较窄的206Pb/204Pb比值和相对较高的207Pb/204Pb比值及208Pb/204Pb比值,但变化范围均不大,均分布于正常铅范围。通过计算获得相关特征参数,并利用铅构造模式图及相关图解综合分析表明,大坪金矿矿石中的铅主要来源于下地壳及地幔。铅同位素特征反映了大坪金矿床成矿物质来源于壳幔混合区。 相似文献
6.
青海虎头崖铜铅锌多金属矿床硫、铅同位素组成及成因意义 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
[摘 要] 青海虎头崖铜铅锌多金属矿是东昆仑祁漫塔格成矿带内多金属矿床的典型代表之一。本文对该矿床硫、铅同位素组成进行详细研究,探讨了成矿物质来源和矿床成因。结果表明,该矿床黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿等硫化物的δ34S 值变化于+0.6‰～+8.3‰,平均+4.4‰,反映成矿流体中的硫为海水硫酸盐的地层硫和深源岩浆硫的混合硫,而不同矿带硫同位素均值的差别,可能与围岩地层硫的差异及参与程度有关。矿石矿物铅同位素组成总体变化较小(206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb 和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.476～18.688、15.560～15.688 和38.261～38.599),主要分布于造山带和上地壳铅演化线范围内,为岩浆作用导致的上地壳和地幔混合成因。由于赋矿层位及主控矿因素不同,各矿带的矿石铅同位素出现一定的差异。比如滩间山群内6号铜多金属矿点207Pb/204Pb 值和产于岩体与缔敖苏组接触带上的域矿带207Pb/204Pb 值相比,后者的上地壳铅参与程度较高,进一步证明壳幔混合作用对本矿区的影响。该矿床为与岩浆侵入活动密切相关的矽卡岩型铜铅锌多金属矿床。 相似文献
7.
长春市城市土壤铅同位素组成特征及其来源解析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为查明长春市土壤铅的污染来源,采集了长春市表层(0～20 cm)土壤及城市环境污染端元(燃煤尘、汽车尾气尘,建筑尘)样品,采用X荧光光谱法(XRF)测定土壤Pb含量,用质谱仪测定各样品的铅同位素组成.分析结果表明,长春市表层土壤Pb平均质量分数44.72×10-6,是长春市土壤背景值(19.06×10-6)的2.35倍,已受到一定程度铅污染;长春市土壤铅同位素208Pb/207Pb和206Pb/207Pb比值变化较大,分别为2.249～2.473和1.158～1.213;各污染端元物质铅同位素组成差异较大,能很好区别各端元物质.运用铅同位素示踪技术追踪土壤铅的污染来源结果表明,长春市中心城区土壤铅污染主要来源于以热电二厂为代表的工业燃煤排放和历史汽车尾气残留,而与当前汽车尾气排放关系不大;建筑尘也一定程度上对城市土壤产生了影响. 相似文献
8.
《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
土壤是产地环境的基本要素,良好的产地环境是确保食品安全的基础。铅在土壤中具有难以降解、持久性污染等特点[1-2],是土壤环境中具有潜在危害的污染物之一。研究土壤铅污染来源及各污染源的相对贡献率,对治理土壤铅污染,保障食品安全具有重要意义。铅(Pb)在自然界中存在四种稳定性同位素,208Pb、207Pb、206Pb,和204Pb,丰度分别为51.28%~56.21%、17.62%~22.1%、20.84%~27.48%,和1.04%~1.65%[3]。其中,前三种是232Th(钍)、235U(铀)和238U放射性衰变的终产物,为放射成因稳定性同位素;204Pb的半衰期为1.4×1017a,远大于地球的年龄(4.6×109a),可看作是稳定性同位素。铅同位素比率主要由地质形成初期铀和钍的相对含量及此后的衰变时间所决定,在地球化学上具有显著的区域化分异特征,但在同一区域相当一致[4]。因此,铅同位素比率可作为含铅物质的一种"指纹"来识别铅的来源[5]。铅同位素组成有多种表示方法。在地球化学领域、特别是环境科学领域通常用同位素比率来表示其组成,如206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb、208Pb/204Pb等。由于204Pb在自然界中丰度较低,测定精度较差,所以一般选择206Pb、207Pb和208Pb三者中任意二者的丰度比(比率)来研究铅的来源[6-9]。近几十年来,铅同位素比率分析技术已被广泛用于考古[10-14]、地球化学[7,15]、大气污染源解析[16-19]等方面。土壤铅污染源解析是产地环境评价和食物链铅来源分析的重要内容。本研究以陕西凤翔长青工业园为目标区域,采集污染源端元样品(矿石、燃煤)、大气降尘,耕层土壤和背景土壤样品,用ICP-MS测定铅元素含量及同位素比率值(206Pb/207Pb和208Pb/206Pb),结合二元混合模型和三元混合模型计算各污染源对耕层土壤铅的贡献率,旨在分析耕层土壤铅污染的程度和铅污染的来源,解析各污染源对土壤铅污染的相对贡献率,探讨土壤铅污染源解析方法。结果表明:污染端元介质——铅锌冶炼厂矿石206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1137±0.0027、2.1648±0.0033;焦化厂燃煤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.0938±0.0066、2.1290±0.0044;热电厂燃煤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1752±0.0035、2.0712±0.0111(详见表1);耕层土壤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1824±0.0088、2.0771±0.0078;背景土壤206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.2214±0.0032、2.0384±0.0017;大气降尘206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/206Pb分别为1.1353±0.0049、2.1189±0.0035(详见表2)。该区域铅锌冶炼活动对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为18.43%,焦化厂燃煤对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为9.36%,热电厂燃煤对耕层土壤铅的贡献率约为19.71%,背景土壤对耕层土壤的贡献率约为52.5%。该区域耕层土壤中的铅主要来源于背景土壤。本研究表明铅同位素解析技术是一种解析土壤铅污染来源的有效手段。 相似文献
9.
成都市近地表大气尘铅分布特征及源解析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
分析了成都市近地表大气尘样品铅及其同位素含量比的测定数据,铅含量变化范围为(119.76～1327.42)×10-6,均值为374.51×10-6,统计标准偏差为273.36,变异系数为0.73,说明成都市近地表大气尘铅含量变化大。燃煤飞灰的放射性成因铅明显高于汽油和柴油,可作为鉴别大气尘铅来源的证据。铅同位素含量数据表明成都市近地表大气尘的铅污染是复合污染源所致,其中,相对清洁区污染以建筑扬尘为主,中度污染区是汽车尾气和扬尘的叠加作用,重污染区是燃煤飞灰汽车尾气和工业污染源的综合表征。 相似文献
10.
若尔盖高原牧场处于中国偏远洁净高海拔地区,大气沉降是污染物主要来源途径之一。由于季风的影响,污染源的辨析较为困难。本文通过多点大气气溶胶不同季节同时采样方式,利用热电离固体同位素质谱仪可有效校正质谱分析中同位素分馏效应的优点,对若尔盖地区土壤和大气气溶胶的铅同位素比值进行精确分析,并结合季风特征对该地区污染物的来源进行解析。结果表明:土壤的208Pb/204Pb比值变化范围为38.79059±0.00194~38.94461±0.00135,206Pb/207Pb为1.18551±0.00002~1.19362±0.00002;大气气溶胶的208Pb/204Pb比值变化范围为37.49571±0.00117~38.48980±0.00105,206Pb/207Pb为1.12894±0.00001~1.16734±0.00001。该地区土壤铅同位素的特征是放射成因铅高,来自于自身天然存在的岩石矿物,与大气污染关系不大;大气气溶胶的铅同位素组成与土壤差异较大,显示为多元混合模式,受到了天然物质和人类活动来源的混合影响,机动车尾气及来自北部(兰州)和西北部(青海、新疆、哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯)的大气远程运移是若尔盖大气气溶胶及污染物质的主要来源。 相似文献
11.
A peat core from an ombrotrophic bog documents the isotopic evolution of atmospheric Pb in central Ontario since AD 1804 ± 53 (210Pb dating). Despite the introduction of unleaded gasoline in the mid-1970’s, the ratio 206Pb/207Pb in atmospheric deposition has not increased as expected, but rather continues to decline. In fact, snowpack sampling (2005 and 2009) and rainwater samples (2008) show that the isotopic composition of atmospheric Pb today is often far less radiogenic than the gasoline lead that had been used in Canada in the past. The peat, snow, and rainwater data presented here are consistent with the Pb isotope data for aerosols collected in Dorset in 1984 and 1986 which were traced by Sturges and Barrie (1989) to emissions from the Noranda smelter in northern Quèbec, Canada’s largest single source of atmospheric Pb. Understanding atmospheric Pb deposition in central Ontario, therefore, requires not only consideration of natural sources and past contributions from leaded gasoline, but also emissions from metal smelting and refining.Lead in the streams which enter Kawagama Lake today (206Pb/207Pb = 1.16 − 1.19) represents a mixture between the natural values (1.191 − 1.201 estimated using pre-industrial lake sediments) and the values found in the humus layer of the surrounding forest soils (206Pb/207Pb = 1.15 − 1.19). In the lake itself, however, Pb is much less radiogenic (206Pb/207Pb as low as 1.09) than in the streams, with the dissolved fraction less radiogenic than particulate material. The evolution of Pb isotope ratios within the watershed apparently reflects preferential removal by sedimentation of comparatively dense, radiogenic, terrestrial particles (derived from the mineral fraction of soils) from the humus particles with lower ratios of 206Pb/207Pb (because of atmospheric Pb contamination). Despite the contemporary enrichments of Pb in rain and snow, concentrations of dissolved Pb in the lake are extremely low (sometimes below 10 ng/l), with Pb concentrations and Pb/Sc ratios approaching “natural” values because of efficient binding to particles, and their subsequent removal in the watershed. 相似文献
12.
铅同位素示踪在大气降尘重金属污染来源解析中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了分析大气降尘中铅的污染来源,解析各污染源对大气降尘铅的相对贡献值,在厦门市不同功能区采集了29个大气降尘样品。用热电质谱仪测定了大气降尘的总铅同位素组成,用ICP-MS测定样品酸可溶相铅同位素组成。结果表明,厦门市大气降尘铅同位素206Pb/207Pb值变化较大,为1.111 9~1.173 8;酸可溶相铅206Pb/207Pb值与福建土壤残渣相206Pb/207Pb值相差较大,表明厦门市大气降尘受人类活动来源铅的影响较大;酸可溶相铅206Pb/207Pb值明显小于总量铅206Pb/207Pb值。铅同位素示踪表明,厦门市大气降尘铅主要来源是燃煤,其次是自然来源和汽车尾气。三元混合模型分析表明,燃煤、自然来源、汽车尾气对厦门市大气降尘总量铅的贡献率分别为48.57%、20.29%、31.14%。 相似文献
13.
位于浙西北安吉港口的铅锌银(钼)多金属矿床,是新近在钦杭成矿带东北缘发现的一个产于大陆环境且具较好前景的矿床.文章通过对矿区坞山关杂岩体三套岩性单元、细粒花岗岩和方铅矿铅同位素的全面对比研究,探讨了矿床的铅物源岩浆岩.矿区中的方铅矿为含较高放射性成因铅的J-型铅,在铅同位素的V1-V2和△γ-Δβ图解中,本次研究的样品分别落入华南和岩浆作用上地壳混合地幔铅范围,显示出方铅矿与华南地球化学省壳幔混合岩浆作用的密切关系.矿区铅锌矿体的方铅矿铅同位素比值显示其具有共同的物质来源,并基本保持了细粒花岗岩206Pb/204Pb值的特征,而207Pb/204Pb值具有坞山关杂岩体和细粒花岗岩混合的特征,208Pb/204Pb和208Pb/206Pb值则仅显示出与细粒花岗岩最相近.方铅矿铅同位素比值特征和比值等值线分布形式显示,铅主要来源于细粒花岗岩,杂岩体对铅成矿贡献了少量的206Pb和207Pb,矿区地层对铅成矿贡献了一定的208Pb.安吉矿区进一步针对铅的找矿工作围绕细粒花岗岩展开,取得成果的可能性更大. 相似文献
14.
On 25 April 1998 the tailings dam of the Aznalcóllar mine burst, a great quantity of pyrite waste sludge and acid water was spilled reaching the vicinity of the Doñana National Park. In surface and ground water samples taken a week after dam breaking, metals, trace elements and Pb isotopic ratios (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb) were analysed. In September 1998 a second sampling survey was carried out. The surface waters have a similar isotopic composition as the lead contained in the pyrite from the Aznalcóllar mine. The polluted groundwater of the Guadiamar aquifer also shows the influence of the mining origin of the lead. Lead isotope ratios (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb) in the groundwater of the Almonte-Marismas are very low and they differ clearly from the rest of groundwater samples. A further group of wells has a lead isotope composition intermediate between the Aznalcóllar mine and the atmospheric aerosols of the Iberian Peninsula. 相似文献
15.
Knowledge of the cause and source of Pb pollution is important to abate environmental Pb pollution by taking source-related actions. Lead isotope analysis is a potentially powerful tool to identify anthropogenic Pb and its sources in the environment. Spatial information on the variation of anthropogenic Pb content and anthropogenic Pb sources in rural topsoils is remarkably limited. This study presents results of a survey of approximately 350 topsoil samples from rural locations covering the entire Netherlands, for which the bulk geochemical and Pb isotope compositions were determined. The specific aim of this study is to determine the anthropogenic Pb sources in the topsoils from rural areas in The Netherlands. The spatial distribution of anthropogenic Pb in soils in The Netherlands will be explained in terms of land use and pollution sources.Nearly all studied topsoils display Pb contents that exceed the amount expected based on the soil lithology. The range in Pb isotope ratios of the additional Pb fraction in rural Dutch topsoils is established at 1.056–1.199, 2.336–2.486 and 0.452–0.490 for 206Pb/207Pb, 207Pb/208Pb and 206Pb/208Pb, respectively. Five land use types are distinguished (forest, open nature, moor, arable land and grassland) with distinct isotopic compositions for added Pb. Additional Pb in soils of natural areas (forest, open nature and moor) has on average lower 206Pb/207Pb, 208Pb/207Pb and 206Pb/208Pb ratios than the agricultural soils (arable land and grassland). Additional Pb in both natural area soils and agricultural soils is interpreted to be of anthropogenic origin: most likely a mixture of coal/galena, incinerator ashes and gasoline Pb. The dominant sources of additional Pb in the topsoil of open nature areas are most likely incinerator ash and gasoline Pb. In contrast, the on average higher 206Pb/207Pb, 208Pb/207Pb and 206Pb/208Pb ratios of additional Pb in agricultural soils are most likely caused by the presence of animal manure and N–P fertilizers.Several areas are observed with notably high additional Pb contents (26–211 mg/kg on an organic matter-free basis) in the topsoil. The largest area is the Randstad area, which has the highest population and traffic density, and hosts a considerable fraction of the Dutch chemical industry. Two other areas with high additional Pb contents in the topsoil are located near the Dutch borders and are most likely influenced by German and Belgian chemical industries. The topsoils in the coastal dunes and southern, central and northern forests are characterized by relatively low additional Pb contents (<10 mg/kg on an organic matter-free basis). The population, traffic and chemical industry density is low in these areas and no fertilizers are applied. 相似文献
16.
《International Journal of Coal Geology》2007,71(1):28-36
Lead isotope ratios in coals of different rank from several Spanish basins were estimated and related with their characteristics. The isotope 206Pb/207Pb ratio values of the coals studied range between 1.13 and 1.21, with the exception of some coal samples from the Cretaceous which are more radiogenic. Coals were classified into groups according to their lead isotope ratios. These in turn were related to the isotope ratios of the minerals galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and carbonates. Some of the low-rank coals, in which lead might be expected to be associated with the organic matter, were not found to be related with the isotope ratios of minerals. The isotope ratios of the individual densimetric fractions separated from a bituminous coal are different to those of the raw coal. The differences between these isotope ratios may not only be due to the diverse origin of lead in different coals, but also with the possible presence of several lead species incorporated from various sources in a particular coal. The results of this work represent an important contribution to the lead isotope ratio database essential for the accurate interpretation of data regarding pollution sources. 相似文献
17.
Systematic variations in the Cd and Pb isotope ratios in polluted topsoils surrounding the Jinding Pb–Zn mine in China were measured so that the sources of the metals could be traced. The average δ114/110Cd value and 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratio in background soils from the region were +0.41‰ and 1.1902, respectively, whereas the contaminated soil samples had different values, with the δ114/110Cd values varying between −0.59‰ and +0.33‰ and the 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratios varying between 1.1764 and 1.1896. We also measured the Cd and Pb isotopic compositions in oxide ores, sulfide ores, and slags, and found that binary mixing between ores and background soils could explain almost all of the variations in the Cd and Pb isotope ratios in the contaminated soils. This suggests that Cd and Pb pollution in the soils was mainly caused by the deposition of dust emitted during anthropogenic activities (mining and refining). The Pb and Cd isotope ratios clearly showed that contamination in soils in the northeastern part of the area was caused by surface mines and zinc smelters and their slagheaps, while contamination in soils in the southwestern part of the area also came from tailing ponds and underground mines. The main area of soil polluted by dust from Pb–Zn mining processes roughly extended for up to 5 km from the mine itself. 相似文献