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1.
江顶崖古滑坡位于甘肃舟曲白龙江左岸,区内地形地貌和地质构造复杂,多高山峡谷且河流纵坡降大,晚第四纪以来强烈活动的坪定—化马断裂带从区内通过,造成地层岩性极为破碎,古滑坡发育,且复活特征明显。在遥感解译和现场调查的基础上,对江顶崖古滑坡的发育特征和复活机理进行分析,认为江顶崖古滑坡堆积体方量为41×106～49×106m3,为在地质历史上形成的巨型古滑坡,位于坪定—化马断裂带及其次级断裂形成的断裂带内。根据滑坡不同位置和坡体结构特征,将江顶崖古滑坡共划分为古滑坡崩塌区、滑坡岩体变形区、古滑坡堆积区等3个大区,以及4个古滑坡复活区等7个区域,坡体内断错陡坎和拉裂缝极为发育。江顶崖古滑坡的中部复活区是主要变形和破坏区,1991年和2018年的复活区均位于该区域内,2018年复活滑坡体体积为480×104～550×104m3,为缓慢滑动的牵引式滑坡。江顶崖古滑坡复活机理复杂,在断裂活动和地震作用下形成的破碎岩土体和斜坡结构特征为滑坡复活提供了内因,强降雨作用增加了坡体自重并弱化了岩土体的力学强度,在暴雨期形成的强烈河流侵蚀作用进一步切割坡脚,从而诱发滑坡的复活;因此,江顶崖古滑坡是在内外动力耦合作用下形成的典型古滑坡复活案例。目前江顶崖古滑坡区域内的4个滑坡复活区仍处于蠕滑状态,在强降雨和河流侵蚀等作用下极可能再次发生复活,并造成堵江和毁坏国道等灾害事件。 相似文献
2.
Statistical analysis of factors affecting landslide distribution in the new Madrid seismic zone, Tennessee and Kentucky 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
More than 220 large landslides along the bluffs bordering the Mississippi alluvial plain between Cairo, Ill., and Memphis, Tenn., are analyzed by discriminant analysis and multiple linear regression to determine the relative effects of slope height and steepness, stratigraphic variation, slope aspect, and proximity to the hypocenters of the 1811-12 New Madrid, Mo., earthquakes on the distribution of these landslides. Three types of landslides are analyzed: (1) old, coherent slumps and block slides, which have eroded and revegetated features and no active analogs in the area; (2) old earth flows, which are also eroded and revegetated; and (3) young rotational slumps, which are present only along near-river bluffs, and which are the only young, active landslides in the area.
Discriminant analysis shows that only one characteristic differs significantly between bluffs with and without young rotational slumps: failed bluffs tend to have sand and clay at their base, which may render them more susceptible to fluvial erosion.
Bluffs having old coherent slides are significantly higher, steeper, and closer to the hypocenters of the 1811-12 earthquakes than bluffs without these slides. Bluffs having old earth flows are likewise higher and closer to the earthquake hypocenters.
Multiple regression analysis indicates that the distribution of young rotational slumps is affected most strongly by slope steepness: about one-third of the variation in the distribution is explained by variations in slope steepness. The distribution of old coherent slides and earth flows is affected most strongly by slope height, but the proximity to the hypocenters of the 1811-12 earthquakes also significantly affects the distribution.
The results of the statistical analyses indicate that the only recently active landsliding in the area is along actively eroding river banks, where rotational slumps formed as bluffs are undercut by the river. The analyses further indicate that the old coherent slides and earth flows in the area are spatially related to the 1811-12 earthquake hypocenters and were thus probably triggered by those earthquakes. These results are consistent with findings of other recent investigations of landslides in the area that presented field, historical, and analytical evidence to demonstrate that old landslides in the area formed during the 1811-12 New Madrid earthquakes.
Results of the multiple linear regression can also be used to approximate the relative susceptibility of the bluffs in the study area to seismically induced landsliding. 相似文献
3.
The ancient landslide has endured long-term slope evolution which results in its complicated material and special rock-soil properties. The risk of ancient landslide reactivation is substantially increasing due to the increase of intensified human engineering activities and the frequency of extreme weather events. Many ancient landslides have been reactivated all over the world and led to serious fatalities and severe damage to many important engineering facilities such as transportation and hydropower engineering projects. On the basis of the analysis of the research situation about the ancient landslides at home and abroad, the main research advances were summarized including the regional developing laws and recognizing of the ancient landslides, the mechanics properties of ancient landslide body and related sliding zone, reactivation mechanism of ancient landslides, reactivating process and modeling analysis of ancient landslides, early recognization of ancient landslide reactivation, etc. To meet the demands of disaster prevention and reduction, three key scientific issues were put forward to be solved: ①automaticaly establishing the methodology and identification criterions for recognition of ancient landslide; ②revealing the reactivation mechanism of ancient landslide based on a new strength theory; ③establishing the early rapid recognition method and predictive model for ancient landslide reactivation. Solving the above mentioned scientific theory and methodology will facilitate the planning and site selection of major projects as well as the disaster prevention and reduction in ancient landslide developing areas. 相似文献
4.
我国南海北陆坡水合物富集区广泛发育古滑坡,若水合物开采不当可能导致古滑坡再次滑动。为了探究水合物开采诱发古滑坡再启滑机制,针对含下卧型水合物藏和伴生型水合物藏的两个典型古滑坡体,在边坡极限平衡分析框架内考虑了水合物开采过程中的瞬态孔压与土体抗剪强度变化,分析了水合物开采过程中不同古滑坡体的稳定性演变与失稳模式。研究表明,水合物分解导致所赋存土体的胶结强度弱化,同时逸出气体可能被阻滞于渗透性较低的古滑坡体下方,从而形成横向扩展的高压区。下卧型储层边坡的潜在滑移面贯穿古滑移面,一般表现为滑动型滑坡;开采初期因孔压积聚而导致边坡稳定性降低,开采中后期因二次水合物生成可能导致边坡稳定性有所回升,在本文计算条件下未触发古滑坡复活。伴生型储层边坡的稳定性受土体强度劣化与孔压积聚的共同影响,水合物开采导致古滑坡重新滑动,表现为滑塌型滑坡。 相似文献
5.
L. Borgatti A. Corsini M. Barbieri G. Sartini G. Truffelli G. Caputo C. Puglisi 《Landslides》2006,3(2):115-124
This case study paper is about a large rotational rock and earth slide—earth flow located in the Secchia River Valley, in the Northern Apennines of Italy, that has displayed multiple reactivation phases between 2002 and 2004. The main geological constraints of the mass movement are related to the overlap of flysch rock masses over clayey complexes that allows rock slides to take place in the source area. The disarrangement and weathering of rock masses following slope movements causes large amount of fine-grained debris to be accumulated on the slope and mobilised by earth sliding and flowing. Analysis of rainfall data at the onset of reactivation events has proved that they occurred after periods with cumulated values higher than the averages of the last 30 years. The quantification of the morphological modifications induced by these reactivations has been made possible by comparing pre- and post-event digital elevation models. Depletion and accumulation has been in the range of 30 m in different parts of the slope. In particular, an advancement of the landslide toe of more than 400 m, which caused a 30-m thick landslide tip to deposit, has been clearly seen. Monitoring data regarding subsurface movements and surface tension crack widening (tension cracks so large as to be properly described at trenches) has shown that sliding surfaces as deep as 43 m exist in the upper part of the landslide, while the accumulation lobe has moved by sliding and flowing over surfaces as deep as some 10 m. Velocities of cm/day have been recorded in the deep surfaces and in widening trenches of the source area, while the advancement of the accumulation lobe has been estimated as having velocities of up to 10 m/day. Groundwater in the landslide body has been observed at depths of 5–15 m in the upper areas, while it is estimated as being at the ground level in the toe. On this basis, it is concluded that the landslide still has a high potential for further development, both in the upper landslide zone and in the toe area. 相似文献
6.
The knowledge of past events is important for the assessment of debris-flow hazard. Amongst the sources of information, documents
from historical archives are particularly important in sites where the debris flows cause damage to urban areas and transportation
routes. The paper analyses the availability of historical documents on debris flows in Northeastern Italy and discusses factors
that can influence the building of time series from archive data both at regional and single basin scales. An increased number
of debris flows was observed in the studied region for the last decades. This could be due both to an increased frequency
of the events and to a larger availability of information: the analysis carried out indicates that the latter factor is probably
the most influencing. The importance of factors, which affect the collection of data, including the conservation of documents
and the presence and fragility of the elements at risk, is stressed in view of a wise use of historical data on debris flows. 相似文献
7.
受前期14 d持续累计350.6 mm降雨影响,2018年7月19日盐源玻璃村一巨型玄武岩古滑坡体发生大规模复活,复活体积为1 390×104 m3,损坏房屋186间,造成重大经济损失。基于现场调查、无人机航测、钻探揭露、物理力学试验及数值模拟分析,在查明滑坡体地质结构、失稳特征基础上,对其影响因素及复活机制进行了探讨。研究结果表明,破碎岩土体及地形地貌是滑坡复活的孕灾基础,持续降雨及其引起的地下水位升高是滑坡复活的诱发因素。复活滑坡可分为主滑区和侧滑区两种破坏模式不同的区域。降雨作用下滑坡体内渗流场明显变化,孔隙水压力增大,导致7月13日古滑坡体开始发生变形,稳定性系数逐渐降低。受微地貌约束,主滑区具有多级、多次失稳,渐进破坏的特点。侧滑区斜坡前缘临空条件受坡脚主滑坡控制,在主滑坡运动过程中,侧滑区坡体位移量、最大剪切应变增量逐渐增大,塑性区扩展,破坏过程表现出与主滑坡一定的关联性和滞后性。分析表明,受地下水长期影响,滑带土体强度逐渐削弱,降雨导致坡体渗流作用加剧,抗剪强度降低,从而诱发滑坡复活。 相似文献
8.
某高速公路路线通过古滑坡前缘,工程建设需要对滑坡前缘进行开挖可能导致滑坡复活.在现场调查分析的基础上,采用极限平衡理论和变形理论对滑坡在各工况条件下的稳定性状况、应力环境和变形特征进行研究,认为滑坡在前缘开挖和运行期暴雨状态下可能产生复活.在此基础上提出了双排抗滑桩的治理设计方案,并基于变形理论的稳定性评价方法对该方案的治理效果进行了研究,结果表明该方案能有效地改善坡体应力条件并控制坡体整体变形. 相似文献
9.
Seasonal effects of rainfall on the shallow pyroclastic deposits of the Campania region (southern Italy) 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
The shallow deposits of unsaturated pyroclastic soils covering the slopes in the Campania region (southern Italy) are systematically affected by various rainfall-induced slope instabilities. The type and triggering of these instabilities depend on several factors, among which in situ soil suction—as an initial condition—and rainfall—as a boundary condition—play a fundamental role. Based on the available database—which includes a comprehensive catalogue of historical data, in situ soil suction measurements and soil laboratory tests along with the results of geomechanical analyses—this paper discusses the relationships among in situ soil suction and rainfall conditions and induced slope instability types. The goal is to reach a better understanding of past events and gain further insight into the analysis and forecasting of future events. In particular, the paper outlines how the season strongly affects the spatial distribution and the type of slope instability likely to develop. For example, erosion phenomena essentially occur at the end of the dry season and originate hyperconcentrated flows while first-time shallow slides prevail in the rainy season and later propagate as debris flows or as debris avalanches. 相似文献
10.
基于磁测的边坡深部大变形监测方法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
现有边坡深部变形监测仪器易受雨水、泥石流、滚石等环境的影响,仪器布设较繁琐,且无法监测边坡深部滑移的中后期变形。基于磁场定位理论,采用磁性物质制作智能石头,在边坡深部布置智能石头,通过智能石头和全张量磁力梯度仪建立边坡深部大变形监测系统。基于磁场梯度张量缩并定位对智能石头进行三维定位,实现边坡深部的中后期大变形监测。针对全张量磁力梯度仪的精度和地球磁场梯度的影响,由三维磁感应强度和磁场梯度的分析,其有效监测距离为35 m;在磁场定位试验中,监测精度为0.06 m。可为磁测在边坡深部大变形监测的进一步研究和应用提供参考。 相似文献
11.
雄巴古滑坡位于西藏贡觉金沙江右岸、金沙江活动构造带内,该区地形地貌和地质构造极为复杂,多高山峡谷且河流纵坡降大,岩体结构破碎,发育一系列大型、巨型古滑坡和斜坡变形体。通过遥感解译和现场调查,认为雄巴古滑坡堆积体方量为2.6×10 8~6.0×10 8 m 3,为地质历史上形成的巨型古滑坡。雄巴古滑坡在平面上有滑坡滑源区和滑坡堆积区2个大的区域,其中滑坡堆积区又分为相对稳定区和前缘强变形区。滑坡体上2个深孔钻探资料揭露雄巴古滑坡主要发育2级深层蠕变滑带,其中第一级滑带埋深51 m(ZK1孔)至55 m(ZK2孔),第二级滑带埋深101 m(ZK1孔)至115 m(ZK2孔),坡体内发育的深层承压水对斜坡稳定性影响较大。雄巴古滑坡的形成受地层岩性、断裂构造、降雨和河流侵蚀等作用影响强烈,目前仍处于深层蠕滑中;其深层“锁固段”对滑坡的稳定性起关键控制作用,但在降雨-地下水渗流、河流侵蚀和地震等因素作用下,该古滑坡潜在失稳可能性较大,并有形成堰塞金沙江、溃坝、洪水等灾害链的风险。 相似文献
12.
不同填料下钱塘江古海塘塘背土压力现场试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为解决钱塘江古海塘外倾问题,结合现场试验,分别对气泡混合轻质土（以下称为轻质土）、原状土和页岩陶粒等3种不同填筑材料下古海塘塘背土压力进行了观测,分析了土压力随时间的变化规律,以及土压力的分布规律和合力作用点的位置,并对3种不同填筑材料的减载效果进行了分析。结果表明：土压力呈中间大、两端小,在塘背中部存在着不同程度褶曲的非线性分布;土压力合力作用点在0.42~0.49倍墙高处,较理论计算的合力作用点位置有所上移;采用轻质土作为填料时,其产生的塘背土压力和倾覆力矩较原状土分别减少33.1%和41.4%,是一种有效的古海塘塘背土压力的减载材料。 相似文献
13.
Record levels of precipitation during February 1992 generated 290 earth flows and earth slumps in Wadi Ziqlab, Jordan. Geomorphologic and sedimentological characteristics of these landslides and older colluvial deposits were used to identify the dominant mass-wasting processes active in the wadi. Earth flows in 1992 left long linear scars on the steep hillsides and deposited thin, fine and coarse-grained, sheets on the well-developed colluvial slopes below. Older colluvial deposits exposed along the wadi bottom are crudely stratified, heavily bioturbated, and contain paleosols, suggesting colluviation was episodic and occurred through a slow accumulation of successive earth flows. Earth slumps in 1992 produced crescentic scarps, flat benches, and thick colluvial masses; similar features preserved on the wadi slopes were formed by the same process at an earlier time. Annual slope wash does not appear important on the steep, heavily landslide-scarred, slopes. The uneven distribution and episodic occurrence of earth flows and earth slumps in Wadi Ziqlab have resulted in highly variable burial depths of archaeological material, as illustrated in one locality where Roman artifacts are buried over 1 m deeper than a Neolithic site only 200 m away. The ability of earth flows to transport artifacts great distances has given rise to inverted stratigraphy on colluvial slopes and has produced large artifact scatters located beyond the margins of the colluvial slopes. These complex postoccupation disturbances and prehistoric land-use practices would have been difficult to interpret without a full understanding of the hillslope processes active in Wadi Ziqlab and the landscape features they have produced. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
14.
A review of assessing landslide frequency for hazard zoning purposes 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
The probability of occurrence is one of the key components of the risk equation. To assess this probability in landslide risk analysis, two different approaches have been traditionally used. In the first one, the occurrence of landslides is obtained by computing the probability of failure of a slope (or the reactivation of existing landslides). In the second one, which is the objective of this paper, the probability is obtained by means of the statistical analysis of past landslide events, specifically by the assessment of the past landslide frequency. In its turn, the temporal frequency of landslides may be determined based on the occurrence of landslides or from the recurrence of the landslide triggering events over a regional extent. Hazard assessment using frequency of landslides, which may be taken either individually or collectively, requires complete records of landslide events, which is difficult in some areas. Its main advantage is that it may be easily implemented for zoning. Frequency assessed from the recurrence of landslide triggers, does not require landslide series but it is necessary to establish reliable relations between the trigger, its magnitude and the occurrence of the landslides. The frequency of the landslide triggers can be directly used for landslide zoning. However, because it does not provide information on the spatial distribution of the potential landslides, it has to be combined with landslide susceptibility (spatial probability analysis) to perform landslide hazard zoning. Both the scale of work and availability of data affect the results of the landslide frequency and restrict the spatial resolution of frequency zoning as well. Magnitude–frequency relationships are fundamental elements for the quantitative assessment of both hazard and risk. 相似文献
15.
High-resolution digital elevation models are crucial to the investigation of natural disasters, and a variety of methods based on visualization and relief map compilations have been proposed. In this study, the sky view factor (SVF) is applied to slope maps and a digital elevation model (DEM) of the Oso landslide, a deadly landslide that occurred in Washington State on March 22, 2014, to demonstrate the effectiveness of SVF-enhanced relief maps in mapping and evaluating large-scale or deep-seated landslide hazards. A procedure for combining the SVF-enhanced DEM with slope and elevation maps is also presented. Then the maps are used to extract the landslide-prone areas and perform a reactivation analysis of the post-Oso landslide using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). By using the SVF-enhanced DEM to perform the AHP assessment on multi-period images, we accurately evaluate hazard of the landslide for both pre and post-2014 conditions. Finally, different visualization maps, limitation and recommend parameters for generating SVF relief map are presented in the paper. 相似文献
16.
Taiwan is a mountainous country, so there is an ever present danger of landslide disasters during the rainy seasons or typhoons. This study aims to develop a fuzzy-rule-based risk assessment model for debris flows and to verify the accuracy of risk assessment so as to help related organizations reduce losses caused by debris flows. The database is comprised of information from actual cases of debris flows that occurred in the Hualien area of Taiwan from 2007 to 2008. The established models can assess the likelihood of the occurrence of debris flows using computed indicators, verify modeling errors, and make comparisons between the existing models for practical applications. In the establishment of a fuzzy-based debris flow risk assessment model, possible for accounting it on the basis of far less information regarding a real system and the information can be of an uncertain, fuzzy or inexact character, the influential factors affecting debris flows include the average terrain slope, catchment area, effective catchment area, accumulated rainfall, rainfall intensity, and geological conditions. The results prove that the risk assessment model systems are quite suitable for debris flow risk assessment, with a resultant ratio of success 96?% and a normalized relative error 4.63?%. 相似文献
17.
Cooper D. Stacey Philip R. Hill Peter J. Talling Randolph J. Enkin John Hughes Clarke D. Gwyn Lintern 《Sedimentology》2019,66(1):1-31
Submarine turbidity currents are one of the most important processes for moving sediment across our planet; they are hazardous to offshore infrastructure, deposit petroleum reservoirs worldwide, and may record tsunamigenic landslides. However, there are few studies that have monitored these submarine flows in action, and even fewer studies that have combined direct monitoring with longer‐term records from core and seismic data of deposits. This article provides one of the most complete studies yet of a turbidity current system. The aim here is to understand what controls changes in flow frequency and character along the turbidite system. The study area is a 12 km long delta‐fed fjord (Howe Sound) in British Columbia, Canada. Over 100 often powerful (up to 2 to 3 m sec?1) events occur each year in the highly‐active proximal channels, which extend for 1 to 2 km from the delta lip. About half of these events reach the lobes at the channel mouths. However, flow frequency decreases rapidly once these initially sand‐rich flows become unconfined, and only one to five flows run out across the mid‐slope each year. Many of these sand‐rich, channelized, delta‐sourced flows therefore dissipated over a few hundred metres, once unconfined, rather than eroding and igniting. Upflow migrating bedforms indicate that supercritical flow dominated in the proximal channels and lobes, and also across the unconfined mid‐slope. These supercritical flows deposited thick sand beds in proximal channels and lobes, but thinner and finer beds on the unconfined mid‐slope. The distal flat basin records far larger volume and more hazardous events that have a recurrence interval of ca 100 years. This study shows how sand‐rich delta‐fed flows dissipate rapidly once they become unconfined, that supercritical flows dominate in both confined and unconfined settings, and how a second type of more hazardous, and much less frequent event is linked to a different scale of margin failure. 相似文献
18.
考虑饱和-非饱和渗流的土坡极限分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
给出了均质土坝的下游坝坡的安全系数的计算方法。均质土坝的下游坝坡有可能会通过滑裂面发生破坏。土坝中的土坡通常处于非饱和状态。非饱和土坡的安全系数计算需要考虑吸力对抗剪强度的贡献以及土坡中的非饱和渗流。给出处于饱和-非饱和渗流状态下的土坡的安全系数,有助于评价均质土坝的安全系数。下游坝坡的安全系数计算方法有：极限平衡法、上限解法和下限解法,该算法适用于非饱和土坡,且是在饱和土坡安全系数的计算方法上修正得到的。算例中非饱和土坡安全系数的计算考虑了吸力对抗剪强度的贡献。考虑非饱和渗流理论的土坡安全系数计算方法通常更加接近现场实际情况,并且对于同一坝坡,考虑非饱和渗流计算出的土坡安全系数要比饱和渗流理论计算出的安全系数大。 相似文献
19.
Anatomy of ancient passive margin slope systems: Aptian gravity-driven deposition on the Vocontian palaeomargin, western Alps, south-east France 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
The Aptian succession on the Vocontian palaeomargin (south-east France) consists of marl and marly calcareous pelagic slope facies together with a range of gravity-driven deposits (slumps, debris-flow deposits, turbidite packages and massive sandstones). The massive sandstones were emplaced by high-density turbidity currents and are associated with extensive clastic sills and dykes. The sedimentology is constrained by a high-resolution bio- and lithostratigraphic framework and permits a detailed analysis of the slope succession including: (1) a sequence stratigraphical analysis of the slope deposits; and (2) lateral tracing of individual sedimentary packages downslope. The resulting model for the Vocontian slope represents an alternative to the ‘classic’ Exxon delta-fed, mud-rich model. Key elements of the Vocontian model are: (1) an emphasis on lowstand slope erosion and complex slope morphology controlled by contemporary tectonism and salt diapirism; (2) slope deposition in confined erosional and structurally controlled conduits rather than the buildout of slope fans/channel-levee complexes; (3) a dominance of large-volume muddy slump and transitional debris-flow deposits, with subordinate sandy turbidites, including significant massive sandstone facies; (4) common sand injections (sills and dykes) associated with the massive sandstone facies; and (5) minimal downslope evolution of the flows, with the nature of the source sediment being the over-riding factor determining flow behaviour and deposit character. The Vocontian system is a rare instance in which large sections of a ‘fossil’ passive margin slope are preserved in the geological record. The slope deposits differ from the classic models of turbidite systems that have mainly been built from peripheral foreland basins, and the new insight makes it possible to compare ancient and present-day passive margin slope systems. 相似文献
20.
2011年贵州省望谟县打易镇的大范围浅层滑坡诱发的沟谷泥石流提供了研究这类泥石流地形和降雨条件的机会。在地质条件一致和小区域内的降雨条件基本一致的情况下,地形条件就是这些泥石流暴发与否的唯一决定因素。对比一些重要的地形因素与泥石流暴发的关系,得出了由流域面积、沟床纵比降和25°~45°山坡坡度面积比组成的泥石流综合地形因子T。在地形因子T的基础上,研究获得了由前期降雨量、1 h降雨强度、年平均降雨量等组成的降雨因子R。由地形因子T和降雨因子R获得的临界条件P可以判断该区域的泥石流暴发。由于研究工作部分基于泥石流的形成机理,研究成果还可用于其他区域的泥石流形成预测,为泥石流的预测预报提供了一个较好的方法。 相似文献