共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Mall Orru Vivika Vaizene Juri-Rivaldo Pastarus Ylo Systra Ingo Valgma 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(7):3311-3321
The paper presents results of the study on oil shale mining (Estonia underground mine) possibilities under the Selisoo mire. The Selisoo area is 2,051 ha in extent, and most of the mire is in natural state. Peat layer consists of thick (4.4–6.5 m) oligotrophic peat. Mining under Selisoo will go at depths 65–70 m under the surface. The mining field of the Estonia mine was planned between Ahtme and Viivikonna fault zones. The lowest hydraulic conductivity of carbonate rocks 0.11 l/day per m2 is found in the Oandu layer and for peat it is 0.35–0.0002 m/day. Therefore, together they form a good aquitard. When the annual rainfall amount is the highest, the difference between horizontal water inflow and runoff is positive with 127,000 m3. Positive water balance is guaranteed in case of precipitation being at least 540 mm/year. The positive water balance is important for preserving the ecological system of Selisoo mire. For guaranteeing long-term stability of mine pillars, a new calculation method has been elaborated, based on the conventional calculation scheme, where the factor of safety is more than 2.3. Rheological processes are out of question, collapse of the pillars is impossible. Stability of the underground constructions and overburden rocks must be “eternal”. The criteria were elaborated for oil shale mining and will guarantee preservation of mires in natural or close to natural state. 相似文献
2.
The free, adsorbed and inclusion oils were recovered by sequential extraction from eleven oil and tar containing reservoir rocks in the Tazhong Uplift of Tarim Basin. The results of gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry analyses of these oil components and seven crude oils collected from this region reveal multiple oil charges derived from different source rocks for these oil reservoirs. The initially charged oils show strong predominance of even over odd n-alkanes in the range n-C12 to n-C20 and have ordinary maturities, while the later charged oils do not exhibit any predominance of n-alkanes and have high maturities. The adsorbed and inclusion oils of the reservoir rocks generally have high relative concentrations of gammacerane and C28 steranes, similar to the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks. In contrast, the free oils of these reservoir rocks generally have low relative concentrations of gammacerane and C28 steranes, similar to the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks. There are two interpretations of this result: (1) the initially charged oils are derived from the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks while the later charged oils are derived from the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks; and (2) both the initially and later charged oils are mainly derived from the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks but the later charged oils are contaminated by the oil components from the Silurian tar sandstones and the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks. 相似文献
3.
In situ biotransformation of oil to methane was investigated in a reservoir in Dagang, China using chemical fingerprinting, isotopic analyzes and molecular and biological methods. The reservoir is highly methanogenic despite chemical indications of advanced oil degradation, such as depletion of n-alkanes, alkylbenzenes and light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions or changes in the distribution of several alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The degree of degradation strongly varied between different parts of the reservoir, ranging from severely degraded to nearly undegraded oil compositions. Geochemical data from oil, water and gas samples taken from the reservoir are consistent with in situ biogenic methane production linked to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation. Microcosms were inoculated with production and injection waters in order to characterize these processes in vitro. Subsequent degradation experiments revealed that autochthonous microbiota are capable of producing methane from 13C labelled n-hexadecane or 2-methylnaphthalene and suggest that further methanogenesis may occur from the aromatic and polyaromatic fractions of Dagang reservoir fluids. The microbial communities from produced oil–water samples were composed of high numbers of microorganisms (on the order to 107), including methane producing Archaea within the same order of magnitude. In summary, the investigated sections of the Dagang reservoir may have significant potential for testing the viability of in situ conversion of oil to methane as an enhanced recovery method and biodegradation of the aromatic fractions of the oil may be an important methane source. 相似文献
4.
A.E. Kontorovich 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2009,50(4):237-242
A probabilistic estimate of the global conventional recoverable oil resource was performed based on the concept of the Earth's sedimentary cover as a holistic system. A forecast for global oil production was made for the period till the end of the 21st century. It has been shown that the global oil production will most likely peak at 4.2–4.7 billion tons a year in 2020–2030. For that period, the top oil-producing regions in the world will be the Persian Gulf, West and East Siberia. The upstream sector at that time will turn its focus to the Arctic shelf. Annual oil production could be maintained at a level of 4.2–4.5 billion tons till the late 2040s. 相似文献
5.
This paper deals with natural temperature records in the heavy (asphaltenes) and the light fractions (C7—light hydrocarbons) of petroleum. Two sets of marine oils formed from different source rocks and petroleum systems were studied using asphaltene kinetics and light hydrocarbon analysis. Both fractions have been reported to contain information about the temperature the respective oils have been exposed to in the subsurface. These indicated temperatures generally correspond to the conditions in the source rock when expulsion occurred. Bulk kinetic analysis of reservoir oil asphaltenes as well as light hydrocarbon (LH) analysis (of dimethylpentanes) were used here in order to evaluate the expulsion temperatures. Surprisingly, when considering information coming from both fractions, an inverse trend between LHs expulsion temperatures (Ctemp) and asphaltenes (Tasph.) can be observed—high Tasph (asphaltene temperatures) occur with low LH Ctemp (light hydrocarbon expulsion temperatures) and low Tasph can be observed when Ctemp is high. These differences are of fundamental importance for the use of such geochemical data in calibrating numerical basin models. The reason for this inverse behaviour is possibly due to the different expulsion behaviour of light hydrocarbons and the heavy fraction of oils, especially when the source rocks contain only moderate amounts of organic matter. In addition it has to be considered that the temperature predictions obtained using asphaltene kinetic analysis are related to the onset temperature of petroleum expulsion, while light hydrocarbons provide, at best, average expulsion temperatures. 相似文献
6.
Oil was first discovered in the Masila area of Yemen in the late 1990s, with about 90% of the reserves found in the Lower Qishn Clastic Member of the Qishn Formation. The porosity determinations of the Lower Qishn Clastic are relatively high and the permeability ranges from 103 to 374?md. This paper tries to evaluate the hydrocarbons in the porous zones encountered in the Lower Cretaceous formations, which were penetrated by the eight wells in the study area. The water saturation shows low values, while the hydrocarbon saturation is in a reverse relation, i.e., the hydrocarbon increases where the water saturation decreases. Different cross-plots such as Rho-PHIN, Rho-DTN, and M-N were used in lithological identification for the two studied formations (Saar and Qishn) in the studied wells. Formation evaluation and presentation forms of the obtained petrophysical parameters have frequently proven that the formations have high hydrocarbon saturation in this area and contain many pay zones. On of the main targets of this paper is to build a detailed 3D geological modeling of the Lower Cretaceous Sequence conducted through an integrated study. 相似文献
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采用小太平山同一层位不同深度且连续的油砂样品,对油砂油的地球化学及生物降解特征进行分析。小太平山油砂油在生物降解作用下产生了丰富的25-降霍烷,常规藿烷和甾烷也发生了一系列变化。由于分子结构和稳定性不同,抗降解能力不同,C_(21)/C_(23)三环萜烷、伽马蜡烷/C_(30)藿烷、Ts/Tm、C_(30)重排藿烷/C_(30)藿烷值、αααC_(27)R/αααC_(29)R、C_(28)αααR/C_(29)αααR、C_(29)ααα20R/αββ20S、C_(29)ααα20R/αββ20R、C_(27)重排甾烷/(规则甾烷+重排甾烷)、常规藿烷异构体降解为25-降霍烷的比例,均反映出油砂油的生物降解程度随深度的增加而增大。小太平山油砂油随含水饱和度的增加降解程度增大,证实地层水有利于细菌类微生物的迁移、营养物质的传递,促进原油的生物降解及25-降霍烷的产生。 相似文献
10.
吉林油区大老爷府油田低阻油层成因及测井解释 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
在国内外研究低阻油层的基础上，结合大老爷府油田的生产实际，认为形成大老爷府油田低阻油层的主要原因有五个方面，针对低阻油层的测井特征，提出综合利用测井多参数信息模糊综合评判的方法识别低阻油层。 相似文献
11.
So-Min Cheong 《GeoJournal》2011,76(5):539-549
This paper examines the early social consequences of the largest oil spill in Korea from December 2007 up to May 2008. The
focus is on the social impact of the oil spill and its social implications in three major areas of oil spill response: (1)
clean-up operations, (2) compensation, and (3) ecological impact. The paper highlights both the positive and negative consequences
of the spill and the significance of the early social assessment to understand subsequent responses and adaptation in the
long run. 相似文献
12.
V. I. Semkin 《Geochemistry International》2006,44(10):1027-1034
Genetic aspects of the generation of oil alkanes suggest that the genesis of oils is controlled by a succession of factors
of a single genetic chain, which indicate that the possible sources of oils are certain inorganic components of magmatic fluids,
the mineral matter of sedimentary rocks, and the biomass of anaerobes, which is formed when magmatic fluids filter through
marine and offshore sedimentary deposits.
Original Russian Text ? V.I. Semkin, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 10, pp. 1110–1118. 相似文献
13.
A. D. Couper 《GeoJournal》1978,2(2):107-110
The arab oil producing countries have characteristics of both less developed and more developed countries. They are diversifying their economies and entering into shipping. There are arguments for and against some participation in shipping, but industrialisation generates shipping requirements. These are being met on a Pan Arab basis and by joint ventures with traditional maritime nations. 相似文献
14.
A. D. Couper 《GeoJournal》1981,2(2):107-110
The arab oil producing countries have characteristics of both less developed and more developed countries. They are diversifying their economies and entering into shipping. There are arguments for and against some participation in shipping, but industrialisation generates shipping requirements. These are being met on a Pan Arab basis and by joint ventures with traditional maritime nations. 相似文献
15.
Gas chromatography, palynomorph constituents, and maturation are analyzed for oil samples of the Campanian Khasib and Tannuma Formations in the wells of East Baghdad oil field for biomarker studies, while palynomorph constituents and their maturation, Rock Eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon (TOC) analysis are carried on for the Upper Jurassic and the Cretaceous Formations of core samples from the same wells for dating and evaluation of the source rocks. The gas chromatography of these oils have shown biomarkers of abundant ranges of n-alkanes of less than C22(C17–C21) with C19 and C18 peaks to suggest mainly liquid oil constituents of paraffinic hydrocarbons from marine algal source of restricted palaeoenvironments in the reservoir as well as low nonaromatic $ {\hbox{C}}_{15}^{+} $ peaks to indicate their slight degradation and water washing. Oil biomarkers of $ \Pr ./{\hbox{Ph}}{.} = {0}{.85,}{{\hbox{C}}_{31}}/{{\hbox{C}}_{30}} < 1.0 $ , location is in the triangle of C27–C29 sterane, C28/C29 of 0.6 sterane, oleanane of 0.01, and CPI = 1.0, could indicate anoxic marine environment with carbonate deposition of Upper Jurassic–Early Cretaceous source. The recorded palynomorph constituents in this oil and associated water are four miospore, seven dinoflagellates, and one Tasmanite species that could confirm affinity to the Upper most Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Chia Gara and Ratawi Formations. The recorded palynomorphs from the reservoir oil (Khasib and Tannuma Formations) are of light brown color of $ {\hbox{TAI}} = 2.8 - 3.0 $ and comparable to the mature palynomorphs that belong to Chia Gara and Lower part of Ratawi Formations. Chia Gara Formation had generated and expelled high quantity of oil hydrocarbons according their TOC weight percent of 0.5–8.5 with ${S_2} = 2.5 - 18.5\,{\hbox{mg}}\,{\hbox{Hc/g}}\;{\hbox{rock}} $ , high hydrogen index of the range 150–450 mg Hc/g Rock, good petroleum potential of 4.5–23.5 mg Hc/g rock, mature ( $ {\hbox{TAI}} = 2.8 - 3.0 $ and $ {\hbox{T}}\max = 428 - 443{\hbox{C}} $ ), kerogen type II, and palynofacies parameters of up to 100 amorphous organic matters with algae deposited in dysoxic–anoxic to suboxic–anoxic basin, while the palynomorphs of the rocks of Khasib Formation are of amber yellow color of TAI = 2.0 with low TOC and hence not generated hydrocarbons. But, this last formation could be considered as oil reservoir only according their high porosity (15–23%) and permeability (20–45 mD) carbonate rocks with structural anticline closure trending NW-SE. That oil have generated and expelled during two phases; the first is during Early Palaeogene that accumulated in traps of the Cretaceous structural deformation, while the second is during Late Neogene’s. 相似文献
16.
西北石油局目前主要油田有塔河、西达里亚、阿克库勒、雅克拉、大涝坝等11个油气田,生产轻质油、中质Ⅰ和中质Ⅱ档及重质油4种油品,统称为塔河原油.销售时将塔河原油分为:混合油(密度0.920 g/cm3)和重质油(密度>0.960 g/cm3)2个品种,其中混合油是由轻质、中质原油掺入塔河油田的重质原油调兑而成,剩余的为重质商品原油.混合油由中石化定价,重质油由新星公司定价. 1 塔河原油状况 油品属性、分类及销售状况 目前塔河混合原油按其特性分类,属重质高含硫、高重金属中间基含环烷烃较多的原油,表现为:原油密度高、粘度大、凝点低,残碳、沥青质… 相似文献
17.
David Grigg 《GeoJournal》2001,53(2):163-172
In the last thirty years there has been a growing interest in the use of olive oil in cooking because of greater knowledge of Mediterranean foods and an awareness of the healthy virtues of a Mediterranean diet, and particularly olive oil. In spite of this the consumption of olive oil is negligible outside the Mediterranean region, where most of the world's olive oil is produced and consumed, and which provides nearly all exports and receives a majority of the imports. This seems to be due to the very demanding climatic requirements of the olive tree and the fact that virtually all olive trees are grown in a Mediterranean-type climate. Although the olive tree was taken to areas with a similar climate during the European expansion after 1492, it has never become an important part of the diet in the Americas, in spite of the role of Mediterranean populations settling in the continent. The very high cost of olive oil compared with oilseeds has made its penetration of non-Mediterranean markets very difficult, and indeed the consumption of olive oil has declined in the face of such competition even in some of the Mediterranean countries. 相似文献
18.
S. Mohanan M.Sc Ph.D. S. Maruthamuthu M.Sc M.Phil. Ph.D. N. Muthukumar M.Sc M.Phil. A. Rajasekar M.Sc N. Palaniswamy M.Sc Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2007,4(2):279-283
Biodegradation of oil depends on the nature of the oil, the type of microbial community and a variety of environmental factors. Green oils are being used as consumer goods and as raw materials in industries such as food processing, pharmaceutical and cosmetic. Microbial contaminations of green oils have been the cause of degradation problems. Serratia Marcessens produced cytochrome oxidase, catalase, Dextrose, Lactose, Manose and sorbitol enzymes were the main reason for the degradation af palmarosa oil. Changes of colour and turbidity was also the evidence for green oil degradation by bacteria. More oxygen included protons (0-CH2) group was produced in the presence of bacterial species and the addition of oxygen took place during bacterial degradation of palmarosa oil. The biodegradation of palmarosa oil by Serratia marcescens have been carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic spectroscopy analysis. Carboxyl group present in the palmorasa oil is utilised as a sole carbon sources for the Serratia marcescens. 相似文献
19.
剩余油富集部位研究是油田开发后期的重要工作之一，目前有很多成熟的方法和经验。本文提供的方法是利用常规动静态资料快速、准确的进行判断，不需要大型的数值模拟等工作，使油藏管理人员随时监控和调整生产井的工作制度，充分动用地质储量，提高采收率。 相似文献
20.
The aliphatic fraction of the bitumens from 3 bands of the Puertollano oil shale field have been studied by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Previous work published over the last years reached different conclusions about the origin of the organic matter in the Puertollano oil shales. A reappraisal of some of the biomarkers was then needed for a better understanding of the aliphatic hydrocarbons assemblage. The identified compounds, mainly n-alkanes in the medium to high boiling point region, acyclic isoprenoids and hopane-related compounds point towards a predominant algal/bacterial input. No unequivocally higher plant derived biomarkers have been detected in significant amounts, suggesting that the bulk of the organic matter derive from authocthonous organisms living in the basin. The biomarker maturity ratios indicate that the 3 Puertollano oil shales have similar maturities and are close to the onset of oil generation, assessing a slightly higher maturity than that determined by petrographic techniques. 相似文献