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位于日本九州半封闭的有明海素来以高产量的贝壳类海产品而闻名。然而近年来这些海产品的数量急剧下降,有的物种甚至已经灭绝。其原因尚未有明确统一的认识。调研结果显示,当地居民养殖海苔时所大量使用的酸处理剂极有可能造成潮区底泥的环境岩土工程特性发生恶化,从而导致生活在底泥中的贝壳类生物大量死亡。据此我们开展了一系列现场调查和室内试验土柱试验,以测试酸处理剂对底泥的pH、硫化物含量、盐分浓度以及液限含水率的影响。结果显示,酸处理剂不仅导致底泥的pH值降低、盐分浓度降低,还导致硫化物含量的显著增高,甚至高于贝壳类生物的生命界限值。最后从磷元素在海相底泥中存在的动态形态的角度出发,探讨了底泥的环境岩土工程特性显著变化的机理。 相似文献
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《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2017,128(2):180-197
This paper demonstrates the decisive role of natural preconditions on the formation of large late Holocene sea ingressions in peaty coastal plains along the North Sea’s southern shores. Geological and archaeological evidence shows that these sea ingressions (expansion of new tidal systems) were mainly caused by land subsidence, which occurred due to intensified agricultural use of artificially drained peatlands since the Late Iron Age (250–12 BC). This made the coastal plain sensitive to storm-surge ingression through weak spots, e.g., at the location of existing creeks, in the coastline.Using The Netherlands as a case study, we show that natural preconditions (i.e., the geological setting at the time of ingression) played a key role in the pacing and extent of tidal area expansion. Ingressive tidal systems eventually reached most far inland in coastal segments with wide peaty back-barrier plains. In contrast, sea ingression formation was hampered in coastal segments with well-developed natural ingression-protecting geomorphic features (e.g., beach-barriers, supratidal levees). Feedback mechanisms, such as additional peat subsidence by loading of sediment imported into the new tidal area, caused further tidal volume increase and created accommodation space for tidal deposits. These combined effects caused irreversible sea ingression over large areas that consequently became unsuitable for habitation for many centuries.Improved understanding of such sea-ingression mechanisms and their facilitating conditions are essential for the assessment of the sensitivity of many densely populated coastal plains, which experience major human-induced subsidence, eventually leading to coastal plain drowning. 相似文献
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The asthenosphere upwelled on a large scale in the western Pacific and South China Sea during the Cenozoic,which formed strong upward throughflow and caused the thermal structure to be changed obviously.The mathematical analysis has demonstrated that the upward throughflow velocity may have varied from 3×1011 to 6×1012 m/s.From the relationship between the lithospheric thickness and the conductive heat flux,the Hthospherie heat flux in the western Pacific should be above 30 mW/m2,which is consistent with the observed data.The huge low-speed zone within the upper mantle of the marginal sea in the western Pacific reflects that the upper mantle melts partially,flows regionally in the regional stress field,forms the upward heat flux at its bottom,and causes the change of the lithospheric thermal structure in the region.The numerical simulation result of the expansion and evolution in the South China Sea has demonstrated that in the early expansion,the upward throughflow velocity was relatively fast,and the effect that it had on the thickness of the lithosphere was relatively great,resulting in the mid-ocean basin expanding rapidly.After the formation of the ocean basin in the South China Sea,the upward throughflow velocity decreased,but the conductive heat flux was relatively high,which is close to the actual situation.Therefore,from the heat transfer point of view,this article discusses how the upward heat flux affects the lithospheric thermal structure in the western Pacific and South China Sea.The conclusions show that the upward heat throughflow at the bottom of the llthospheric mantle resulted in the tectonic deformation at the shallow crust.The intensive uplifts and rifts at the crust led to the continent cracks and the expansion in the South China Sea. 相似文献
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为进一步研究南海北部陆坡海洋动力过程对深海海底边界层的影响,研发了“深海海底边界层原位观测系统(In-situ Observation System for Bottom Boundary Layer in Abyssal Sea)”,ABBLOS。观测系统主体为坐底式深海运载平台,最大工作水深可达6 700 m(实际工作水深取决于搭载设备的耐压水深),是研究深海海底边界层问题的重要技术创新。观测平台由上下两部分框架结构组成,上部框架用于搭载和回收观测设备,下部支撑架为配重,并且用于提供距离海底1 m的观测空间;同时创新性地设计了“卡槽定位-螺栓紧固”的连接方式连接上下两部分,连接方式简单可靠,保证了平台回收成功率。ABBLOS集成了75 k-ADCP、高频ADCP、ADV、高精度压力计、海底摄像机等设备,以及甲烷、温盐深、浊度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位等传感器,首次实现了内波、中尺度涡等海洋动力过程与海底边界层物理化学参数的动态变化同步观测,特别是可以观测距离海底1 m高度范围的水体流速剖面,并且达到7 mm一层的垂向空间分辨率。研制完成后,2020年在南海北部陆坡神狐海域655 m和1 405 m水深处分别成功布放并回收,观测时间共计34天,采集到观测站位上覆海水的流速剖面结构,捕捉到了平均周期为1天1次的内波作用过程,以及海底边界层的多种物理化学参数。初步分析655 m水深处的观测数据后,发现深海海底边界层的温度、压力、溶解氧、密度和盐度等参数受控于海洋潮汐过程,尤其是温度和压力的变化基本与潮汐周期同步。海底边界层氧化环境较为稳定,甲烷浓度由高变低,但是基本在海洋溶解甲烷平均浓度范围内。与潮汐相比,内孤立波对深海海底边界层水体的影响程度较小,但是明显可以引起沉积物的再悬浮,引起的海底边界层的海水浊度从背景值的0.01 NTU增大到48 NTU,海底摄像机也记录到了内孤立波期间深海底层海水突然变浑浊的过程,说明南海内孤立波可以影响海底沉积物的输运。 相似文献
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This study, based on 3.5 kHz SBP, 3D seismic data and long piston cores obtained during MD179 cruise, elucidated the timing and causes of pockmark and submarine canyon formation on the Joetsu Knoll in the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. Gas hydrate mounds and pockmarks aligned parallel to the axis on the top of the Joetsu Knoll are associated with gas chimneys, pull-up structures, faults, and multiple bottom-simulating reflectors (BSRs), suggesting that thermogenic gas migrated upward through gas chimneys and faults from deep hydrocarbon sources and reservoirs. Seismic and core data suggest that submarine canyons on the western slope of the Joetsu Knoll were formed by turbidity currents generated by sand and mud ejection from pockmarks on the knoll. The pockmark and canyon formation probably commenced during the sea-level fall, lasting until transgression stages. Subsequently, hydropressure release during the sea level lowering might have instigated dissociation of the gas hydrate around the base of the gas hydrate, leading to generation and migration of large volumes of methane gas to the seafloor. Accumulation of hydrate caps below mounds eventually caused the collapse of the mounds and the formation of large depressions (pockmarks) along with ejection of sand and mud out of the pockmarks, thereby generating turbidity currents. Prolonged pockmark and submarine canyon activities might have persisted until the transgression stage because of time lags from gas hydrate dissociation around the base of the gas hydrate until upward migration to the seafloor. This study revealed the possibility that submarine canyons were formed by pockmark activities. If that process occurred, it would present important implications for reconstructing the long-term history of shallow gas hydrate activity based on submarine canyon development. 相似文献
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Joep E.A. Storms Robert M. Hoogendoorn Rien A.C. Dam A.J.F. Hoitink S.B. Kroonenberg 《Sedimentary Geology》2005,180(3-4):149-166
The late-Holocene Mahakam delta, located along the tropical eastern shore of Kalimantan, Indonesia, is considered to be a textbook example of a mixed tide–fluvial dominated delta system. The delta prograded about 60 km during the past 5000 years, which led to the development of a distinct network of distributary and tidal channels. Wave action is low due the limited fetch in the narrow strait of Makassar. Mahakam River discharge is about a quarter of the Mississippi River discharge and is characterized by absence of flood surges. Therefore, natural levees, crevasse splays and avulsions are absent in the delta plain. For the past four decennia, both modern and ancient Mahakam delta deposits have been studied in detail in order to better understand subsurface Miocene and Tertiary Mahakam deposits, which host large volumes of hydrocarbons.
This study focuses on the dynamics and stratal patterns of delta plain, delta-front platform deposits and suspended sediments. Due to the predominance of semi-diurnal tides and the associated flow reversals, depositional patterns are highly variable which has resulted in the formation of characteristic sand–mud couplets. The distribution of the sand–mud couplets found in this study differs from previously proposed conceptual models. They are limited to the fluvial domain and form in the distributary channels (lateral channel bar) or at the fluvial dominated delta-front platform, which flanks the mouth bar deposits in offshore direction. The sand–mud couplets which formed as delta-front platform and lateral channel bar deposits are similar and can only be identified based on their 14C age. The sand content decreases significantly towards the tidal dominated areas due to limitation in transport capacity. Turbidity measurements taken in front of the river mouth also show rapid settlement of river plume sediments.
Some 22 new AMS 14C dates show that late Holocene sea level history resembles the eustatic sea level curve giving a first approximation of the Late Holocene sea level history for East Kalimantan. The dates suggest that the progradational delta system evolved under conditions of slowly rising sea level, which compares well to the eustatic sea level curve. In addition, calculated averaged deposition rates of the sand–mud couplets indicate that deposition is driven by the spring–neap tide cycles instead of the daily tidal cycle. 相似文献
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南黄海潮成辐射砂脊群的面积约为20000km2，以160° 的角度从弓京港向海展开。它与以弓京港为顶点的辐聚辐散潮流场相伴而生。60余个钻孔揭示，毗邻海区辐射砂脊体系的江苏沿岸平原上存在一个面积约3000 km2潮成砂区，其顶点位于东台，同样呈扇形以130°的角度向东展开。在潮成砂区内潮成砂质沉积单元位于冰后期海侵型砂坝-湖沉积层之上，二者之间具明显的冲刷面。砂坝-湖沉积层位于晚更新世基底硬粘土层之上，二者之间有较长的沉积间断。潮成砂沉积层上覆潮坪沉积层，二者呈渐变关系。以潮成砂层底部的侵蚀面为界，其下为海侵序列，其上为海退序列。古潮流的研究揭示，潮成砂区内同样存在辐聚辐散的古潮流场，其顶点位于东台附近。由此推断，沿海平原的潮成砂区内也是辐射状潮成砂脊体系，它形成于全新世海退时期。由于长江和黄河三角洲的前展，以东台为顶点的潮成砂脊体系逐渐暴露成陆。陆上和海域潮成辐射砂脊群形成于相同的潮汐动力环境，但处在不同的发育阶段，前者形成于全新世中期，后者发育于全新世晚期。矿物分析揭示，陆上和海区的潮成辐射砂脊体系主要由长江和黄河沉积物组成，其中长江沉积物由南向北运移，且时间较早；黄河沉积物由北向南运移，时间较迟，这种泥沙的运移趋势一直延续至今。随着海平面上升趋于减缓，长江三角洲增长，江苏海岸线向外推进，苏北潮成砂区逐渐出露成陆。1128年黄河由苏北入海，大量的黄河沉积物的加入，加快了本区海岸线的推进速度。潮成辐射砂脊体系与辐聚辐散的潮流场相伴而生，全新世最大海侵以来，辐聚辐散的潮流场的位置曾经历三次变化，第一次以长江古河口湾为顶点，第二次位于现今陆上潮成砂区，第三次位于以弓京港为顶点的现代海域，代表了潮成辐射砂脊体系发育的三个阶段。只是长江古河口湾的潮成辐射砂脊体系由于河流的巨大改造作用，可能未很好保存，至今未发现典型的辐射砂脊体系。 相似文献
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In support of their ‘glaciomarine’ model for the deglaciation of the Irish Sea basin, Eyles and McCabe cited the occurrence of distal glaciomarine mud drapes onshore in the Isles of Scilly and North Devon, and of arctic beach‐face gravels and sands around the shores of the Celtic Sea. Glacial and sea‐level data from the southern part of the Irish Sea in the terminal zone of the ice stream and the adjacent continental slope are reviewed here to test this aspect of the model. The suggestion that the glacial sequences of both the Isles of Scilly and Fremington in North Devon are glaciomarine mud drapes is rejected. An actively calving tidewater margin only occurred early in the deglacial sequence close to the terminal zone in the south‐central Celtic Sea. Relative sea‐levels were lower, and therefore glacio‐isostatic depression less, than envisaged in the glaciomarine model. Geochronological, sedimentological and biostratigraphical data indicate that the raised beach sequences around the shores of the Celtic Sea and English Channel were deposited at, or during regression soon after, interglacial eustatic highstands. Evidence for ice‐rafting at a time of high relative sea‐levels is restricted to a phase(s) earlier than the Late Devensian. These data indicate that the raised beach sequences have no bearing on the style of Irish Sea deglaciation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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MIS 3晚期以来江苏中部海岸的层序地层 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过对苏北岸外西洋潮流通道内钻孔和地震剖面的地层沉积学、年代地层学、地震地层学和层序地层学等多学科再研究,以及区域钻孔再对比,本文确定该海域约从35kaBP(14C惯用年龄)开始经历了滨岸砂坝、淡水湖沼、河流泛滥平原、滨岸沼泽、潮流沙脊和潮流通道一系列的环境演变,主要受控于MIS3晚期以来的海平面旋回以及古河流入海沉积物供给,而构造沉降是相对次要的,由此形成了五级层序地层中的末次冰期晚间冰阶准层序和冰后期准层序,以及前者的高水位体系域和强制海退楔体系域、后者的海侵体系域和高水位体系域。海域中潮流沙脊可能开始发育于冰后期海侵淹没本区(约9calkaBP)之后,但一直只是水下暗沙且处在不断调整之中,直到1128～1855AD间黄河夺淮从苏北入黄海,大量泥沙充填潮道,部分水下暗沙出露海面成为明沙。西洋潮流通道并非是晚全新世期间通过沙脊的蚀低而形成,而在全新世高海面前后就已具雏形并持续至1128AD,1128～1855AD和1855AD至今分别经历了充填淤浅与冲刷成型的过程,且今后具有进一步展宽刷深的趋势。 相似文献
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在定容条件下,实验研究了甲烷水合物在含水量不同的多孔海泥中的生成特性。所使用的海泥平均孔径为12178 nm,总孔容为4997×10-2 ml/g,比表面积为16412 m2/g。所用海泥样品含水量为40%,实验的温度范围为27415~28115 K,初始生成压力范围为102~144 MPa。实验结果表明,甲烷水合物在海泥中的生成速率以及气体消耗量随着初始压力的增加而增大,随着温度的降低而增大。海泥的复杂孔隙结构能够促进水合物的成核,但会降低水的最终转化率,其作用随着温度的升高与压力的降低而增大。 相似文献
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渤海构造收缩与沉积充填 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对多年的渤海海岸线变化、水深变化、构造、卫星影像和水文等数据进行分析,讨论了渤海构造收缩和沉积充填问题。GPS观测结果清楚地显示渤海正处于构造收缩的过程中;地质记录以及长期验潮站的结果显示渤海海域的海平面正在下降;而地震剖面以及钻井数据则显示渤海盆地的基底沉降自上新世至今已大幅下降,和北黄海相比,目前已经停止沉降。渤海的构造收缩、海平面下降以及基底沉降的停止,这3个因素是决定渤海演化方向的3个关键因素,它们共同奠定了渤海正走向构造关闭的道路。渤海岸线的向海推进、渤海水深变浅作为强有力的地质证据呼应了渤海正在走向关闭的地质进程。黄河三角洲和辽河三角洲不断向渤海的淤积推进是在渤海必然走向关闭的地质构造背景下进行的,其淤积造陆效果非常明显,从而成为渤海快速关闭的主要因素。预计在400 a后黄河河口和辽河河口可能在渤海对接起来,至此渤海将不复存在;100 a后,莱州湾将被封闭。喜马拉雅山隆升的远程效应导致渤海的构造收缩和大量沉积物通过黄河进入渤海,从而从根本上导致渤海的关闭。从总体效果来说,渤海走向构造关闭的道路在短期内不会改变,同时也不会因为人为因素而产生明显变化。 相似文献
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西湖凹陷位于东海陆架盆地东部坳陷带,是该盆地规模最大的富油气凹陷。然而,西湖凹陷渐新世沉积环境与沉积体系类型一直存在较大争议。本文以井、震为基础,岩心为核心,结合地球化学指标,通过泥岩甾烷与自生海绿石的特征,明确了渐新世西湖凹陷南部整体处于海陆交互的过渡环境,且发生5次主要的海侵事件。西湖凹陷南部渐新统以厚层砂岩与薄层泥岩互层为特征,发育典型的双向交错层理、双黏土层、透镜状层理及泥质披覆,共识别出4种主要的岩相类型: 含泥砾块状中粗粒砂岩相、交错层理中细粒砂岩相、沙纹层理粉细砂岩相、纹层状泥岩相。渐新世,西湖凹陷南部主要发育潮控河口湾体系,其中包括潮汐水道、潮汐沙坝、沙质潮坪及泥质潮坪等多个沉积微相,其沉积地形在SW向逐渐变为开阔的展布特征,说明研究区河流供源来自东北部,而潮汐水流来自西南部。渐新世西湖凹陷南部与开阔海连通,受到海侵作用下潮汐水流的强烈改造,且由于地形坡度较缓,无大规模的河流携带碎屑物质注入,易形成潮汐作用为主的河口湾体系。 相似文献
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Methane and sulfide fluxes in permanent anoxia: In situ studies at the Dvurechenskii mud volcano (Sorokin Trough, Black Sea) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Anna Lichtschlag Janine Felden Florence Schubotz Antje Boetius Dirk de Beer 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(17):5002-5018
The Dvurechenskii mud volcano (DMV) is located in permanently anoxic waters at 2060 m depth (Sorokin Trough, Black Sea). The DMV was studied during the RV Meteor expedition M72/2 as an example of an active mud volcano system, to investigate the significance of submarine mud volcanism for the methane and sulfide budget of the anoxic Black Sea hydrosphere. Our studies included benthic fluxes of methane and sulfide, as well as the factors controlling transport, consumption and production of both compounds within the sediment. The pie-shaped mud volcano showed temperature anomalies as well as solute and gas fluxes indicating high fluid flow at its summit north of the geographical center. The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulfate reduction (SR) was repressed in this zone due to the upward flow of sulfate-depleted fluids through recently deposited subsurface muds, apparently limiting microbial methanotrophic activity. Consequently, the emission of dissolved methane into the water column was high, with an estimated rate of 0.46 mol m−2 d−1. On the wide plateau and edge of the mud volcano surrounding the summit, fluid flow and total methane flux were lower, allowing higher SR and AOM rates correlated with an increase in sulfate penetration into the sediment. Here, between 50% and 70% of the methane flux (0.07-0.1 mol m−2 d−1) was consumed within the upper 10 cm of the sediment. The overall amount of dissolved methane released from the entire mud volcano structure into the water column was significant with a discharge of 1.3 × 107 mol yr−1. The DMV maintains also high areal rates of methane-fueled sulfide production and emission of on average 0.05 mol m−2 d−1. This is a difference to mud volcanoes in oxic waters, which emit similar amounts of methane, but not sulfide. However, based on a comparison of this and other mud volcanoes of the Black Sea, we conclude that sulfide and methane emission into the hydrosphere from deep-water mud volcanoes does not significantly contribute to the sulfide and methane inventory of the Black Sea. 相似文献
16.
通过中上扬子地区寒武系野外露头实测、踏勘、前人研究成果整理以及盆地腹地露头缺乏地区的钻井资料的分析,研究了中上扬子地区中寒武世的古地理背景。白云岩的成因、平面上以及垂向上的分布特征都受控于古地理。中寒武统整个台地区为局限台地,在台地发育咸化澙湖、潮坪、局限潮下、浅滩等次一级的古地理单元。中寒武统的膏岩与白云岩不同程度互层。向台地内部,滩相发育愈少,咸化澙湖、潮坪以及局限潮下越发育;越往台地的边缘,滩相越发育。研究区中寒武统白云岩按照晶体大小可以分为泥粉晶白云岩和砂糖状白云岩。泥粉晶白云岩为潮坪准同生白云岩,机理为蒸发泵作用,白云化流体来自于澙湖浓缩的海水。砂糖状白云岩绝大多数为回流渗透白云化成因,白云化流体主要来自于蒸发泵机理富余的高镁钙比流体。回流渗透白云化过程缓慢,白云石结晶较好。寒武系岩性在垂向上有很好的叠置关系,反映古地貌随地质时代的变迁。 相似文献
17.
全新世渤海泥质沉积物地球化学特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对渤海泥质区柱状沉积物的粒度与化学成分的分析及AMS 14C测年数据表明,全新世以来本区泥质沉积物的物质来源与沉积环境较为稳定.R型因子分析得出三种主要组合类型,以Ca、Ti和Mn为代表,分别对应黄河物质影响、陆源细粒物质输入和海洋自生作用.其中西南部与中部泥形成于约6000 a B.P.以来,黄河物质影响较强,主要在潮余流的作用下搬运后沉积下来.北部泥自早全新世之前便已开始形成,且主要沉积于高海面之前,受滦河物质作用相对较强.南部和北部泥质沉积年代存在明显差异,受水深、离岸距离、海平面高度等多种因素影响.尽管距黄河口较近,但区内沉积速率远低于中国近海其他泥质体,这与渤海环流状况及泥沙运移方向关系密切. 相似文献
18.
位于浙江省宁波市大榭岛的大榭遗址,是迄今所发现的中国最早的史前海盐业遗址,与一般遗址沉积地层不同,其主体区系人工堆筑土台。本研究在遗址发掘过程中,采集了泥质和砂质2种类型堆土、废弃陶器堆中的白色硬化物和盐灶坑表层白色硬化物,同时采集本岛自然堆积物,进行了粒度、无机元素地球化学和重矿物分析,以探讨堆土的原料构成、古人的制盐工艺及制盐活动对堆土地层产生的影响。研究结果显示: 来自盐灶遗迹附近的7个泥质堆土样品,其中5个具有陆相元素富集特征,但是后期受海水影响,另外2个显示滩涂盐泥特征;废弃陶器堆中的白色硬化物元素组成与盐泥相似,盐灶坑表层白色硬化物具高Ca、Sr、Ba含量,推测是烧煮卤水产生的沉淀物。砂质堆土的粒度和重矿物组成显示其属于河流冲积物,且具强烈的化学风化特征,推测其原始地层不仅限于全新统。该研究显示了钱山漾文化时期古人利用岛屿上的潮上带、山麓黄土、河流冲积物等原材料在滩涂营建土台,并在土台上利用“淋卤煎炼”工艺从事制盐活动。 相似文献
19.
南海南、北陆缘中生代构造层序及其沉积环境 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
新生代海底扩张,使南海陆缘分为南、北两部分。南部礼乐地块与南海北缘在扩张之前构成了统一的活动陆缘。通过对南、北陆缘的钻井研究和井旁地震剖面解释,发现二者的中生界均具有4 个地震层序及3 个构造层。南北陆缘构造层序及物源分析表明,早白垩世礼乐地块与南海北缘曾发生碰撞拼贴。早白垩世的南海北缘地区沉积环境由海陆过渡相向陆相演化,相应的礼乐地区是由浅海相向滨海相演化,二者反映出相同的向上变浅旋回,说明在南、北陆缘拼贴之后,两者具有了统一的构造沉积背景。到晚白垩世末,两区均隆升为陆,且遭受剥蚀; 南海北缘地区上白垩统部分被剥蚀,而距俯冲边界更近的礼乐地区上白垩统则被剥蚀殆尽。 相似文献
20.
More than 100 new heat flow measurements have been collected in recent years (2002–2004) in different tectonic environments
of the northern Black Sea. The northern periphery of the Black Sea is characterized by strong geodynamic and seismic activity,
high sedimentation rates, diapiric structures, mud volcanism, and fluid and gas escape at the sea floor. We present new thermal
data from the shelf, continental slope and deep-water basin, measured off-shore using a marine thermo-probe and on-shore in
drill holes. Heat flow density ranges from 20 to more than 2,000 mW/m2. For two local areas (the Dnieper gas seeps and the Dvurechenski mud volcano area), we discuss the relation between heat
flow variability and the geological and physical processes in the near-bottom sediment layer. The Dnieper gas seeps area is
characterized by strong small-scale heat flow variability and is controlled by fluid and gas migration. In the Dvurechenski
active mud volcano, the near-bottom temperature in sediments is anomalously elevated because additional heat is carried out
by mass flows of fluids and clay minerals. Away from the mud volcano heat flow quickly decreases to background values. 相似文献