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1.
金刚石是地球上最坚硬、对形成环境要求最苛刻的矿物之一。金刚石的矿物学特征、包裹体特征及碳稳定同位素组成记录了金刚石生长、熔蚀、搬运等地质过程中的温度、压力及物质成分等信息,是探索金刚石物质来源、形成过程和地球深部物理化学环境的重要研究对象。总结了国内外金刚石矿物学特征、包裹体特征和碳稳定同位素组成的相关研究成果,发现金刚石晶形和组合及其颜色可大致区分金刚石来源; 金刚石表面特征是区分原生金刚石与砂矿金刚石的重要鉴别特征; 金刚石包裹体类型及组合、包裹体年代学及金刚石碳稳定同位素研究,可分析金刚石物质来源和地球深部物理化学环境,确定金刚石形成时代,为研究金刚石成因、地幔岩石圈深部作用过程以及壳幔相互作用提供重要依据。 相似文献
2.
金刚石是地球上最坚硬、对形成环境要求最苛刻的矿物之一。金刚石的矿物学特征、包裹体特征及碳稳定同位素组成记录了金刚石生长、熔蚀、搬运等地质过程中的温度、压力及物质成分等信息,是探索金刚石物质来源、形成过程和地球深部物理化学环境的重要研究对象。总结了国内外金刚石矿物学特征、包裹体特征和碳稳定同位素组成的相关研究成果,发现金刚石晶形和组合及其颜色可大致区分金刚石来源; 金刚石表面特征是区分原生金刚石与砂矿金刚石的重要鉴别特征; 金刚石包裹体类型及组合、包裹体年代学及金刚石碳稳定同位素研究,可分析金刚石物质来源和地球深部物理化学环境,确定金刚石形成时代,为研究金刚石成因、地幔岩石圈深部作用过程以及壳幔相互作用提供重要依据。 相似文献
3.
《中国地质调查》2019,(6)
金刚石是地球上最坚硬、对形成环境要求最苛刻的矿物之一。金刚石的矿物学特征、包裹体特征及碳稳定同位素组成记录了金刚石生长、熔蚀、搬运等地质过程中的温度、压力及物质成分等信息,是探索金刚石物质来源、形成过程和地球深部物理化学环境的重要研究对象。总结了国内外金刚石矿物学特征、包裹体特征和碳稳定同位素组成的相关研究成果,发现金刚石晶形和组合及其颜色可大致区分金刚石来源;金刚石表面特征是区分原生金刚石与砂矿金刚石的重要鉴别特征;金刚石包裹体类型及组合、包裹体年代学及金刚石碳稳定同位素研究,可分析金刚石物质来源和地球深部物理化学环境,确定金刚石形成时代,为研究金刚石成因、地幔岩石圈深部作用过程以及壳幔相互作用提供重要依据。 相似文献
4.
岩石圈地幔中的金刚石及其矿物包裹体的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
金刚石及封存于其中的矿物包裹体对于研究金刚石的成因以及古老岩石圈地幔、超深地幔的性质和地幔过程具有重要的研究意义,是国内外地质学家们的研究热点。大多数金刚石来源于岩石圈地幔,根据包裹体相对于寄主金刚石形成的时间可分为先成包裹体、同生包裹体和后生包裹体,包裹体属于哪种类型直接关系到数据所代表的意义,根据包裹体源区的岩石类型,通常将包裹体分为P/U型和E型,介绍了2种类型包裹体包含的矿物种类,并对出现较多的橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石、石榴石、铬铁矿和硫化物包裹体的矿物学特征进行了详细描述,归纳了金刚石及其矿物包裹体的主要研究方向:包裹体矿物的化学成分、金刚石的碳同位素组成、金刚石形成的温度、压力及年龄,综述了克拉通岩石圈地幔金刚石及其矿物包裹体的成因,总结了我国金刚石中包裹体的研究成果,分析了国内研究工作与国际上的差距。 相似文献
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金刚石由于其独特的物理化学性质,在经济生产与科学研究中均具有重要价值.金刚石形成于地球大于150 km的深度范围内,是人类可以获得的来自地球深部地幔乃至核幔边界的最直接的样品,因此可以为研究地球深部物质组成和物理化学条件提供重要的素材.金刚石由碳元素组成,还含有微量的杂质元素（如氮、硼、氢、氧等）,其中氮和硼元素对于划分金刚石的晶体结构类型发挥着重要的作用.根据金刚石的产出类型,金刚石可以划分为幔源型、超高压变质型、陨石相关型以及蛇绿岩型金刚石.全球约百分之一的幔源型金刚石含有包裹体,对这些包裹体的研究显示,金刚石主要来源于地球150~200 km深度的岩石圈地幔.这些含有包裹体的金刚石中,仅有1%的金刚石来自于地球深部的软流圈、地幔过渡带、下地幔、甚至核幔边界.我国的金刚石产出类型多样,但是,目前仅山东蒙阴、辽宁复县的金伯利岩矿床以及湖南沅水的砂矿具有经济价值.蛇绿岩型金刚石是近年来金刚石研究领域取得的重要进展,该类型金刚石分布在全球多个造山带不同时代、不同构造属性的蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中,被认为是一种新的金刚石的产出类型.相对于其他国家和地区的金刚石的研究,我国的金刚石领域的研究程度相对较低,缺乏对金刚石结构、化学组成以及包裹体组成的系统研究,制约了对我国金刚石成因的认识,限制了我国的金刚石的找矿工作.因此,亟需结合先进的分析手段对我国的金刚石及其围岩做进一步的研究,以期揭示金刚石的形成过程,为金刚石的找矿提供理论基础. 相似文献
7.
山东金刚石碳同位素组成的二次离子质谱显微分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
华北克拉通山东金刚石晶体生长的多阶段性及碳同位素组成已被人们关注,但很少有人对不同阶段金刚石及其内部的碳同位素组成变化进行分析。本文利用二次离子质谱(SIMS)微区分析技术对山东金刚石晶体内部不同阶段生长的δ13C进行了原位测试分析,得出山东金刚石δ13C的变化范围在-5.6‰～-2.01‰,平均值为-3.63‰,与前人对华北克拉通金刚石碳同位素组成测试值(δ13C在-14.71‰～-0.46‰,主要集中在-9‰～-4‰之间)大致相同,位于全球橄榄岩型金刚石及幔源碳同位素组成主要范围(-8‰～-2‰)内。结合金刚石生长环带阴极发光图像,认为金刚石自核心部位至边缘,在同一期生长环带内,其δ13C值呈变重趋势;在多期复杂生长环带之间,δ13C值因结晶时的地质环境不同而存在差异。δ13C值的这种变化揭示了该地区金刚石复杂的生长环境,为解析华北克拉通地幔碳循环提供了定量数据。 相似文献
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矿物包裹体成分分析、包裹体同位素组成测试对于探索成岩、成矿物质来源、矿床成因、探讨矿床形成的物理化学条件,建立成矿模式及指导普查找矿等方面可提供重要信息和依据。但由于测定包裹体中的氢、氧、碳同位素及包裹体成分的样品要求纯度高、样品大量,这就给测试者在采样、分选单矿物等方面都造成了很大的困难,我们经过了多次反复实验结果表明：用同一份样品中进行群体包裹体中的稳定同位素的测定和包裹体成分的联测方法是可行的。
我们用联测法的测试结果对不同成矿阶段析出的石英和主要成矿期结晶的巨大水晶体的核心和晶体边部环带研究表明,形成成矿作用早期结晶的石英及水晶体的核心部位包裹体形成温度、盐度高,水含量低;晚期结晶的石英及水晶体边部环带中包裹体温度、盐度则很低,而水含量高。成矿阶段早期结晶的石英和水晶体核部矿物氧及包裹体中氢、氧、碳稳定同位素测定结果表明均为岩浆水,晚结晶者则为大气降水为特征。 相似文献
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A.L. Ragozin D.A. Zedgenizov V.S. Shatsky K.E. Kuper 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2018,59(5):486-498
Mosaic diamonds from the Zarnitsa kimberlite (Daldyn field, Yakutian diamondiferous province) are morphologicaly and structurally similar to dark gray mosaic diamonds of varieties V and VII found frequently in placers of the northeastern Siberian craton. However, although being similar in microstructure, the two groups of diamonds differ in formation mechanism: splitting of crystals in the case of placer diamonds (V and VII) and growth by geometric selection in the Zarnitsa kimberlite diamonds. Selective growth on originally polycrystalline substrates in the latter has produced radial micro structures with grains coarsening rimward from distinctly polycrystalline cores. Besides the formation mechanisms, diamonds of the two groups differ in origin of mineral inclusions, distribution of defects and nitrogen impurity, and carbon isotope composition. Unlike the placer diamonds of varieties V and VII, the analyzed crystals from the Zarnitsa kimberlite enclose peridotitic minerals (olivines and subcalcic Cr-bearing pyropes) and have total nitrogen contents common to natural kimberlitic diamonds (0 to 1761 ppm) and typical mantle carbon isotope compositions (-1.9 to -6.2%c 513C; -4.2%c on average). The distribution of defect centers in the Zarnitsa diamond samples fits the annealing model implying that nitrogen aggregation decreases from core to rim. 相似文献
12.
The carbon isotopic composition of diamonds: relationship to diamond shape,color, occurrence and vapor composition 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Peter Deines 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(7):943-961
Three hundred and thirty new 13C analyses of diamonds are presented, indicating, in conjunction with earlier published work, a range of about 30%. in the carbon isotopic composition of diamonds. The frequency distribution of diamond δ13C analyses shows a very pronounced mode at ?5 to ?6%.vs PDB, a large negative skewness, and a sharp boundary at about ?1%.. Analyses of diamonds from the Premier and Dan Carl mines, South Africa, demonstrate that: (1) differences in 13C content that can be related to diamond color and shape are smaller than 1%.; (2) the mean 13C content of kimberlite carbonates is 1–2%. lower than that of associated diamonds; (3) significant differences in 13C content exist between the mean isotopic compositions of diamonds from these two pipes; (4) the variability in δ13C differs from one mine to the other.Computations were carried out evaluating the effect on the 13C content of diamonds of: (i) various precipitation processes; (ii) the abundance of the species H2, H2O, CH4, CO, CO2 and O2 in the vapor; (iii) the initial isotopic composition variability of the source carbon; (iv) variations of the carbon isotope effects resulting from changes in pressure and temperature and (v) reservoir effects (Rayleigh fractionation). Fifty-eight genetic models were investigated for compatibility with the 13C distribution in diamonds and associated carbonate. The modeling does not permit an unambiguous answer to the question whether or not a vapor participated in diamond formation, although the presence of methane during diamond formation is compatible with the carbon isotopic composition data, possible oxygen fugacities in the mantle and with the composition of gases liberated from diamonds. In all probability carbon isotope effects in the diamond formation process were small, and the very large range in δ13C observed was inherited from the source carbon. 相似文献
13.
对已经发表的数十篇关于澳大利亚金刚石的英文文献进行了梳理,从其金刚石的品质、颜色类型、形态及表面特征、生长结构及微量元素、包裹体、C同位素等方面探索了澳大利亚不同区域金刚石可能存在的产地来源特征.研究显示,澳大利亚金刚石可分为岩石圈地幔成因、超深地幔成因和俯冲环境来源等成因类型;大部分澳大利亚金刚石都因经历过强烈的晶格变形或熔蚀作用而晶体圆化,但不同产地来源的金刚石在颜色组合、橄榄岩型和榴辉岩型金刚石比例、C同位素组成特征等方面存在一定差异.上述结果表明,总体上,澳大利亚不同区域金刚石具有一定的产地来源个性,但无法简单确认澳大利亚金刚石“整体”的产地来源特征;只有结合成因来源进行分析,才能够较深入地理解不同区域金刚石的特征组合及其意义,从而为理解其产地来源的特殊性提供帮助. 相似文献
14.
Forty-one diamonds sourced from the Juina-5 kimberlite pipe in Southern Brazil, which contain optically identifiable inclusions, have been studied using an integrated approach. The diamonds contain <20 ppm nitrogen (N) that is fully aggregated as B centres. Internal structures in several diamonds revealed using cathodoluminescence (CL) are unlike those normally observed in lithospheric samples. The majority of the diamonds are composed of isotopically light carbon, and the collection has a unimodal distribution heavily skewed towards δ13C ~ ?25 ‰. Individual diamonds can display large carbon isotope heterogeneity of up to ~15 ‰ and predominantly have isotopically lighter cores displaying blue CL, and heavier rims with green CL. The light carbon isotopic compositions are interpreted as evidence of diamond growth from abiotic organic carbon added to the oceanic crust during hydrothermal alteration. The bulk isotopic composition of the oceanic crust, carbonates plus organics, is equal to the composition of mantle carbon (?5 ‰), and we suggest that recycling/mixing of subducted material will replenish this reservoir over geological time. Several exposed, syngenetic inclusions have bulk compositions consistent with former eclogitic magnesium silicate perovskite, calcium silicate perovskite and NAL or CF phases that have re-equilibrated during their exhumation to the surface. There are multiple occurrences of majoritic garnet with pyroxene exsolution, coesite with and without kyanite exsolution, clinopyroxene, Fe or Fe-carbide and sulphide minerals alongside single occurrences of olivine and ferropericlase. As a group, the inclusions have eclogitic affinity and provide evidence for diamond formation at pressures extending to Earth’s deep transition zone and possibly the lower mantle. It is observed that the major element composition of inclusions and isotopic compositions of host Juina-5 diamonds are not correlated. The diamond and inclusion compositions are intimately related to subducted material and record a polybaric growth history across a depth interval stretching from the lower mantle to the base of the lithosphere. It is suggested that the interaction of slab-derived melts and mantle material combined with subsequent upward transport in channelised networks or a buoyant diapir explains the formation of Juina-5 diamonds. We conclude that these samples, despite originating at great mantle depths, do not provide direct information about the ambient mantle, instead, providing a snapshot of the Earth’s deep carbon cycle. 相似文献
15.
E. M. Galimov G. A. Karpov V. S. Sevast’yanov S. N. Shilobreeva A. P. Maksimov 《Geochemistry International》2016,54(10):829-833
The origin of diamonds in the lava and ash of the recent Tolbachik eruption of 2012–2013 (Kamchatka) is enigmatic. The mineralogy of the host rocks provides no evidence for the existence of the high pressure that is necessary for diamond formation. The analysis of carbon isotope systematics showed a similarity between the diamonds and dispersed carbon from the Tolbachik lava, which could serve as a primary material for diamond synthesis. There are grounds to believe that the formation of Tolbachik diamonds was related to fluid dynamics. Based on the obtained results, it was suggested that Tolbachik microdiamonds were formed as a result of cavitation during the rapid movement of volcanic fluid. The possibility of cavitation-induced diamond formation was previously theoretically substantiated by us and confirmed experimentally. During cavitation, ultrahigh pressure is generated locally (in collapsing bubbles), while the external pressure is not critical for diamond synthesis. The conditions of the occurrence of cavitation are rather common in geologic processes. Therefore, microdiamonds of such an origin may be much more abundant in nature than was supposed previously. 相似文献
16.
M. Honda D. Phillips M. A. Kendrick M. K. Gagan W. R. Taylor 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(8):1135-1142
The Argyle lamproite pipe of Western Australia contains diamonds formed at depths exceeding 150 km. We undertook noble gas and carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) analyses of three diamonds (likely of eclogitic paragenesis) from the Argyle lamproite to test for the possible presence of deeply subducted volatile components, and to further constrain the noble gas evolution of the Earth's mantle. The Argyle diamonds are characterised by mantle 3He (with 3He/4He ratios of 0.79 R A to 0.25 R A, where R A is the atmospheric 3He/4He ratio of 1.4 × 10–6), small excess Ar and Xe isotope anomalies relative to atmospheric components, and δ13C values of –11.6 to –10.2‰ VPDB. These observations indicate that noble gas and carbon isotopic compositions of the mantle where the Argyle diamonds formed, represent mixtures of an intrinsic mantle component with sedimentary and atmospheric components that may have been introduced through subduction processes. 相似文献
17.
E. M. Galimov O. V. Palazhchenko E. M. Verichev V. K. Garanin N. N. Golovin 《Geochemistry International》2008,46(10):961-970
The first data are reported on the carbon isotopic composition of diamond crystals from the Grib pipe kimberlite deposit of the Archangelsk diamond province (ADP). The δ13C value of the crystals ranges from ?2.79 to ?9.61‰. The isotopic composition of carbon was determined in three zoned crystals (δ13C of ?5.8 ?6.96 ‰, ?5.64/ ?5.85 ‰, and ?5.94/ ?5.69 ‰), two “diamond in diamond” samples (diamond inclusion with δ13C of ?4.05 and ?6.34 ‰ in host diamond crystals with δ13C of ?8.05 and ?7.54 ‰, respectively), and two samples of coated diamonds (cores with δ13C of ?6.98 and ?6.78‰ and coats with δ13C of ?7.51 and ?8.01 ‰, respectively). δ13C values were obtained for individual diamond crystals from bort-type aggregates (δ13C of ?4.24/ ?4.05 ‰, ?6.58/ ?7.48 ‰, and ?5.48/ ?6.08 ‰). Correlations were examined between the carbon isotopic composition of diamonds and their crystal morphology; the color; the concentration of nitrogen, hydrogen, and platelet defects; and mineral inclusions content. It was supposed that the observed δ13C variations in the crystals are most likely related to the fractionation of carbon isotopes rather than to the heterogeneity of carbon sources involved in diamond formation. The isotopic characteristics of diamonds from the Grib pipe were compared with those of previously investigated diamonds from the Lomonosov deposit. It was found that diamonds from these relatively closely spaced kimberlite fields are different; this also indicates the existence of spatially localized peculiarities of isotope fractionation in processes accompanying diamond formation. 相似文献
18.
Constraints on the application of carbon isotope thermometry in high- to ultrahigh-temperature metamorphic terranes 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Nine marble horizons from the granulite facies terrane of southern India were examined in detail for stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in calcite and carbon isotopes in graphite. The marbles in Trivandrum Block show coupled lowering of δ13C and δ18O values in calcite and heterogeneous single crystal δ13C values (? 1 to ? 10‰) for graphite indicating varying carbon isotope fractionation between calcite and graphite, despite the granulite facies regional metamorphic conditions. The stable isotope patterns suggest alteration of δ13C and δ18O values in marbles by infiltration of low δ13C–δ18O‐bearing fluids, the extent of alteration being a direct function of the fluid‐rock ratio. The carbon isotope zonation preserved in graphite suggests that the graphite crystals precipitated/recrystallized in the presence of an externally derived CO2‐rich fluid, and that the infiltration had occurred under high temperature and low fO2 conditions during metamorphism. The onset of graphite precipitation resulted in a depletion of the carbon isotope values of the remaining fluid+calcite carbon reservoir, following a Rayleigh‐type distillation process within fluid‐rich pockets/pathways in marbles resulting in the observed zonation. The results suggest that calcite–graphite thermometry cannot be applied in marbles that are affected by external carbonic fluid infiltration. However, marble horizons in the Madurai Block, where the effect of fluid infiltration is not detected, record clear imprints of ultrahigh temperature metamorphism (800–1000 °C), with fractionations reaching <2‰. Zonation studies on graphite show a nominal rimward lowering δ13C on the order of 1 to 2‰. The zonation carries the imprint of fluid deficient/absent UHT metamorphism. Commonly, calculated core temperatures are > 1000 °C and would be consistent with UHT metamorphism. 相似文献
19.
Carbon isotope measurements on diamonds from the Letlhakane kimberlite, and the analyses of their inclusions, permit the examination of km-scale mantle-composition variations by comparing the results with those for the nearby Orapa kimberlite. Diamonds from Letlhakane have a wide range in carbon isotopic composition (−3‰ to −21‰); however, the relative abundance of diamonds depleted in 13C is significantly lower than in the Orapa kimberlite. Most of the 13C-depleted diamonds belong to the eclogictic or websteritic paragenesis. The relative abundance of inclusions in diamonds and their composition indicate that there are significant differences in petrology in the mantle below the two locations. At Letlhakane, peridotitic compositions are more prevalent than at Orapa and the protolith of P-Type inclusions in diamonds may have experienced a higher degree of partial melting at Letlhakane compared to Orapa. P/T estimates for both W- and E-Type diamonds indicate that a region of 13C-depletion may exist beneath the two kimberlites. The relationships between carbon isotopic composition of the host diamond and the Al2O3/Cr2O3 ratios of their websteritic and eclogitic garnet inclusions indicate that the low δ13C regions may represent a primary mantle feature, unrelated to a crustal component. 相似文献
20.
N.V. Sobolev A.V. Sobolev A.A. Tomilenko D.V. Kuz’min S.A. Grakhanov V.G. Batanova A.M. Logvinova T.A. Bul’bak S.I. Kostrovitskii D.A. Yakovlev E.N. Fedorova G.F. Anastasenko E.I. Nikolenko A.V. Tolstov V.N. Reutskii 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2018,59(10):1365-1379
The objects of study are Triassic hypabyssal diamondiferous kimberlites with an age of 220-245 Ma, containing macrocrysts of unaltered olivine. The latter are close in the time of formation to the main stage of intrusion of the Siberian Trap Province (252 Ma), which lasted less than 1 Myr. A comparative high-precision analytical study of the Ti, Ca, Cr, and Al impurity patterns in about 1000 olivine macrocryst samples with a forsterite content Fo = (100Mg/(Mg + Fe)) of 78 to 93 has demonstrated the effect of traps on the lithospheric composition. A comprehensive comparative study of diamonds from northern placers and Triassic kimberlites, including determination of their carbon isotope composition, was performed. Chromatography-mass-spectroscopic analysis of submicron fluid inclusions in diamonds from northern placers and kimberlites has shown predominant hydrocarbons of a wide range of compositions and subordinate contents of N2, H2O, and CO2. These findings, together with the results of previous studies of subcalcic Cr-pyropes and diamonds found in the Lower Carboniferous gritstones of the Kyutyungde graben, lead to the conclusion that the Toluopka kimberlite field is promising for Paleozoic kimberlites. The results of comprehensive studies of diamonds and indicator minerals and U/Pb isotope dating of numerous detrital zircon samples from the basal horizon of the Carnian Stage (Upper Triassic) of the Bulkur site in the lower reaches of the Lena River suggest the presence of diamondiferous kimberlites within the northeastern Siberian Platform. The age of the probable primary diamond sources in the study area can be evaluated by an integrated U/Pb isotope dating of zircons, perovskites, and rutiles from the developed diamond placers and the basal horizon of the Carnian Stage. 相似文献