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1.
西藏羌塘戈木错渐新世钾质火山岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
羌塘戈木错出露一套30Ma的钾质火山岩,岩石类型包括橄榄碱玄岩、橄榄粗面玄武岩、霓辉粗面岩和含白榴石响岩。火山岩的SiO2含量变化于46%~60%之间,Al2O3含量在13%~21%之间,Mg#介于0.14和0.63之间,K2O/Na2O>1。岩石强烈富集轻稀土元素（LREE）,亏损相容元素（Cr、Ni）和高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti）,全岩εHf(t)值变化于-1.28~-6.20之间。研究表明,戈木错火山岩母岩浆起源于软流圈流体交代的古俯冲地幔楔的低程度熔融,同源岩浆经历了AFC作用。戈木错火山岩和区域上的鱼鳞山、火车头山钾质—超钾质火山岩共同组成了羌塘渐新世钾质—超钾质火山岩带。综合南羌塘新生代火山岩岩浆性质的演化,认为岩浆的产生可能与35Ma左右羌塘陆内俯冲板片断离导致的软流圈上涌-岩石圈减薄作用有关。 相似文献
2.
青藏高原分布有羌塘—囊谦—滇西和冈底斯两条新生代钾质-超钾质火山岩带。羌塘—囊谦—滇西超钾质岩浆活动的峰值时间为40～30Ma,主体岩石具有Ⅰ型超钾质岩的高MgO和低CaO、Al2O3含量特征;30～24Ma期间羌塘中、西部出现Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆活动,主体岩石以贫SiO2、高CaO、Al2O3和低MgO/CaO为特征。冈底斯新生代超钾质火山岩也显示I型超钾质岩的高MgO和低CaO、Al2O3含量特征,其形成时间为25～12Ma。综合超钾质岩石的实验资料,可知区内I型超钾质岩的源区以富硅、富钾流(熔)体交代形成的金云母方辉橄榄岩为主;Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆源区则以斜辉橄榄岩地幔为主。囊谦—滇西Ⅰ型超钾质岩带空间上严格受红河走滑构造带所控制,40～28Ma出现I型超钾质岩浆活动,16Ma转变为OIB型钾质火山岩。岩浆源区从岩石圈地幔向软流圈演变,暗示大型走滑断裂引起的岩石圈地幔减薄和软流圈上涌是导致交代岩石圈地幔金云母分解熔融产生区内I型超钾质岩浆的主控因素。羌塘中部35～34Ma有软流圈来源为主的钠质碱性玄武岩岩浆的喷发,30～24Ma转变为以岩石圈地幔为主要来源的Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆活动,岩浆源区从软流圈向岩石圈迁移,指示软流圈上涌伴随的富CO2流(熔)体活动是导致古交代岩石圈地幔升温熔融产生Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆的主控因素,软流圈上涌可能是俯冲板片断离或岩石圈地幔拆沉作用的结果。 相似文献
3.
青藏高原高Mg^#和低Mg^#两类钾质-超钾质火山岩及其源区性质 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
通过对青藏高原碰撞后钾质-超钾质火山岩的对比分析,提出青藏高原存在羌塘-芒康-滇西（44～28Ma）和冈底斯（25～12Ma）两条高Mg^#钾质-超钾质火山岩带,而可可西里、西昆仑-东昆仑的新生代火山岩则为低Mg^#钾质火山岩.高Mg^#钾质-超钾质火山岩的化学成分均相对高镁低铁和贫钛,微量元素组成以具有类似岛弧火山岩的K/Nb、K/La、Rb/Nb、Pb/La、Ba/La等比值为特征.低Mg^#钾质-超钾质火山岩相对富铁贫镁和高钛,上述元素比值小于岛弧火山岩,大于和近似于洋岛玄武岩,指示岩浆源区富集组分有软流圈流体的贡献.羌塘-芒康的高Mg^#高钾钙碱性和高Mg^#钾玄岩系列指示高原中部受到陆内俯冲作用的影响;30Ma前俯冲板片断离,软流圈上涌,富集岩石圈地幔熔融形成羌塘低Mg^#过碱性钾质-超钾质系列.综合地球物理资料,提出青藏高原在印度大陆岩石圈的强力楔入下,高原内部软流圈物质沿欧亚岩石圈地幔俯冲板片的顶部向北东和南东挤出,使上覆岩石圈地幔发生剪切破裂,形成一系列串珠状高速体与低速体的相间分布,并随时间不断向北扩展.这也是阿尔金和滇西走滑系的深部动力源.正是软流圈与岩石圈的这种相互作用形成了可可西里和西昆仑-东昆仑低Mg^#钾玄质火山岩的软流圈-岩石圈地幔的混源特征.藏南高Mg^#超钾质岩浆源区的显著幔壳混合特征则可能来自印度大陆岩石圈俯冲作用的影响. 相似文献
4.
藏北新生代玄武质火山岩起源的深部机制——大陆俯冲和板片断离驱动的地幔对流上涌模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来地震层析成像揭示出可可西里-西昆仑中新世-第四纪钾质火山岩带下方存在一个深达900km的巨型地幔低速体,空间上与新特提斯洋和印度大陆俯冲断离板片沉降形成的冷地幔下降流共存(Replumaz et al.,2010a,b),两者构成统一的地幔对流体系。研究表明,羌塘古近纪(60~34Ma)钠质玄武岩和高钾钙碱性玄武岩均以富含Ti O2、P2O5和大离子亲石元素为特征,主体具有与OIB相近的微量元素组成和弱亏损的Sr、Nd同位素特征,指示岩浆起源于软流圈的上涌熔融,但Nb、Ta的弱亏损表明岩浆源区有岩石圈地幔熔融组分的贡献。羌塘(32~26Ma)碱性钾质玄武岩与可可西里和西昆仑中新世以来喷发的钾质玄武岩的地球化学性质相近,不相容元素比值和Sr、Nd同位素组成指示岩浆起源于古俯冲地幔楔的低程度熔融。这些特征表明藏北软流圈上涌作用始于古近纪,初始上涌中心位于羌塘地体之下。计算表明藏北古近纪火山岩距离当时的印度大陆北缘的最大和最小距离约为1250km和700km,与现今可可西里地幔低速体的南、北边界与印度大陆北缘的距离相近,支持羌塘古近纪地幔上涌作用也是受藏南冷地幔下降流所驱动。青藏高原在南北缩短过程中不仅表现为软流圈自西向东挤出流动,地幔垂向对流也是其重要的运动形式,在地幔上升流形成的藏北热幔区内,地壳的水平缩短增厚与岩石圈地幔的伸展减薄呈脉动式共存。藏南冷地幔下降流和藏北热地幔上升流的持续北移是导致藏北后碰撞火山岩时空迁移的主要控制因素。 相似文献
5.
内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗阿萨格图火山岩出露于贺根山缝合带迪彦庙蛇绿混杂岩南侧,岩石类型为粗安岩、粗面岩和粗面英安岩。粗安岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测年获得火山岩形成年龄为132.1±0.7 Ma。岩石地球化学显示火山岩属于钾玄岩系列,岩石高Na_2O+K_2O(7.61%～10.35%)、高K_2O(3.94%～6.04%)、高Al_2O_3(16.32%～17.99%)、低TiO_2(0.45%～0.95%),富集Rb、Ba、U等大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)。稀土元素含量为109.62×10~(-6)～174.68×10~(-6),稀土元素配分曲线为右倾式分布。岩石学和岩石地球化学特征表明,阿萨格图地区白垩纪火山岩与洋壳俯冲作用有关,形成于俯冲板片断离—后造山伸展构造背景。古亚洲洋俯冲洋壳析出流体交代上覆地幔形成贺根山缝合带富集地幔,随后的俯冲板片断离—后造山伸展作用触发富集地幔部分熔融产生该钾玄质岩浆。结合贺根山缝合带的壳幔电性结构和晚古生代蛇绿岩—岛弧岩浆岩、中生代后造山A型花岗岩的时空分布与演化,初步建立了该区钾玄质火山岩的板片断离—后造山伸展地球动力学模式。 相似文献
6.
青藏高原北部新生代走构油茶错、纳丁错火山岩年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
本文对分布于藏北南羌塘地区的走构油茶错和纳丁错新生代火山岩进行了岩石学、同位素年代学和地球化学研究.两个地区火山岩主要由粗面玄武岩、橄榄粗安岩、安粗岩及粗面岩组成,具有从碱性系列火山岩到高钾钙碱性火山岩连续演化的特征.锆石U-Pb定年表明两个地区火山岩形成时代分别为34.64±0.55Ma和35.03±0.54Ma,另外在走构油茶错安粗岩和粗面岩中发现了大量的捕获锆石.地球化学分析显示,岩石ε_(Hf)(t)均为正值,但随SiO_2含量的增高,ε_(Hf)(t)有减小的趋势.稀土元素配分曲线上轻重稀土分馏明显,无或轻微Eu负异常,尤其是重稀土出现分馏,大多数样品(Sm/Yb)_N值介于6.30～8.25之间,表明原生岩浆起源于含有石榴石的弱亏损型软流圈地幔,中酸性岩浆所具有的类似埃达克岩的地球化学特征是原生幔源岩浆经AFC作用形成的.始新世末期南羌塘地区的火山活动可能与向北俯冲的拉萨地块的岩石圈地幔断离造成的软流圈上涌有关. 相似文献
7.
青藏高原西北缘第四纪火山岩的年龄、地球化学特征及意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对青藏高原西北缘普鲁北钾质火山岩进行40Ar-39Ar定年得到的最新年龄为0.81Ma±0.21Ma.火山岩的SiO2含量为53.08%～55.12%,全碱含量为7.36～8.04%,K2O/Na2O比值为1.17～1.2,属橄榄安粗岩系列.岩石以高度富集LREE、LILE(K、Rb、Sr、Ba、Th等)和高度亏损HR... 相似文献
8.
青藏高原北部黑石北湖新生代钾质火山岩的成因 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
昆仑岩带新生代钾质火山活动是青藏高原北缘深部动力学过程的重要记录。有关岩浆源区的性质和岩浆产生的机制一直存在较大的认识分歧。阐述了昆仑岩带黑石北湖钾质火山岩的岩石学和地球化学特征,并与西昆仑康西瓦和泉水沟新生代火山岩进行了成因对比分析。研究表明,昆仑火山岩带玄武质岩石的K2O和Na2O含量变化较大,从钠质过渡到钾质,硅碱图显示玄武质初始岩浆向钾质安粗岩方向演化。黑石北湖火山岩的高场强元素和Sr、Nd同位素组成显示岩浆源区具有EMⅡ的性质。岩石LREE的强烈富集和HREE的强烈分馏指示岩浆来自富集型含石榴子石地幔源区。不相容元素K/Nb、Ba/La等比值具有岛弧火山岩与OIB型玄武岩的过渡特征,指示源区为曾遭受软流圈流（熔）体交代的古俯冲地幔楔。 相似文献
9.
羌塘错尼地区新生代火山岩研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
同位素年代学、岩石学、矿物化学和岩石地球化学特征研究表明,羌塘错尼地区火山岩可以划分为3套岩石组合：①高钾钙碱性火山岩(44Ma～38Ma);②钾玄岩质火山岩;③强碱性火山岩(34Ma～19Ma)。3套火山岩均是大陆碰撞造山后期岩浆作用的产物,始新世以来,随着该区由碰撞、挤压作用发展到出现走滑,应力环境由挤压转变为张性,导致依次喷发高钾钙碱性火山岩、钾玄岩质火山岩和强碱性火山岩。强碱性火山岩的地球化学特征暗示了岩浆源区受到过地幔流体的强烈交代作用。 相似文献
10.
报道的高钾-钾玄质火山岩位于狮泉河镇南东方向约20km处,向东延伸。高钾-钾玄质火山岩Si O2变化于60.35%~68.68%之间,属中酸性岩范畴;具有高的K2O+Na2O含量(8.8%~10.66%),K2O/Na2O值在1.92~2.49之间,Mg O含量较低,介于0.88%~3.47%之间,Al2O3含量为14.02%~14.91%,属于高钾-钾玄质系列。岩石强烈富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Ba、Th、U和轻稀土元素(LREE),高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、Ti具有明显负异常,Cr、Ni、Co相容元素含量低于或接近地壳的平均含量,结合Th/Yb-Ta/Yb、(Th×100)/Zr-(Nb×100)/Zr判别图及La-La/Yb图解,暗示岩浆源区可能为下地壳。在左左乡南东约2km处和狮泉河水泥厂北东约1km处各采集1个高钾-钾玄质火山岩样品,对其中的锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测定,得到的206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为22.04±0.42Ma和22.29±0.31Ma,此年龄被解释为狮泉河一带高钾-钾玄质火山岩的喷发时代,即中新世阿启塔期。由此表明,该火山岩是印度板片向北俯冲时在狮泉河一带俯冲板片断离,岩浆发生部分熔融的产物。 相似文献
11.
S. Viswanathan K. Surya Prakash Rao B. Mahabaleswar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):621-627
Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours. 相似文献
12.
奥地利安东帕有限公司 《岩矿测试》2009,28(3):306-306
最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提 相似文献
13.
E. M. Prasolov S. A. Sergeev B. V. Belyatsky E. S. Bogomolov K. A. Gruzdov I. N. Kapitonov R. Sh. Krymsky V. O. Khalenev 《Geochemistry International》2018,56(1):46-64
This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others. 相似文献
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Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance. 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(2):137-159
Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population). 相似文献
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岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。 相似文献
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Marta L. PATINO-DOUCE Alberto PATINO-DOUCE Mazhar QAYYUM Roger L. NIELSEN 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1994,18(2):195-198
We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al2 O3 -SiO2 ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses. 相似文献