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1.
运用统计分析方法,研究了实测系列中加入4种不同情况的历史洪水对设计洪水的影响。结果表明:加入的历史洪水重现期越长,则设计洪水成果的稳定性越好;在同一历史洪水考证期内,加入1-2个历史洪水对提高设计洪水成果的稳定性和精订作用很明显。 相似文献
2.
尽管古洪水的研究最多只有50年左右的历史,但是利用全新世古洪水研究来补充洪水频率计算的资料,对预测洪水发生的可能性和严重程度具有重要的意义,所以古洪水的研究发展比较迅速。本文从古洪水事件的判别、古洪水平流沉积物的特点、古洪水的水文计算等方面阐述了全新世古洪水的研究进展。古洪水研究虽然取得了很大进展,但是仍然存在以下问题:研究区域主要集中在长江、黄河流域的部分地区,所以研究区域需要进一步扩展;研究分辨率有待提高;洪水事件与气候变化的关系研究的较少;对洪水事件的成因关注的不多;对一个流域内古洪水序列的全面建立还存在困难。 相似文献
3.
古洪水研究已在大型工程和长江三峡,黄河小浪底等的设计洪水中得到动用取得了令人虚心成功,但古洪水流量的推求与实测量的计算往往有大的差别,根据随机误差的传播给出了一般情况下的古洪不流量推误差计算公式,以小流底2360aBP古洪水注同误差的计算为例,对最终计算出的古洪水流量成果给出了一个误差范围。 相似文献
4.
从流域降雨、河道水位、流量等方面,对新中国成立以来山东省淄博市主要河道实际发生的特大洪水进行了全面系统的调查分析,对实测洪水进行频率分析计算,并对历史洪水进行考证确定重现期,以期为做好历史洪水重现时水文测报预案、防御特大洪水、制定切实可行的防洪对策提供可靠依据。 相似文献
5.
根据我国频率计算中广泛采用的P-Ⅲ型分布,应用统计试验方法,分别对仅由历史调查洪水和实测洪水组成的不完全系列,以及加入考虑流量误差情况下的古洪水资料后的系列进行了计算,得到后者比前者抽样误差大为减小的结论。 相似文献
6.
1998年大水后,全国水文系统开展了大规模的暴雨洪水调查分析和研究评价工作。通过对长江、松花江、珠江及闽江暴雨、河道洪水、渍口(垸)、水库拦蓄和排涝等方面进行广泛、深入的调查考证,补救了大量珍贵的水文资料,完整地掌握了暴雨洪水资料;分析确定了一批有重大影响、具有全局意义的水文数据和成果;研究提出了长江、松花江、珠江及闽江流域干支流主要站的洪水频率分析成果;分析、评价了水利工程和人类活动对洪水的影响,深化了对流域暴雨洪水特性和规律的认识;科学、系统、全面地分析评价了1998年大洪水,阐述了一些社会普遍关注的热点问题。成果具有重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义。介绍了1998年洪水调查分析及研究评价的主要成果,提出了今后在暴雨洪水调查和评价方面应该加强的工作。 相似文献
7.
针对历史洪水在设计洪水计算中的误差,在分析乌鲁木齐河历史洪水及重现期的基础上,依据乌鲁木齐河英雄桥水文站洪水调查资料,通过实测洪水系列加入历史洪水的个数及加入不同重现期的历史洪水,采用数理统计和频率计算的方法对历史洪水的作用进行分析。历史洪水的个数、历史洪水值大小及重现期对设计洪水有一定的误差,其误差对设计洪水成果精度有影响。历史洪水值的误差对设计洪水的影响比历史洪水重现期误差的影响要大得多。 相似文献
8.
古洪水研究的目的是通过古洪水信息的载体-古洪水平流沉积提供古水水位及流量,而如何确定古洪水沉积顶面高程与其洪峰水位的关系是河床演变学至今尚水解决的难题。经过长江,黄河,黄河和淮河古洪水研究之后,对此问题获得了新的认识, 水平流沉积物尖灭点高程与共洪峰水位之间一致的关系,给古洪水研究解决了一个关键问题。 相似文献
9.
通过野外实地调查研究区洪水情况,选取可靠参证站实测洪水资料系列,运用调蓄经验单位线法、地区模比系数综合频率法、洪峰模数法估算研究区的设计洪水。并将计算结果进行对比分析,推荐采用地区洪峰模比系数综合频率曲线法计算的设计洪水成果。 相似文献
10.
针对水电站设计洪水频率计算中的定位不定量历史洪水对洪水统计参数的影响进行了探索,提出了解决这一问题的方法途径。通过对比计算及综合分析可知:考虑定位不定量历史洪水的洪水系列频率计算得到的洪水统计参数,其代表更好,可靠性更高。 相似文献
11.
洪水的发生规律是洪灾预报的前提,已有的人类洪水记录时间尺度,不足以认识和把握洪水的出现规律。因此,利用地质记录延长洪水序列,探讨地球特征气候期的洪水特点,就显得非常重要的必要。黄河上游兰州-银川段的洪水地质记录表明,在末次冰盛期的20-18ka,该区共发生了106次大洪水漫滩事件,其中有18次为多次洪峰叠加的复合型大洪水,洪水的发生频率达53次/ka。发生于末次冰盛期的大洪水可能属冰凌洪水,与末次冰盛期强烈的气候波动和不稳定有关。这些大洪水的频发与中国西部的末次冰盛期出现的高湖面相对应,既不符合一般的季风气候理论,也不同于我国东部广大地区末次冰盛期以冷干为主的气候特点,表明中国西部气候的独特性和复杂性。 相似文献
12.
在西北气候由暖于转向暖湿的过程中,新疆河流的洪水和洪灾反映明显.对新疆29条河流选取年最大洪水,统计出超标准洪水、20a一遇、50a一遇洪水的出现频次进行分析,结果显示1987年后洪水量级、洪水频次呈增加的变化趋势.通过20世纪90年代以来灾害性洪水出现的频次、灾害损失的变化比较分析,90年代以来灾害性洪水尤其是灾害性暴雨洪水和突发性洪水呈现增加的态势,1987—2000年的灾害损失与1950—1986年相比增加了30倍. 相似文献
13.
2020年长江上游和中下游先后发生特大洪水,其中干流编号洪水全部发生在上游,构成了长江流域洪水的主要部分。首先回顾2020年洪水及洪灾情况,然后根据历史上几次特大洪水过程和历年实测资料,分析长江上游洪水特征、洪灾类型及特点,最后提出新时代长江流域洪水整体防御战略及山洪灾害防治战术。研究表明:金沙江洪水是长江上游洪水基础部分,岷江、嘉陵江和干流区间是洪峰的主要来源,三者洪水遭遇是产生上游特大洪水的主因,上游洪水又是全流域特大洪水的基础和重要组成部分。目前造成洪灾死亡人数最多的是山洪以及山洪引起的地质灾害,财产损失最大的是中下游及湖泊地区。未来堤防仍然是防洪的基础,提高沿江城市防洪标准主要手段是控制性水库的联合优化调度,而减少洪涝灾害损失最有效的途径是给洪水以空间的自然解决方案等非工程措施。 相似文献
14.
Large floods are among the most hazardous natural phenomena, which in many cases cause enormous losses to the economy and lead to human casualties. Along with the use of modern instrumental data, the analysis of historical information on large past floods is widely practiced in the world. This allows obtaining qualitative and quantitative characteristics of historical floods and significantly expanding the observation series. The Selenga River is one of the largest rivers of Central Asia with catchment area equal to 447,060 km2, and also it is rather flood-prone river. The hydrological regime of the Selenga River is quite well studied in the twentieth century on the basis of gauging stations data, but there is still a lack of knowledge about past floods. In this paper, we present a list of 26 known floods within the Selenga River basin from 1730 to 1900, compiled from available historical documents (newspapers, scientific reports, diaries, memoirs, etc.). We estimated peak water levels for three catastrophic floods (1830, 1869 and 1897), the historical maximum of which was 850 cm. The reliability of our estimates is confirmed by a comparative analysis of the large 1971 flood. It was revealed that the largest floods can cause a rise of the Lake Baikal water level up to 200 cm. The inflow to Lake Baikal resulting from the largest floods in the Selenga River basin is comparable to the average annual inflow of water into the lake. We can conclude that the use of historical data for the analysis of floods in Eastern Siberia is quite acceptable, but some limitations must be taken into account. 相似文献
15.
强火山活动是气候变化的重要自然驱动因素,可导致中国降水出现年际或年代际变化,甚至极端的旱涝现象。探究位于中国邻域的印度尼西亚—菲律宾一带的强火山喷发与中国旱涝分布格局的关系,有助于阐释中国旱涝发生的时空规律及机制,为预测未来火山爆发可能导致的降水异常提供借鉴。本文基于1500—2000年期间世界强火山活动和中国旱涝资料,运用时序叠加分析的方法辨识了印度尼西亚—菲律宾一带的强火山喷发后中国旱涝在年际尺度上的时空变化特征,并对1815年Tambora火山喷发进行案例分析。结果表明印度尼西亚—菲律宾一带的强火山喷发对中国的旱涝格局有一定的影响:强火山喷发后第0年至第2年,中国中东部各站点的整体变化为偏涝;在第3年,整体出现了偏旱的转变,且变化幅度相比其他年份较大;就地区而言,喷发后华北、华南地区分别出现了由旱转涝、由涝转旱的变化,并且这些变化大概持续了2~3年,随后2个区域均恢复了喷发前的旱涝趋势;印度尼西亚1815年Tambora火山喷发后0~3年,中国以涝情为主,但发生涝情的区域逐年在发生变化。 相似文献
16.
Under the current condition of climate change, droughts and floods occur more frequently, and events in which flooding occurs after a prolonged drought or a drought occurs after an extreme flood may have a more severe impact on natural systems and human lives. This challenges the traditional approach wherein droughts and floods are considered separately, which may largely underestimate the risk of the disasters. In our study, the sudden alternation of droughts and flood events (ADFEs) between adjacent seasons is studied using the multivariate L-moments theory and the bivariate copula functions in the Huai River Basin (HRB) of China with monthly streamflow data at 32 hydrological stations from 1956 to 2012. The dry and wet conditions are characterized by the standardized streamflow index (SSI) at a 3-month time scale. The results show that: (1) The summer streamflow makes the largest contribution to the annual streamflow, followed by the autumn streamflow and spring streamflow. (2) The entire study area can be divided into five homogeneous sub-regions using the multivariate regional homogeneity test. The generalized logistic distribution (GLO) and log-normal distribution (LN3) are acceptable to be the optimal marginal distributions under most conditions, and the Frank copula is more appropriate for spring-summer and summer-autumn SSI series. Continuous flood events dominate at most sites both in spring-summer and summer-autumn (with an average frequency of 13.78% and 17.06%, respectively), while continuous drought events come second (with an average frequency of 11.27% and 13.79%, respectively). Moreover, seasonal ADFEs most probably occurred near the mainstream of HRB, and drought and flood events are more likely to occur in summer-autumn than in spring-summer. 相似文献
17.
史前异常洪水事件的初步调查表明,4kaB.P.前后是我国北方异常洪水多发的时期,黄河流域、淮河流域和海河流域在这一时期普遍出现不同形式的史前异常洪水事件.异常洪水事件的出现与当时的降温事件有密切的关系,气候变冷引发的相对湿度加大和降雨量增多可能是造成这次异常洪水事件的主要原因.出现于华夏文明诞生前夕的史前异常洪水事件对华夏文明的演进势必会产生重大影响,在黄河上游的山间盆地和下游的黄淮海平原,异常洪水给人类生存环境带来严重的破坏,导致这些地区早期文明的衰落;而位于我国地貌大势二级阶梯与一级阶梯之间的中原地区,尽管洪水也给人类生存环境造成严重的威胁,但它并没有导致早期文明的衰落,恰恰相反,先民们利用有利的地貌条件,通过与洪水的争斗,促进了文化的发展和华夏文明的诞生. 相似文献
18.
A long-term flood record from the Buffels River, the largest ephemeral river of NW South Africa (9250 km 2), was reconstructed based on interpretation of palaeoflood, documentary and instrumental rainfall data. Palaeoflood data were obtained at three study reaches, with preserved sedimentary evidence indicating at least 25 large floods during the last 700 yr. Geochronological control for the palaeoflood record was provided by radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. Annual resolution was obtained since the 19th century using the overlapping documentary and instrumental records. Large floods coincided in the past within three main hydroclimatic settings: (1) periods of regular large flood occurrence (1 large flood/~30 yr) under wetter and cooler prevailing climatic conditions (AD 1600–1800), (2) decreasing occurrence of large floods (1 large flood/~100 yr) during warmer conditions (e.g., AD 1425–1600 and after 1925), and (3) periods of high frequency of large floods (~ 4–5 large floods in 20–30 yr) coinciding with wetter conditions of decadal duration, namely at AD 1390–1425, 1800–1825 and 1915–1925. These decadal-scale periods of the highest flood frequency seem to correspond in time with changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, as inferred when comparing their onset and distribution with temperature proxies in southern Africa. 相似文献
19.
Over the past century, there is an increased contribution of non climatic factors to the flood formation processes in the
Kura River. Non climatic factors of floods refer to factors that are related to reductions in channel capacity and result
in floods. More recently, there are numerous non climatic factors occurring in and around the Kura River basin that have increased
the frequency of floods. Sediment accumulation in the riverbed over a long period of time has led to the reduction of channel
capacity and has raised the elevation of the riverbed above the surrounding territory. It is illustrated that construction
of dykes and levees do not actually prevent flooding, where hydrologic connections between groundwater and surface water are
high, since infiltrated waters from channel results in raising of ground waters, causing an effect of “underground flood.”
Since underground floods occur when water going from channels raises the level of ground waters, there is an urgent need to
carefully investigate the groundwater–surface water connections. With the purpose of predicting floods, the authors suggest
defining maximal acceptable flows (MAFs) rather than channel capacities. Results show that high rates of hydraulic conductivity
of soils will decrease MAF rates. MAF computations before high-water season allow for further regulation of outlets further
downstream in order to prevent flooding and enable flood forecasting. While the study focuses on a specific region, the overall
approach suggested is generic and may be applied elsewhere. 相似文献
20.
进入 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,中国七大江河流域旱涝频繁 ,旱涝灾害和由旱涝引起的次生地质灾害十分严重 ,特别是长江中、下游地区的洪涝几率高达 5 0 % (5 /10 )。 195 1— 2 0 0 0年长江中、下游地区发生了 9个大水年 ,几率为 18% (9/5 0 ) ,90年代洪涝的频繁程度属 2 0世纪之最 ,1998年特大暴雨洪水的时空集中强度也属 2 0世纪之最。长江的大暴雨洪水在近 10a来很频繁 ,但从气候分布几率来看 ,它毕竟是小概率事件 ,对小概率事件的长期预报具有很大的难度 ,而且暴雨洪水的长期影响因子也错综复杂 ,这就给预报带来了艰巨性。通过对降水的各种影响因子的分析研究和多因子集成预报模型的研制 ,对 1998年长江流域的特大暴雨洪水从时间、地区和量级三要素的长、中期预报都取得了成功 ,对其他 5个洪涝年也从趋势和分级两方面做出了成功的长期预报。文中重点剖析了预报取得成功的科学依据。 相似文献
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