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1.
地热资源按地质构造及成因的不同可划分为火山型及沉积盆地型两种类型。国内外许多学者对沉积型地热系统的同位素水文地球化学研究较多,而火山型地热系统研究不足,且沉积型和火山型地热流体的同位素水文地球化学对比研究还有待进一步深入。文章以关中盆地腹部沉积型地热系统及腾冲火山地热系统为代表,应用同位素水文地球化学方法对不同类型地热流体的地质构造、地热流体起源及成因、热储开放程度等进行系统对比研究,进而揭示其异同之处,为我国不同类型地热资源的可持续开发利用提供科学依据。关中盆地与腾冲热海地热系统在热储空间、构造条件、热源方面均存在较大差异,前者热储更为封闭,热储层更厚,后者热储通道更为畅通,热源更为丰富;腾冲热海地热系统热储温度高,埋藏更浅,热水循环更快,更易于开发利用。关中盆地与腾冲热海地热系统均存在比较明显的δ18O富集现象,关中盆地地热流体滞留时间更长是δ18O富集的主控因素,腾冲较高的热储温度是δ18O富集的主控因素;关中盆地腹部为沉积-半封闭型、封闭型,腾冲热海地热系统为火山-半封闭型;在漫长的地质历史时期,水岩反应的程度是决定热储流体水化学类型的主控因素。  相似文献   

2.
张亚鸽  马致远  胡杨 《地下水》2010,32(2):8-10,22
为了了解西安凹陷地下热水的补给循环及其赋存环境特征,对西安凹陷地下热水D、^18O、^13C、^14C、^34S分布特征进行了测定与分析。研究表明:西安城区地下热水中环境同位素δ(^180)、δ(^13C)、δ(^34S)的分布规律与其所在的关中盆地存在相反趋势,指示西安城区地下深部存在欠压实作用,表明西安是一个年轻的快速沉积盆地或其深部存在开启性断裂。通过水化学分析表明西安地区主要水化学类型为SO4-Na型,咸阳主要为Cl—Na型,指示咸阳地区的地质环境更为封闭。根据补给高程计算,西安、咸阳城区地下热水补给来源分别为秦岭和北山末次冰期高山雪水补给。  相似文献   

3.
通过分析西安、咸阳地区地下热水的δ^18O和δD同位素数据,研究了氘过量参数d的特征及水岩交换程度对d值分布的影响。结果表明:西安、咸阳地区浅层地下热水水岩作用不明显,深层地下热水水岩交换作用显著,发生氧漂移,咸阳部分水点发生较为明显的^2H交换;含水层封闭性越好,地质环境越还原,水岩作用就越强,d值就越小;氧漂移愈偏离大气降水线,d值越小,埋深愈大,滞留时间愈长,矿化度愈大,地下热水温度越高。  相似文献   

4.
开展关中盆地腹部深层地下热水起源成因的研究,对推动研究区地下热水的可持续开发利用意义重大。中国大多数地下热水赋存地区的热水样点与现代循环水的关系密切,多属循环型热水,而关中盆地深层地下热水却远离大气降水线,δ~(18)O漂移显著,对此,国内外学者专家对引起关中盆地地下热水δ~(18)O富集的主要因素有不同的认识。应用同位素水文地球化学方法结合关中盆地地质构造演化,对关中盆地不同构造单元深层地下热水δ~(18)O富集的主控因素进行探索性研究。研究结果表明,影响关中盆地深层地热水δ~(18)O富集的因素是多元的,因热储环境开发度而异,在较封闭的热储条件下,其主控因素是水岩反应。热储蒸发实验的结果表明,深层地热水在进入地层前作为补给水源时,存在一定程度的蒸发作用,入渗后进入较封闭热储环境时则主要受控于水岩作用的影响,且受水岩反应的影响程度为固市凹陷咸礼断阶东咸礼断阶西及西安凹陷。  相似文献   

5.
西安咸阳地下热水氘过量参数研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过分析西安、咸阳地区地下热水的δ18O和δD同位素数据,研究了氘过量参数d的特征及水岩交换程度对d值分布的影响。结果表明:西安、咸阳地区浅层地下热水水岩作用不明显,深层地下热水水岩交换作用显著,发生氧漂移,咸阳部分水点发生较为明显的2H交换;含水层封闭性越好,地质环境越还原,水岩作用就越强,d值就越小;氧漂移愈偏离大气降水线,d值越小,埋深愈大,滞留时间愈长,矿化度愈大,地下热水温度越高。  相似文献   

6.
天津市宝坻区南部周良庄一带赋存较为丰富的地热资源。为查明该区各热储补给来源,地温场是否受断裂构造影响,利用人工地震结合钻探资料进行二次解译,分析该区地质构造背景和热储发育特征,同时在综合分析水化学和同位素等化探方法的基础上,对该区的地热成因进行探讨。查明该区主体构造为一背斜构造,地热属沉积盆地型层状热储,地热流体主要有孔隙型热水系统和基岩裂隙型热水系统2个类型,热储条件好。该区热流体矿化度较低的原因是接近补给区,补给水源来自北部山区大气降水;地热流体在深循环过程中与富氧岩石进行了氧交换,δ18O值存在不同程度的氧漂移。  相似文献   

7.
通过对关中盆地地热井中地下热水的同位素和水化学成分分析,结合研究区的地热地质和水文地质条件,进行了地下热水补给时的温度研究,结果表明,关中盆地地下热水接受补给时的温度以西安地区最低,咸阳次之。同时应用Na-K-Mg三角图和水化学平衡温度理论的方法,估算在平衡条件下关中盆地最大热储温度为118℃。热储温度计算结果表明,关中盆地腹部应为中低温热储层。  相似文献   

8.
关中盆地深层热储流体锶同位素演化及其指示意义   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
应用Sr含量、87Sr/86Sr比值及热水水化学资料,结合关中盆地地质构造演化对关中盆地腹部深部热储流体的补给起源、路径、成因及混合作用进行研究。结果表明:西北方向为咸礼断阶东南热储流体接受补给的来水方向;咸礼断阶西北水源来水方向为西北部;西安城区补给源有少量来自秦岭北麓,其主要水源来水方向为西部及北部,而长安区热储流体接受来自秦岭北麓正南方向的补给。固市凹陷深层热水封闭性好、水岩反应显著,属残存沉积水;咸礼断阶东南咸阳城区深层热水封闭性较好、水岩反应较为显著,是含残存沉积水的古溶滤水;西安凹陷西安城区热水半封闭,存在一定水岩作用的古溶滤水;长安东大中层-浅层热水开放性好,属混入现代降水的古溶滤水。  相似文献   

9.
咸阳城区热储流体混合作用研究及模拟计算   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
应用水文地球化学模拟方法对咸阳城区热储流体混合作用分析和混合比例的计算.结合研究区的地热地质和水文地质条件,进行地下热水混合作用和混合程度的研究.结果表明,咸阳城区地下热水在不同程度上都存在与较低温度地下热水的混合作用。应用PHREEQC模拟软件、稳定同位素D和温度计算热水与冷水的混合比例,估算在平衡条件下咸阳城区地下热水与冷水的混合比例在0.09~0.63之间。  相似文献   

10.
漳州盆地水热系统的氢氧稳定同位素研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文对我国东南沿海地区温度最高的典型花岗岩裂隙热水盆地——漳州盆地水热系统的地下热水及各类相关的其它类型天然水的氢氧稳定同位素(δD和δ~(18)O)特征进行了研究。对漳州地区的大气降水线、地下热水起源、地下热水的补给源(区)以及影响地下热水同位素成分的形成与演化的海水与大气降水的混合等地球化学作用问题进行讨论。  相似文献   

11.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

12.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

13.
The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.  相似文献   

14.
赣南大吉山与漂塘花岗岩及有关成矿作用特征对比   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20  
对江西南部大吉山和漂塘两个钨矿床有关的花岗岩的岩石化学和微量元素地球化学特征、成因及其与成矿的关系等方面进行了对比研究,认为两者不同的成矿作用特征主要是由于大吉山花岗岩比漂塘花岗岩的分异演化程度更高而造成的。对前人提出的含钨花岗岩、含钽铌花岗岩及花岗岩产出的动力学背景等问题,也进行了一些初步讨论。  相似文献   

15.
16.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

17.
Average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and other metals, as well as S and As, were calculated for the Aue granitic cupola, the contact aureole of which hosts the large vein-type uranium deposit of Schlema-Alberoda and the Schneeberg uranium-base metal deposit (Erzgebirge, Germany). The cupola was exposed by mine workings and boreholes, which provided an opportunity to evaluate variations in the abundances of metals in the granites over a vertical interval of more than 2.5 km and estimate their losses in the upper oxidized part of the investigated volume of the cupola (coefficient of iron oxidation, KO Fe, increases in the granites from bottom to top from 7 to 70%) compared with the lower unaltered and unoxidized part (with a KO Fe plateau at about 5%). The average concentrations of metals in the upper part of the cupola are lower than those in the lower part by a factor of 2.5 for Pb, 1.56 for Zn, 1.45 for Cu, 1.3 for Co, etc. A similar decrease in the abundances of ore elements along the vertical section associating with the relative epigenetic alteration and oxidation of the granite was previously described by us for U and Th and for the components of high-temperature ores, W, Sn, and Mo. The removal of ore elements from the granite was accompanied by a decrease in the bulk contents of sulfur and arsenic by a factor of 1.35 and 1.65, respectively. The leaching of trace metals from the granites of the upper part of the Aue cupola was followed by their partial redeposition above the cupola in the ore veins of the Schlema and Schneeberg deposits. Original Russian Text ? Vikt. L. Barsukov, N.T. Sokolova, O.M. Ivanitskii, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 9, pp. 967–982.  相似文献   

18.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(10):1510-1522
Quantum-chemical interpretations of differentiation of the “normal” magmatic melt (the “Bowen's fork”) show certain defects in the traditionally crystallochemical interpretations of mineral structures and of the sequence of crystallization of minerals. The “dynamic unit,” in transitions from phase to phase and from lattice to lattice, proves to be the uncharged SiO2 molecule and not the SiO4 tetrahedron, which is but a static architectural detail of crystal structures. Different mechanisms and types of silicification (figs. 3-8), condensation and structures of the chains (figs. 9-14), structures of zeolites and other aluminosilicates (figs. 14, 17, 18), and the quantumchemical representation of corundum, as “molecular” Al2O3, illustrate further reevaluations of traditionalism in mineralogy.  相似文献   

19.
Many studies compare utilization of different marine habitats by fish and decapod crustaceans; few compare multiple vegetated habitats, especially using the same sampling equipment. Fish and invertebrates in seagrass, mangrove, saltmarsh, and nonvegetated habitats were sampled during May–August (Austral winter) and December–January (Austral summer) in the Barker Inlet-Port River estuary, South Australia. Sampling was undertaken using pop nets in all habitats and seine nets in seagrass and nonvegetated areas. A total of 7,895 fish and invertebrates spanning 3 classes, 9 orders, and at least 23 families were collected. Only one fish species,Atherinosoma microstoma, was collected in all 4 habitats, 11 species were found in 3 habitats (mangroves, seagrass, and nonvegetated), and 13 species were only caught in seagrass and nonvegetated habitats. Seagrass generally supported the highest numbers of fish and invertebrates and had the greatest species richness. Saltmarsh was at the other extreme with 29 individuals caught from two species. Mangroves and nonvegetated habitats generally had more fish, invertebrates, and species than saltmarsh, but less than seagrass. Analyses of abundances of individual species generally showed an interaction between habitat and month indicating that the same patterns were not found through time in all habitats. All habitats supported distinct assemlages although seagrass and nonvegetated assemblages were similar in some months. The generality of these patterns requires further investigation at other estuaries. Loss of vegetated habitats, particularly seagrass, could result in loss of species richness and abundance, especially for organisms that were not found in other habitats. Although low abundances were found in saltmarsh and mangroves, species may use these habitats for varying reasons, such as spawning, and such use should not be ignored.  相似文献   

20.
Stratiform quartz-sulphide lodes in Ingladhal occur in a typical Precambrian green-stone-belt environment comprising metabasalts, tuff, chert and cherty iron-sulphide formation. Unusually high cobalt contents of metavolcanics and of sulphide minerals in orebodies suggest a consanguinity between ores and rocks. 90% of total nickel, 70% of total cobalt but only 30% of total copper in rocks occur in silicate phases and thus indicate an early separation of copper from cobalt and nickel. Unusually high non-sulphide copper in barren bedded cherts implies availability of Cu-rich solution prior to their lithification. Pyrite in sediments, in volcanics, and in orebodies is characterized by a distinctive pattern of Co-Ni distribution in each case. Partitioning of Co and Ni between coexisting sulphide pairs is complex, but gross equilibrium is indicated. Very high trace metal content of orebody pyrite sharply contrasts with very low such values in pyrite from adjacent sediments and points to a higher temperature of formation of orebodies.  相似文献   

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