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1.
利用3种不同水流运移方程分别模拟井管附近不同区域的水流运动, 基于流量守恒原理实现不同流态区域边界的耦合, 建立了有代表性的观测井-含水层系统场景; 利用建立的耦合模型模拟了观测井-含水层系统中水头的分布, 基于模型模拟数据分析了观测井井筒存在对含水层局部水头分布及地下水水质采样和环境监测结果的影响; 还分析了地下水三维水流强度、观测井井径以及含水层介质参数等对井筒效应的影响规律: 井筒效应在粘土等渗透系数和比单位贮水系数相对较小的含水层介质中更为明显, 其影响随着三维水流强度及观测井井径的增加而增大; 进行了上述参数的敏感性分析, 指出对于同一参数其在不同区间的敏感性比例不同, 对于不同参数观测井井径的敏感性比例最大, 因此在地下水环境监测的工程实践中减小观测井井径是相对快速且有效提高监测和采样精度的方法. 相似文献
2.
The advection-diffusion equation is used for describing the dispersion of pollutants in a limited area. Methods for preventing dangerous levels of pollutants in ecologically important zones are suggested. The methods are based on the control of emission rates of sources and use the direct and adjoint estimates of the average pollution concentration in the zones. While the direct estimates use solutions of the pollution transport problem and permit to study the ecological situation in the whole domain, the adjoint estimates allow getting information only in the selected zones of the domain. The adjoint estimates are obtained with solutions to the adjoint problem and depend explicitly on the positions of the sources and their emission rates, and on the initial distribution of pollutants in the region. In each such estimate, the adjoint problem solution serves as the influence function that shows the quantitative contribution of every source into the pollution of the corresponding zone. This makes the adjoint estimates very efficient tools in the study of the model response to changes in emission rates and initial conditions, as well as in the development of control strategies. Both non-optimal (sufficient) and optimal control strategies are suggested. Each strategy consists in reducing the emission rates of sources, and defines maximum allowable intensity (in case of optimal control), or sufficient intensity (in case of sufficient control) of each source to avoid violations of hygiene standards. Such criteria are designed taking into account dynamic conditions in the atmosphere or ocean (sea), that is, the processes of propagation, dispersion and transformation of pollutants, as well as the number of sources to control, their locations and the sanitary norms. The control methods developed are illustrated with simple examples using two-dimensional dispersion models. However, these methods can also be applied to three-dimensional models. As an example, in the last part of the article, a three-dimensional model of dispersion is considered. In addition, to expand the scope of application of the methods of control of the intensity of sources, the optimal control strategies are applied to a source that emits a chemical substance to clean aquatic systems contaminated with biofilms (remediation) or oil (bioremediation). 相似文献
3.
建立考虑吸附-解吸效应的颗粒加速迁移问题控制方程,通过Laplace变换和Fourier变换求出颗粒瞬时和周期性注入情况下点源和面源问题的解析解。同时,开展点源瞬时注入方式下颗粒迁移试验,并将试验和理论计算结果进行对比分析,两者较为吻合,从而验证了解析解的正确性。点源瞬时注入方式下颗粒迁移参数的分析进一步表明：吸附系数越大,颗粒的浓度峰值越小。解吸系数对浓度峰值左侧曲线影响较小,而对浓度峰值右侧曲线来说,解吸系数不仅影响颗粒浓度,也影响颗粒迁移时间;浓度等值线在x-y平面上的形状近似为椭圆形,解吸系数越大,相应的浓度等值线的范围越大;随着y方向弥散系数增大,浓度峰值上、下两侧的等值线梯度逐渐减小。研究成果可为地下污染物治理、地下水开采、核废料处置以及城市固体废弃物填埋等工程提供理论基础。 相似文献
4.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2014,55(12):1441-1451
According to GPS monitoring, recent tectonic process between Tarim and West Siberia in the band within 80°–95° E is generated by the northward movement of the Tarim block. During the accompanying horizontal compression of the area, orogeny takes place within linear mobile zones when blocks are squeezed into the upper half-space. When the orientation of the mobile zones is transverse to the compression direction, the leading orogenic process is reverse faulting. When these directions intersect at an acute angle, the principal features of the mountain relief are formed by oblique-slip and strike-slip faults.The spatial distribution of seismic activity A10 over a 40-year period of instrumental observations within the mobile zones of the study area is extremely nonuniform. Seismic activity increases to the south, toward the source of deformations—the Indo-Eurasian collision. The maximum activity is observed at the reverse-fault boundaries of the eastern Tien Shan (~ 40). The seismic activity of the strike-slip fault boundaries of the Great Altai is considerably lower (0.11–0.16). 相似文献
5.
在统计矩点估计法和模糊随机理论的基础之上,提出边坡工程模糊随机可靠性分析的模糊点估计法,将边坡稳定性极限状态方程由模糊随机集向普通随机集转化,然后利用点估计法求解边坡的可靠度指标。鉴于岩土体物理力学参数的近似分布类型,采用区别于梯形模糊数的正态模糊数对随机变量进行模糊随机化处理,使其更趋近于物理力学参数的近似分布类型。该方法考虑了各个力学参数的模糊性,计算结果更能反映边坡的真实工作状态。算例分析结果表明,该法使用简便,计算效率高,结果可靠,避免了传统分析方法的缺点,对复杂边坡或者功能函数为隐式表达的边坡工程可靠性分析具有很大的潜力,为边坡可靠性分析提供了一条新的途径,具有广泛的应用前景。 相似文献
6.
位于采煤影响区的高压线、输气输油管道、河道等设施对地表动态移动极为敏感。以甘肃某煤矿在金沙河下开采为背景,通过现场地表移动监测,获得薄冲积层条件下综放开采地表动态移动变形规律。研究表明：薄冲积层下综放开采地表具有下沉移动起始期很短、活跃期较长等特点。地表移动活跃期位于工作面前方110 m至工作面后方400 m范围内,历时185 d,期间地表点下沉量可达到该点总下沉量的90.7%;地表移动剧烈期在工作面后方50 m至150 m范围内,但剧烈扰动时间相对较短,历时约60 d。基于测点下沉曲线为S型分布、下沉速度曲线类似为正态分布特点,建立了考虑开采时间和工作面推进速度因素的地表下沉及下沉速度动态模型,并追踪刻画出地表测点往复式下沉与水平运动的轨迹。薄冲积层下开采,地表裂缝更易平行于工作面走向方向发育,并且随工作面的推进,地表裂缝具有前移和密集区向工作面外侧小范围扩大的时空特征。 相似文献
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8.
四川省西北部是我国岩金矿床分布的重点地区之一,尤以微细浸染型金矿床为主。该区有刷经寺联合村、嘎拉、金木达等大中型与超大型金矿床,显示出金矿成矿的良好前景。研究区处于古特提斯东缘的被动陆缘,为稳定大陆边缘海湾或封闭的海湾浊流盆地环境。浊积岩沉积形成金的初步富集,并在印支期发生低温动力变质,成为微细浸染型金矿的主要矿源层。岩浆活动沿区内构造边缘破裂带发生,形成构造岩浆岩带,并与金及多金属成矿有着密切的关系。双向收缩的造山运动为金成矿提供了区域构造条件,韧脆性剪切带控制了金矿的分布,并为成矿提供了主要的热动力。 相似文献
9.
准噶尔盆地东部北三台凸起属于残余古凸起,东西分离阜康与吉木萨尔凹陷,南北分割沙帐断褶带与阜康断裂带,构造位置特殊; 其形成演化经历晚海西、印支、燕山及喜马拉雅4次大的构造运动,整体表现为东北断隆,向西倾没,围绕凸起形成了较为复杂的断裂系统; 深层石炭系-三叠系断裂发育(逆断裂),浅层侏罗系-白垩系主体继承(正断裂),具有形成早,结束晚的特点。受东西、东北向断裂切割,北三台凸起呈现两个凸起构造带、两个斜坡构造带和6个断裂构造带组合特征。中晚燕山期,收博格达山前凹陷转化成增生楔向北逆冲,构造载荷增大,影响北三台北断裂大幅度逆冲,导致北三台凸起强烈隆升并最终定型。自二叠纪-侏罗纪凸起核部向北迁移,地层由阜康凹陷向凸起方向上超,逐层减薄。在南北向挤压应力作用下,由侏罗纪早期开始,凸起核部逐渐迁移至北三台。在其构造演化过程中与二叠系主力烃源岩层形成与烃演化匹配的良好关系,一直是阜康凹陷生成油气的汇聚方向,在凸起构造不断抬升,高部位地层遭受剥蚀,油气藏遭受破坏的同时,油气仍然向其不断补充,油气供给较为充足,保障了凸起带、断裂带、斜坡区各构造的油气充注,构造低部位的鼻凸带、断裂带下盘、斜坡区三叠系与中下侏罗统保存完整的部位,早期形成的油气藏仍能够得到良好保存; 形成围绕北三台凸起"秃顶"的复式油气聚集,并以中小型规模油气藏为主,油气藏按局部构造带有规律展布; 斜坡区侏罗-三叠与深层二叠-石炭系应是主要勘探方向。 相似文献
10.
M. S. Rattenbury 《Mineralium Deposita》1994,29(3):301-308
Several major shear zones trending WNW through the southern Tennant Creek goldfield show evidence for south up over north (reverse) movement during low temperature brittle-ductile shear. Total vertical displacements across two of these shears are around 1 km based on the apparent offset of a concordant porphyry. A thin-skinned linked fold-thrust model for the early deformation of the Tennant Creek goldfield is supported by the disharmonie fold profile shapes, the subhorizontal enveloping surface of folding and a shallow and relatively planar basement topography inferred from two-dimensional gravity modelling. Massive iron oxide deposits within the Warramunga Group, which host gold, copper and bismuth ore, formed during folding and reverse faulting, but the shear zones are neither unusually altered nor mineralised compared to the surrounding rocks emphasising the importance of chemical controls on ironstone formation, such as hematite-rich layers in the stratigraphy, rather than direct structural controls. 相似文献
11.
Melissa J. Gregory 《Mineralium Deposita》2006,41(7):691-711
The Palaeoproterozoic Eastern Creek Volcanics are a series of copper-rich tholeiitic basalts which occur adjacent to the giant sediment-hosted Mount Isa copper deposit in Queensland, Australia. The volcanic rocks are often cited as the source of metals for the deposit. New laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of iron–titanium oxides from the basalts provide evidence for the local mobilisation of copper during regional greenschist facies metamorphism. This interpretation is based on the observation that copper-bearing magmatic titanomagnetite was destabilised during greenschist facies metamorphism, and the new magnetite which crystallised was copper poor. Petrological observations, regional geochemical signatures and geochemical modelling suggest that the mobilised copper was concentrated in syn-metamorphic epidote-rich alteration zones, creating a pre-concentration of copper before the main mineralisation event at Mount Isa. Geochemical modelling demonstrates this process is enhanced by the addition of CO2 from adjacent carbonate-rich sediments during metamorphic devolatilisation. Regional geochemical data illustrate elevated copper concentrations in epidote-rich zones (high CaO), but where these zones are overprinted by potassic alteration (high K2O), copper is depleted. A two-stage model is proposed whereby after metamorphic copper enrichment in epidote–titanite alteration zones, an oxidised potassium-rich fluid leached copper from the epidote-altered metabasalts and deposited it in the overlying sedimentary rocks to form the Mount Isa copper deposit. This ore-forming fluid is expressed regionally as potassium feldspar-rich veins and locally as biotite-rich alteration, which formed around major fluid conduits between the metabasalt metal source rocks and the overlying deposit host sequence. This model is consistent with the remobilisation of copper from mafic source rocks, as has been found at other world-class copper deposits.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
12.
In many Precambrian provinces the understanding of the tectonic history is constrained by limited exposure and aeromagnetic data provide information below the surface cover of sediments,water,etc.and help build a tectonic model of the region.The advantage of using the aeromagnetic data is that the data set has uniform coverage and is independent of the accessibility of the region.In the present study,available reconnaissance scale aeromagnetic data over Peninsular India are analyzed to understand the magnetic signatures of the Precambrian shield and suture zones thereby throwing light on the tectonics of the region.Utilizing a combination of differential reduction to pole map,analytic signal,vertical and tilt derivative and upward continuation maps we are able to identify magnetic source distribution,tectonic elements,terrane boundaries,suture zones and metamorphic history of the region.The magnetic sources in the region are mainly related to charnockites,iron ore and alkaline intrusives.Our analysis suggests that the Chitradurga boundary shear and Sileru shear are terrane boundaries while we interpret the signatures of Palghat Cauvery and Achankovil shears to represent suture zones.Processes like metamorphism leave their signatures on the magnetic data:prograde granulites(charnockites)and retrograde eclogites are known to have high susceptibility.We fnd that charnockites intruded by alkali plutons have higher magnetization compared to the retrogressed charnockites.We interpret that the Dharwar craton to the north of isograd representing greenschist to amphibolite facies transition,has been subjected to metamorphism under low geothermal conditions.Some recent studies suggest a plate tectonic model of subductionecollisioneaccretion tectonics around the Palghat Cauvery shear zone(PCSZ).Our analysis is able to identify several west to east trending high amplitude magnetic anomalies with deep sources in the region from Palghat Cauvery shear to Achankovil shear.The magnetic high associated with PCSZ may represent the extruded high pressureeultra high temperature metamorphic belt(granulites at shallow levels and retrogressed eclogites at deeper levels)formed as a result of subduction process.The EW highs within the Madurai block can be related to the metamorphosed clastic sediments,BIF and mafc/ultramafc bodies resulting from the process of accretion. 相似文献
13.
A. Ball 《Tectonophysics》1980,61(4):T1-T5
Concepts of materials science are applied in an attempt to describe the growth and properties of shear or fault zones which are associated with deep focus earthquakes. Aspects of fracture toughness, dynamic recrystallisation and superplasticity are used to model the observed characteristics of such zones. The fault or shear zone is considered to be composed of very fine grained rock which is capable of deformation by the mechanism of “superplasticity” such that it has little resistance to shear as compared with the surrounding rock mass. This “superplastic crack” will therefore have an associated region of concentrated shear stress around its perimeter which, at typical rock temperatures of greater than half the melting point, will continuously promote dynamic recrystallisation. In this way the fault is self-propagating until growth velocities are reached which do not allow sufficient time for the recrystallisation process to occur. The intermittent activity of earthquakes is thus in qualitative agreement with the theory. 相似文献
14.
J.D. Jansen 《Computational Geosciences》2002,6(2):195-206
This paper concerns the computation of near-well flow in numerical reservoir simulation with unstructured grids. In particular, it uses spherical trigonometry to derive analytical expressions for the flow towards a well modeled as either a number of point sources or a constant-flux line source. The expression for the point source representation is based on projections of the grid block boundaries on spheres with unit radius around the sources. The expression for the line source is based on projection on a prolate spheroid. The computation of the surface area is done through transformation to prolate spheroidal coordinates and subsequent projection on a sphere at infinity. The point source expression for a single source is exact for grid block boundaries with straight edges; the line source expression is an approximation. Both representations are fully volume conserving, such that the sum of the fluxes through the grid block boundaries surrounding a source adds up exactly to the total source flow rate. Both representations can be used to accurately model complicated wells in the form of segments. The point source representation is simpler to implement and not necessarily less accurate than the line source representation. 相似文献
15.
NIU Shuyin CHENG Guangsuo ZHANG Jianzhen SUN Aiqun MA Baojun ZHANG Fuxiang WANG Baode XU Meng WU Jichun ZHAO Rongxin WANG Shanfei 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(5):1409-1420
The northwest of Jiaodong peninsula is characterized by its greatest gold concentration area, enormous gold reserves and limited time interval （115±5Ma） of gold mineralization in China. Studies show that the east area of north China began its mantle plume evolution since the Yanshanian movement, and the Laiyang sub-mantle plume and its surrounding mantle branches such as those in Guojiadian, Aishan and Panshidian were formed in the mineralization concentration area of northwestern Jiaodong peninsula. With the development of mantle plume →sub-mantle plume → mantle branch→ favorable expending structures, the deep-derived hydrothermal fluid moved up to the favorable places, such as brittle-ductile or ductile-brittle shearing zones, the internal and external contact zones of intrusions, dense fracturing zones and the contact zones between dikes and countryrocks, and concentrated into deposits. Then the gold mineralization concentration zones that are centralized on mantle branches were formed. This study takes Guojiadian mantle branch as an example to discuss their metallogenetism and conclude the metallogenetic mode. 相似文献
16.
构造-流体耦合关系对水上亚系统金矿成矿环境的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
流体温度-密度-盐度关系化学模式显示,水下亚系统是一种火山作用形成的富含NaCI向海底释放的流体系统,该系统形成块状硫化物矿床;水上亚系统是陆相火山岩地区的地下低盐度低温流体系统,形成了浅层低温热液型和热泉型矿床.由流体的质量方程、能量方程和运动方程的特点可以看出,在成矿作用过程中的流体运动,受到构造-流体-成矿系统的关系中多种因素的影响,如介质的孔隙度、流体密度、渗透率、流体的黏度和流体内压力等.以世界一些陆相火山地区的金矿为例进行讨论,充分证明了陆相火山地区的金矿流体的运动方式具有两种类型:一类是成矿流体沿岩石的孔隙流动,如伊尔曼得金矿等;另一类是成矿流体沿裂隙流动,如阿希金矿等.虽然这些金矿形成于同一火山岩地区,但是,流体在围岩的孔隙和断裂中以不同的方式运动,流体的内压力、流体的密度将发生不同的变化,同时引起流体的氧逸度、pH值、盐度产生不同的改变.由此表明流体运动的方式和扩散影响了成矿环境. 相似文献
17.
Industrial sites present a challenge to the hydrogeological delineation of pollution sources and their impacts. When large-scale
geologic structures such as grabens exist on such sites, these can have a significant impact on the hydrology and water quality
distribution. At the site investigated, geophysical techniques, standard hydrogeological approaches and hydrochemical characterisation
(with methods such as depth-profiling and isotopes) were used to determine the impact of a graben structure and the hydrogeological
properties and consequent water quality distribution. Zones of high conductivity, corresponding with available data, were
identified from the geophysical investigation and subsequent pumping tests in the area. Through hydrochemical characterisation,
including isotopes, it was determined that the fault zone acts as a barrier for groundwater flow and is thus the reason for
the lower levels of pollutants in groundwater beyond this feature. However, the surface water flow is not restricted by these
zones, and contributes significantly to the flow and salt loads at the discharge point. The study showed that graben structures
are important controls on the movement of contaminants, and that the effect of such geological features on groundwater quality
distribution must be investigated using multiple methodologies to construct a feasible conceptual model of the interactions. 相似文献
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19.
Clustering of Earthquake Events in the Himalaya - Its Relevance to Regional Tectonic Set-up 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The earthquake events of Himalaya of magnitude ≥5.0 from the time window 1905–2000 are statistically analysed. The inter-event time between earthquakes shows Hurst phenomena of temporal clustering which are spatially located in five distinct domains along the Himalayan fold-thrust belt. Out of these, two domains, one around Uttaranchal-Nepal border and the other around Nepal-Sikkim border reveal maximum number of temporal clusters and thus considered as seismically most potential zones of the Himalaya. Both these zones are located at the interface of the orthogonally disposed major tectonic discontinuities of the Peninsular Shield and Himalayan fold-thrust belt. Such zones are geologically most favourable locales for strain accumulation during later-tectonic movement. Statistical analysis points towards a probability of recurrence of seismic events in near future in these two zones. However, validity of such statistical results can be ascertained by detailed geological and geophysical modelling of the terrain. 相似文献
20.
《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2017,77(2):267-279
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is one of the important options available for partially stemming greenhouse gas emissions from large point sources. The possibility of leaking from deep storage needs to be addressed. The Wadi Namaleh area in southern Jordan provides an interesting case study of how excess CO2 can be trapped in the form of carbonates in the near surface, even when the local geology is not obviously conducive for such a process.Carbonate veins are formed in surface alteration zones of rhyolite host rock in this arid region. The alteration zones are limited to areas where surface soil or colluvium are present. Oxygen, deuterium and carbon isotopes of the carbonates and near-surface ground water in the area suggest that the source of carbon is deep seated CO2, and that the carbonate precipitated in local meteoric water under ambient temperature conditions. Analysis of strontium in the carbonate, fresh rhyolite and altered host shows that the source for calcium is aeolian. Trace elements show that metal and REE mobility are constrained to the alteration zone.Thus, interaction of H2O, CO2 and atmospheric wet and dry deposition lead to the formation of the clayey (montmorillonite) alteration zone. This zone acts to trap seeping CO2 and water, and thus produces conditions of progressively more efficient trapping of carbon dioxide by means of a positive feedback mechanism. Replication of these conditions in other areas will minimize CO2 leakage from man-made CCS sites. 相似文献