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1.
我国西北地区广泛分布着黄土,许多黄土塬区的地下水已被大量地开采利用。本文根据笔者在洛川塬从事黄土地下水研究工作,提出一点看法,以资讨论。一、黄土结构的基本特征黄土由骨架颗粒和胶结物组成。骨架颗粒通常占50—70％,包括租碎屑矿物(大于0.01mm)和微粒集合体。其中,粗碎屑矿物主要为石英(占30—40％)、长石(约占20％)和方解石(约占5％)。微粒集合体大多由细碎屑矿物(小于0.01mm)被粘土矿物和碳酸盐胶结而成,亦有由较大的碎屑矿物(主要为石英)表面吸附许多成分复杂的微细颗粒组成。它们的形状不一、大小不等(图版Ⅰ—1)。黄土胶结物主要是以伊利石为主的粘土矿物及碳酸盐矿物,呈针状、纤维状或网格状存在于骨架颗粒之间(图版Ⅰ—2)。按骨架颗粒接触状 相似文献
2.
黄土的物质组成和结构特征对深入研究黄土的工程地质特性和湿陷机理具有重要的意义。利用颗分试验、X射线衍射技术、化学分析技术及扫描电镜测试技术,对阜新一朝阳高速公路沿线黄土的颗粒组成、化学成分、矿物成分、易溶盐,以及原状黄土的微观结构进行了测试、分析。结果表明：①黄土的颗粒成分以粉粒为主,粉粒中又以粗粉粒为主;粘粒含量变化较大;②黄土中的碎屑矿物以石英和长石为主,粘土矿物以伊利石、伊蒙混层为主;③黄土中的易溶盐和难溶盐较其他地区偏低;④浅层黄土结构较松散,为支架大孔微胶结结构和支架大孔-镶嵌微孔半胶结结构;深层黄土结构较为密实,多为絮凝状胶结结构和凝块状胶结结构。 相似文献
3.
山东省牛庄洼陷古近系沙河街组沙三中亚段储集层成岩作用研究 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
山东省牛庄洼陷古近系沙河街组沙三中亚段储集层岩石类型以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主,岩石结构成熟度和成分成熟度均较低。砂岩成岩作用包括压实作用、胶结作用、交代作用、溶解作用等。压实作用主要有刚性颗粒发生脆性破裂、颗粒之间呈线接触和凹凸接触、岩石碎屑颗粒呈明显的定向排列、塑性颗粒挤压变形或刚性颗粒嵌入变形颗粒中、粘土质碎屑被挤压变形发生假杂基化等五种表现形式。胶结物主要有泥质胶结物、碳酸盐胶结物、自生粘土矿物和自生石英、长石。交代作用主要有石英交代长石颗粒、碳酸盐胶结物交代石英、长石及岩屑颗粒、碳酸盐胶结物之间的相互交代。发生溶解作用的主要是石英、长石和岩屑颗粒,胶结物中主要是碳酸盐矿物。目前研究区沙三中亚段储集层成岩演化处于晚成岩A期。影响成岩作用的主要因素为岩石成分、沉积环境、孔隙流体性质等。成岩作用对储集物性的影响主要表现在孔隙度和渗透率的变化,其中压实作用和胶结作用使储层原生孔隙迅速减少、渗透率降低,使得储集物性变差;而溶解作用是次生孔隙发育的主要因素,从而改善砂岩的储集性能。 相似文献
4.
黄土高原马兰黄土粘土矿物的定量研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文在回顾和总结中国西北黄土粘土矿物研究进展的基础上,提供了采用现代X-射线衍射(XRD)定量测试技术(包括粘土矿物样品处理和全自动数据处理技术)对陕北晋西12个县市马兰黄土粘土矿物定量研究的最新结果。测试结果表明,马兰黄土的主要粘土矿物为伊利石／蒙脱石混层矿物(相对含量为60％～70％),而不是以往所认为的伊利石。伊利石在黄土中主要呈两种形式存在,即单矿物伊利石和伊／蒙混层矿物中的伊利石。研究还发现,各地马兰黄土粘土矿物组成变化不大,但在神木、河曲、偏关一带伊／蒙混层比有局部增高的现象。根据扫描电子显微镜观察,黄土中粘土矿物不是以单粒形式存在,而主要是以集粒粘附物的形式包裹在碎屑颗粒表面。黄土中粘土矿物组成及其存在形式一方面可以充分揭示黄土物源区的表生化学环境特征;另一方面,伊／蒙混层矿物作为一种广泛分布的膨胀性粘土矿物和它在黄土粘土矿物中所占地位,对于认识马兰黄土在水作用下的湿陷变形和强度衰减的本质具有重要意义。 相似文献
5.
表生环境中富含酶、DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)等生物活性物质及粘土矿物、氧化物、有机质等非生命物质。这些胞外DNA与土壤活性颗粒紧密相连,对核酸酶的降解有较强的抗性,可在环境中持久存在(Paget等,1998)。粘土矿物 相似文献
6.
黄土隧道的主要地质灾害类型 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
黄土是第四纪大陆松散堆积物,黄土隧道具有明显的黄土工程特性.颗粒组成、含水量、微观结构、孔隙比(率)、粘粒含量、人工活动等是决定黄土的基本工程地质特征的基本因素.水胶联合是黄土颗粒之间的主要联结形式,在干燥时赋予黄土相当高的强度,但遇水后联结削弱强度降低,使得黄土具有湿陷性等特殊工程地质特性;物理地质作用、地震作用、水作用和综合作用产生黄土隧道主要工程地质灾害;水对黄土具有特殊的意义. 相似文献
7.
以江汉平原四湖地区果园、旱地、水旱轮作、水田等利用方式下的土壤为研究材料,通过分析有机质质量分数、粘土矿物与铁铝氧化物的组成特点,探讨了该区土壤有机质与粘粒矿物之间的交互作用。结果表明各土地利用方式下表层土壤的粘土矿物均以2∶1型矿物为主,约占70%~80%;不同土地利用方式下表层土壤有机质质量分数、非晶质铁铝氧化物及铁的活化度大小顺序均为:水田水旱轮作旱田果园;土壤非晶质氧化铁(Feo)质量分数和粘土矿物中高岭石的质量分数分别与土壤有机质质量分数呈极显著正相关和显著正相关,且Feo与高岭石质量分数呈显著正相关。江汉平原四湖地区不同土地利用方式下,表层土壤中的Feo与高岭石强烈作用,利于土壤对有机碳的固定。研究结果有助于理解人为干扰下区域土壤的固碳机制。 相似文献
8.
为探究石灰掺量对黄土强度的影响规律及其微观机制,采用不同比例的生石灰对黄土进行改良。开展了直剪试验、压汞试验及扫描电镜测试,定性和定量分析素黄土及不同石灰掺量改良黄土的强度特性和微观结构变化规律,并对石灰改良黄土的微观机理进行较为深入的分析。结果表明:石灰改良黄土的抗剪强度参数随着石灰掺量的增大出现先增大再减小的变化规律,在石灰掺量约为8%时,其黏聚力和内摩擦角达到最大值;石灰的掺入使黄土骨架颗粒之间及其表面附着的胶结物逐渐增多,孔隙被胶结物质填充,土体中的不稳定孔隙逐渐减少,整体性增强;但当石灰掺量过大时,多余的石灰会堆积于团粒之间,影响团粒之间的胶结。石灰改良黄土强度提高的原因是石灰水化反应生成的胶结物质增强了土颗粒之间的胶结程度,增大颗粒间的相互摩擦,使土体结构更加稳定,提高土体强度;石灰掺量过高时,改良黄土抗剪强度降低是因为过量的石灰影响了土颗粒之间的胶结作用。研究成果既是对黄土强度特性及微观结构理论研究的丰富与充实,又可以为改良黄土工程设计的相关参数选取提供参考依据。 相似文献
9.
碎石土湿陷性试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用不同工况的载荷试验、室内常规土工试验和易溶盐试验,分析了碎石土的荷载-沉降曲线特征,探讨了碎石土的湿陷性与湿陷机理。结果表明：碎石土在200 kPa稳定后浸水,再加荷到400 kPa,载荷试验荷载-沉降曲线呈折线型,明显分为三个阶段：压缩变形阶段,湿陷变形阶段,复合变形阶段。场地中4 m厚碎石土具有湿陷性,且湿陷性不均匀。 碎石土湿陷的机理在于其结构是疏松的单粒架空结构。骨架颗粒间存在架空孔隙,且部分架空孔隙由砂质颗粒集合体充填;骨架颗粒间呈点与点接触,或者主要通过黏粒、黏土矿物、易溶盐组成的胶结物而联结在一起;在浸水加荷过程中,黏粒周围薄膜水增厚、粘土矿物自身产生膨胀、易溶盐溶解,导致胶结物的胶结强度丧失,结构失稳,发生湿陷。 相似文献
10.
东营凹陷古近系孔店组成岩特征及对储层的控制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过岩石薄片、扫描电镜、镜质体反射率、X衍射、物性分析等资料,对东营断陷盆地古近系孔店组成岩作用进行研究。结果表明:原始碎屑组分和化学沉积分异作用引起的早期胶结物性质决定了后期的成岩演化;典型成岩现象有强烈压实作用、硬石膏胶结、多期次碳酸盐胶结、多期次粘土矿物胶结、硅质强烈胶结、矿物强烈穿插交代、碎屑颗粒和胶结物的溶解作用,各种成岩现象对深部碎屑岩储层均产生重要影响。同时也证实:压实作用是引起深部碎屑岩强烈致密化的主要原因;硬石膏胶结、碳酸盐胶结和硅质胶结是引起致密化的又一重要原因;长石、碳酸盐胶结物的溶解作用是引起该地区储层改善的主要成岩因素。 相似文献
11.
Ezz El Din Abdel Hakim Khalaf 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(7):2603-2624
Wadi Queih basin hosts a ～2,500-m thick Neoproterozoic volcanoclastic successions that unconformably lie over the oldest Precambrian basement. These successions were deposited in alluvial fan, fluviatile, lacustrine, and aeolian depositional environments. Diagenetic minerals from these volcaniclastic successions were studied by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical electron microscopy. The diagenetic processes recognized include mechanical compaction, cementation, and dissolution. Based on the framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied or followed by the development of part of the pore-lining and pore-filling clay cements. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cement and feldspar grains. In addition to calcite, several different clay minerals including kaolinite, illite, and chlorite with minor smectite occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. Chlorite coating grains helps to retain primary porosity by retarding the envelopment of quartz overgrowths. Clay minerals and their diagenetic assemblages has been distinguished between primary volcaniclastics directly produced by pyroclastic eruptions and epiclastic volcaniclastics derived from erosion of the pre-existing volcanic rocks. Phyllosilicates of the epiclastic rocks display wider compositional variations owing to wide variations in the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the parent material. Most of the phyllosilicates (kaolinite, illite, chlorite, mica, and smectite) are inherited minerals derived from the erosion of the volcanic basement complex, which had undergone hydrothermal alteration. Smectites of the epiclastic rocks are beidellite–montmorillonite derived from the altered volcanic materials of the sedimentary environment. Conversely, phyllosilicate minerals of the pyroclastic rocks are dominated by kaolinite, illite, and mica, which were formed by pedogenetic processes through the hydrothermal influence. 相似文献
12.
Zuhi Khan A. H. M. Ahmad H. K. Sachan M. A. Quasim 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(2):145-156
Ridge sandstone of Jurassic Jumara dome of Kachchh was studied in an attempt to quantify the effects of diagenetic process such as compaction, cementation and dissolution on reservoir properties. The average framework composition of Ridge sandstone is Q80F17L3, medium-to coarse grained and subarkose to arkose. Syndepositional silty to clayey matrix (3% average) is also observed that occurs as pore filling. The diagenetic processes include compaction, cementation and precipitation of authigenic cements, dissolution of unstable grains and grain replacement and development of secondary porosity. The major cause of intense reduction in primary porosity of Ridge sandstone is early cementation which include silica, carbonate, iron, kaolinite, illite, smectite, mixed layer illite-smectite and chlorite, which prevents mechanical compaction. The plots of COPL versus CEPL and IGV versus total cement suggest the loss of primary porosity in Ridge sandstone is due to cementation. Cements mainly iron and carbonate occurs in intergranular pores of detrital grains and destroys porosity. The clay mineral occurs as pore filling and pore lining and deteriorates the porosity and permeability of the Ridge sandstone. The reservoir quality of the studied sandstone is reduced by clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, smectite, mixed layer illitesmectite, chlorite), carbonate, iron and silica cementation but on the other hand, it is increased by alteration and dissolution of the unstable grain, in addition to partial dissolution of carbonate cements. The potential of the studied sandstone to serve as a reservoir is strongly related to sandstone diagenesis. 相似文献
13.
作者应用阴极发光显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针及包体测温等手段,对华北太原组石英砂岩的硅质胶结现象、形成温度、物质来源及其对储集性的影响作了研究。结果表明:太原组石英砂岩有两期硅质胶结,第二期规模大;其形成温度为130°-140℃;砂岩处于中成岩阶段晚期;硅质胶结作用是使该砂岩丧失良好储集性能的主要因素。 相似文献
14.
龙虎泡地区高台子油层成岩作用及其对储集岩孔隙演化的影响 总被引：22，自引：3，他引：19
龙虚泡地区高台子油层储集岩基本上由岩屑长石粉砂岩组成。压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用、粘土矿物的转化作用和交代作用对沉积岩 (物 )进行了改造。根据岩石的结构可以看出压实作用发育于早成岩阶段,方解石胶结物的结构和碳、氧稳定同位素组成说明方解石胶结作用发育于早成岩阶段。压实作用和方解石结作用对孔隙的减少起着决定性影响。长石和中基性火山岩岩屑的溶蚀作用使得孔隙有一定程度的增加。压实作用和胶结作用也阻止了自生石英的生长和次生孔隙带的形成。 相似文献
15.
The Middle Jurassic Khatatba Formation acts as a hydrocarbon reservoir in the subsurface in the Western Desert, Egypt. This study, which is based on core samples from two exploration boreholes, describes the lithological and diagenetic characteristics of the Khatatba Formation sandstones. The sandstones are fine‐ to coarse‐grained, moderately to well‐sorted quartz arenites, deposited in fluvial channels and in a shallow‐marine setting. Diagenetic components include mechanical and chemical compaction, cementation (calcite, clay minerals, quartz overgrowths, and a minor amount of pyrite), and dissolution of calcite cements and feldspar grains. The widespread occurrence of an early calcite cement suggests that the Khatatba sandstones lost a significant amount of primary porosity at an early stage of its diagenetic history. In addition to calcite, several different cements including kaolinite and syntaxial quartz overgrowth occur as pore‐filling and pore‐lining cements. Kaolinite (largely vermicular) fills pore spaces and causes reduction in the permeability of the reservoir. Based on framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied by or followed the development of part of the pore‐lining and pore‐filling cements. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cements and feldspar. Late kaolinite clay cement occurs due to dissolved feldspar and has an impact on the reservoir quality of the Khatatba sandstones. Open hydraulic fractures also generated significant secondary porosity in sandstone reservoirs, where both fractures and dissolution took place in multiple phases during late diagenetic stages. The diagenesis and sedimentary facies help control the reservoir quality of the Khatatba sandstones. Fluvial channel sandstones have the highest porosities and permeabilities, in part because of calcite cementation, which inhibited authigenic clays or was later dissolved, creating intergranular secondary porosity. Fluvial crevasse‐splay and marine sandstones have the lowest reservoir quality because of an abundance of depositional kaolinite matrix and pervasive, shallow‐burial calcite and quartz overgrowth cements, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Muhammad Umar Henrik Friis Abdul Salam Khan Akhtar Muhammad Kassi Aimal Khan Kasi 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2011,40(2):622-635
The Maastrichtian Pab Formation in the southern part of Pakistan is composed of fine- to very coarse-grained texturally mature quartz arenite and subordinate sublitharenite varieties. The sandstones have undergone intense and complex diagenetic episodes due to burial and uplift. Diagenetic modifications were dependent mainly on the clastic composition of sandstone, burial depth and thrust tectonics. Diagenetic events identified include compaction, precipitation of calcite, quartz, clay minerals and iron oxide/hydroxide, dissolution and alteration of unstable clastic grains as feldspar and volcaniclithic fragments as well as tectonically induced grain fracturing. The unstable clastic grains like feldspar and lithic volcanic fragments suffered considerable alteration to kaolinite and chlorite. Dissolution and alteration of feldspar and volcanic lithic fragments and pressure solution were the main sources of quartz cements. Mechanical compaction and authigenic cements like calcite, quartz and iron oxide/hydroxide reduced the primary porosity, whereas dissolution of clastic grains and cements has produced secondary porosity. Chlorite coatings on clastic grains have prevented quartz cementation. Coarse-grained, thick bedded packages of fluviodeltaic, shelf delta lobe and submarine channels facies have higher average porosity than fine-grained, thin bedded and bioturbated sandstone of deeper shelf and abyssal plain environments and these facies are concluded to be possible future hydrocarbon prospects. 相似文献
17.
南阳凹陷下第三系核桃园组砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物及其成因的初步探讨 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文主要阐述了南阳凹陷核桃园组砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的矿物成份、产状及分布特征.研究表明,核桃园组中碳酸盐胶结物的成分、含量和分布明显受沉积相和成岩作用的控制.碳酸盐胶结物的形成是砂泥岩系统相互作用的结果.泥岩压实及粘土矿物的成岩转化提供了其主要的物质来源.这种认识为砂岩储层的评价提供了重要的依据. 相似文献
18.
Summary ¶Mineral grains unidentifiable by means of cathodoluminescence (CL) and/or polarizing microscopy (including non-luminescent or opaque minerals) can be readily identified with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, attached to the CL equipment. Chemical identification is possible of mineral grains (ten to a few tens of microns) that are even smaller than the electron beam area, by using index elements if the unknown mineral analyzed is surrounded by grains of simple or known chemical composition (e.g. minute areas of carbonate cement surrounded by quartz or clay minerals; clay cements surrounded by quartz or carbonate) and simultaneous with CL microscopy.Results are presented of Cambrian, Carboniferous and Jurassic sandstones from Sweden and Germany. Transparent and opaque minerals, i.a. feldspars, luminescent and non-luminescent carbonate minerals as well as luminescent and non-luminescent clay minerals were identified in thin sections. The analytical procedure described here is especially helpful when rapid petrographic analysis has to be carried out of samples with complex composition, of which the petrographer had no previous experience. 相似文献
19.
黄土在压力作用下受水浸湿后,其特有的孔隙体系内颗粒间胶结作用的丧失而导致颗粒发生相对滑动所产生的变形是黄土发生湿陷的根本原因,而黄土中的胶结物以附于碎屑颗粒或团聚体等骨架颗粒表面的黏土矿物为主。黄土中有多种黏土矿物,由于各种黏土矿物的水理性质不同,对黄土湿陷性的影响亦各有不同,因此在某种程度上黏土矿物成分及其所占比例能够反映黄土的湿陷性。本文通过对延安地区不同深度黄土中的主要矿物元素进行能谱分析,建立了质量守恒方程组。把该方程组问题转化为最优化问题——线性规划标准形问题,采用数学规划问题中的单纯形法来计算矿物构成,分析了延安地区黄土中主要黏土矿物的含量,结合化学分析测试结果对该方法的可行性进行了探讨。结果表明:本方法计算精度满足要求,是一种行之有效的测定黄土中黏土矿物含量的途径,该方法最大的优势在于数据获取便捷,可实现SEM环境下的即时定点定量分析。 相似文献
20.
The Lueders Formation (mid-Permian) in Baylor County, Texas, is an intercalated suite of fluvial siliciclastic, shallow marine siliciclastic, and shallow marine carbonate strata. There are at least two generations of carbonate cements (probably originally composed of calcite) in the fluvial sandstones where fractured grains are observed. These cements represent the initial stages of caliche formation. Cementation is envisioned as a two step process. In the first step, calcite cements form from supersaturated fluids in a freshwater, vadose environment as a meniscus cement at grain contacts. Areas of cement formation are restricted to these sites because fluid distribution is restricted to these sites. Stresses generated by the growth of cements at grain contacts are transmitted through and concentrated at quartz/quartz grain point-contacts until the stress is sufficient to fracture quartz grains, even though the ultimate strength of calcite is less than that of quartz, per unit area. This process occurs too rapidly to be accommodated by pressure solution. In the second phase of cementation, cement nucleation is no longer restricted by vadose conditions. In this phase, calcite growth can no longer result in quartz grain breakage; rather, the quartz grains are dispersed in poikilotopic calcite cement. 相似文献