共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 578 毫秒
1.
针对雨型随机性所导致山洪灾害预警预报空报、漏报率过高问题,为提升山洪灾害预警精度,依据概率分布传递扩散原理,以雨型特征参数为控制条件,提出了基于参数控制的随机雨型生成法,建立了基于随机雨型的山洪灾害临界雨量计算模型及考虑决策者风险偏好的预警模式。以裴河流域为例,对不同雨型集下的临界雨量进行对比分析,并确定研究区6h临界雨量阈值空间。结果表明:雨峰位置、峰值倍比、前期土壤含水量对临界雨量的影响范围分别为32%~34%、33%~34%、15%~22%;雨型较前期影响雨量对临界雨量影响幅度更大;由雨峰位置系数和峰值倍比(r,bmax)双因子雨型集所确定的6h临界雨量阈值空间为98~185mm;考虑决策者不同风险偏好的临界雨量预警模式合理可靠,对更合理地开展山洪灾害预警工作具有指导意义。 相似文献
2.
3.
山洪灾害来势凶猛、预见期短、破坏性大,如何获得较长的预见期,最大程度减小洪灾损失十分重要。雨量预警指标也可叫临界雨量(强)就是解决山洪灾害预报、增加洪灾预见期的基础指标。通过对乡宁县地质、地貌、历史洪灾、暴雨等资料的分析整理,采用水利部规定的计算方法,结合乡宁县现状实际,确定了全县21处小流域山洪灾害防治雨量预警指标,为今后山洪灾害防治群策群防提供科学决策依据。 相似文献
4.
基于半分布式水文模型的山丘区小流域防灾对象的雨量预警指标计算方法,首先采用NAM建立小流域半分布式水文模型,结合场次暴雨洪水数据分别对模型进行率定;根据沿河居民户与河道的空间分布信息,建立洪水水面线-沿线居民户高程判定模型,定位防洪能力最薄弱的居民户,确定成灾水位,以水位流量反推法推算防灾对象的成灾流量;采用模型试算法计算临界雨量。以南高而、柳埠东两个小流域为应用实例计算其临界雨量,并采用1995～2014年的75场降雨为验证数据系列,将计算的雨量预警指标与实际灾情对应的雨量记录进行对比验证。结果表明:该方法计算的临界雨量准确率在80%以上,能较好地应用于山洪灾害预警。 相似文献
5.
山洪灾害是我国防灾减灾工作中亟待解决的突出问题,临界雨量是山洪灾害预警预报的重要指标,传统的临界雨量计算方法各有所长,对资料的要求各不相同,但对于无实测资料小流域防灾对象临界雨量计算的研究却寥寥无几(这里无实测资料指的是既没有雨量、洪峰资料也无野外断面调查资料)。鉴于此,基于支持向量机回归拟合算法(SVR),应用比拟法建立模型,对无资料小流域山洪灾害临界雨量进行推求。结果表明:(1)SVR模型具有很好的泛化性,预测精度高、误差小,结果较优;(2)利用SVR模型预估的临界雨量值与真实值偏差小,可以作为山洪灾害预警预报指标,为当地决策部门提供参考。 相似文献
6.
针对缺乏水位流量资料的山区小流域地区山洪临界雨量难以确定的问题,以四川省南江河上游流域作为研究区域,基于德国Geomer公司开发的二维非恒定流水动力模型"FloodArea ",利用流域逐时降雨资料,地形高程数据以及土地利用数据,重现南江" 6·28"山洪暴发的动态演进过程,对模拟得到的逐时淹没深度与1~24 h累积流域面雨量求相关,选取预警点淹没深度与累积面雨量的相关系数最高的时效作为预警点致灾临界雨量阈值的预报时效,通过建立预警点淹没深度与预报时效累积面雨量的回归方程,从而获取预警点不同风险等级的临界雨量阈值。结果表明：FloodArea模型能够较好地呈现出此次典型山洪的暴发过程,通过对不同地势预警点临界雨量阈值的对比,最终选取地势较低,位于河流汇口地带、风险等级较高的上两九义校作为南江河上游流域山洪风险预警点。 相似文献
7.
流域暴雨山洪过程时空异质性强,准确评估雨洪变化特性和洪水危险性对山洪灾害防治具有重要意义。以7个降雨特征指标和6个洪水特征指标刻画流域场次雨洪特性,采用中国山洪水文模型和洪水频率指标相结合,模拟和评估口前流域洪水过程及其危险性。结果表明：场次洪水洪峰模数、洪峰时间偏度、高脉冲历时占比、涨落洪速率与降雨总量、平均雨量、最大雨强、雨峰位置系数、基尼系数等降雨特征指标显著相关,三场致灾洪水过程的降雨均呈现量级大、强度大、历时短、暴雨中心偏中下游的特点;率定期和验证期的平均径流深相对误差均在9%以内,平均洪峰流量相对误差均在11%以内,平均峰现时间误差均在1.7 h以内,平均Nash-Sutcliffe系数为0.80和0.76;各场次洪水有0.0%～93.3%的河段流量达到一般危险及以上等级,三场致灾洪水过程的危险性等级最高,分别有80.0%、35.0%和1.7%的小流域河段流量达到高危险及以上等级。研究可为山区小流域暴雨洪水危险性评估、灾害响应和复盘等提供技术支撑。 相似文献
8.
9.
预警指标对流域的山洪预警有着重要的作用。主要以荣成市崂山小流域崂山大疃为例,提出了确定雨量预警指标的方法。根据不同的土壤干湿程度,基于降雨径流曲线获得降雨径流关系,采用推理公式法计算设计洪水,绘制降雨洪峰曲线;根据崂山大疃现场调查,基于曼宁公式获取水位流量关系曲线,结合成灾水位推算临界流量,根据降雨洪峰曲线,由流量反推降雨。计算结果:在Pa=40 mm的情况下,崂山大疃的3个时段的临界雨量为62 mm,75 mm,95 mm,经过"折减"处理获得的3个时段预警指标,准备转移指标为56,68,86mm,立即转移指标为68,83,105 mm。 相似文献
10.
11.
用人工降雨揭示降雨产流特征和降雨入渗规律 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过模拟降雨试验,研究了不同雨强、不同土壤剖面含水状态下降雨产流特征和降雨入渗过程,为进一步研究降雨-径流规律和平原区的水分循环规律奠定基础,为水资源的优化配置提供科学依据. 相似文献
12.
汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨型特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汶川地震后暴雨诱发的泥石流不断增加,通过收集整理降雨资料,分析汶川震区不同地域泥石流暴发的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量变化过程,揭示震区暴雨泥石流的激发雨型特征,为暴雨泥石流的预报提供科学依据。研究结果表明,汶川震区的暴雨泥石流激发雨型可分为短期突然降雨型、中期持续降雨型和长期间断降雨型3种类型,主要表现为引发泥石流的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量的不同。暴雨泥石流的形成机制体现为降雨导致流域内松散土体渗透、饱和及侵蚀移动的过程。激发雨型与激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量存在相关关系,短期突然降雨型的激发雨强最大,前期有效累计降雨量最少;中期持续降雨型的激发雨强居中,前期有效累计降雨量最多;长期间断降雨型的激发雨强最小,前期有效累计降雨量居中。对四川茂县叠溪镇新磨村突发山体高位垮塌碎屑流进行验证,初步判定是由长期间断降雨型引发岩体抗剪强度降低而引起的。对不同激发雨型特征的研究能够为汶川震区泥石流监测预警提供科学依据。 相似文献
13.
固态存储雨量器与自记雨量计对比观测资料回归分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
对DJZ05-1型固态存储雨量器与20cm口径自记雨量计对比观测的资料进行了回归分析，旨在指出各雨量站不同仪器资料比测之间的相关性，从而揭示固态存储雨量器与20cm口径自记雨量计资料两者之间相关性的换算变化规律。 相似文献
14.
15.
诱发区域性滑坡的降雨阈值 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据降雨预测区域性滑坡是防止滑坡造成人员伤亡的重要途径,其关键是确定诱发滑坡的降雨阈值。按特定地质气象条件分区整理并分析了国内不同地区诱发区域性滑坡的降雨阈值,结果表明降雨阈值与年均降雨量有较大的相关性。除西南部分地区外,我国大部分地区的预报24 h降雨量阈值为年均降雨量(MAP)的0.04~0.08倍,这是因为年均降雨量反映了地区的常规降雨水平,而只有发生非常规的降雨才会诱发滑坡,因而年均降雨量越大对应的降雨阈值越大。分析了目前国内的降雨阈值的确定过程中缺乏详尽数据和论证等问题,并指出了国内的降雨阈值不能反映短时强降雨影响的缺陷。针对国内还没有适用性更广的雨强-持时(I-D)阈值曲线的现状,尝试性地建立了鄂西地区的I-D阈值曲线I=4.0D-0.51,并在此过程中提出了确定降雨持时D开始时刻的方法。 相似文献
16.
Netra Prakash Bhandary Ranjan Kumar Dahal Manita Timilsina Ryuichi Yatabe 《Natural Hazards》2013,69(1):365-388
Landslide susceptibility assessment is a major research topic in geo-disaster management. In recent days, various landslide susceptibility and landslide hazard assessment methodologies have been introduced with diverse thoughts of assessment and validation method. Fundamentally, in landslide susceptibility zonation mapping, the susceptibility predictions are generally made in terms of likelihoods and probabilities. An overview of landslide susceptibility zoning practices in the last few years reveals that susceptibility maps have been prepared to have different accuracies and reliabilities. To address this issue, the work in this paper focuses on extreme event-based landslide susceptibility zonation mapping and its evaluation. An ideal terrain of northern Shikoku, Japan, was selected in this study for modeling and event-based landslide susceptibility mapping. Both bivariate and multivariate approaches were considered for the zonation mapping. Two event-based landslide databases were used for the susceptibility analysis, while a relatively new third event landslide database was used in validation. Different event-based susceptibility zonation maps were merged and rectified to prepare a final susceptibility zonation map, which was found to have an accuracy of more than 77 %. The multivariate approach was ascertained to yield a better prediction rate. From this study, it is understood that rectification of susceptibility zonation map is appropriate and reliable when multiple event-based landslide database is available for the same area. The analytical results lead to a significant understanding of improvement in bivariate and multivariate approaches as well as the success rate and prediction rate of the susceptibility maps. 相似文献
17.
在数字高程模型（DEM）的基础上,运用滑坡降雨阈值模型,以楚雄丁家坟一斜坡作为试验研究工点,结合现场勘察、监测数据以及斜坡岩土体主要特性、地形地貌、降雨强度与降雨持续时间、地下水位等因素,模拟斜坡单元产生潜在滑动时的临界降雨量,研究降雨对滑坡发生、分布的影响。研究结果表明：各斜坡单元产生潜在滑动时的临界降雨量各不相同,在不同的降雨量及地下水位条件下滑坡降雨阈值模型模拟的潜在滑坡位置主要位于楚勐公路下边坡处,与实际发生滑坡的位置吻合率达80%以上,滑坡降雨阈值模型可实现对斜坡稳定性进行可视化分析与预测,为降雨型滑坡提供一种有效的预测与分析方法。 相似文献
18.
19.
In order to improve the spatial uniformity of rainfall generator to natural rainfall uniformity, according to the rotation of the test platform, a rotary test platform was designed and developed, and the slip-ring was used to solve the problem of signal transmission in the process of the rotation. Besides, the relationship between rotational speed and spatial uniformity of rainfall generator was established. The results of tipping-bucket rain gauge tested in rainfall field and flow type rainfall intensity standard device testing demonstrated that rainfall generator as the rainfall accumulation and rainfall intensity of the test environment was feasible. Results showed that with the increase of the rotate speed, spatial uniformity first increased, and then decreases, and with the decrease of the test area, different speed presented different trends. When the rotational speed was 1 RPM, test area was 1.6 m×1.6 m and 1.2 m×1.2 m, its uniformity of rainfall generator reached maximum which was bigger than 95%; with the increase of the rotate speed, tipping-bucket rain gauge of RA and RI were of good consistency under the RPM 1 and RPM 2 and the RA maximum deviation reached minimum, 0.2 mm; the average of RA under flow type rainfall intensity standard device test consisted well with rotating test platform at speed RPM 1 and 2, which illustrated the rotary testing platform was consistent with the flow type rainfall intensity standard device. It showed that the method to improve the space uniformity of rainfall generator is feasible and it could find the dynamic difference of RA. 相似文献
20.
Rainfall thresholds for rainfall-induced landslides in Slovenia 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Ascanio Rosi Tina Peternel Mateja Jemec-Auflič Marko Komac Samuele Segoni Nicola Casagli 《Landslides》2016,13(6):1571-1577
In Slovenia, rainfall-induced landslides lead to considerable damages, even causing human losses. In order to reduce the impact of this kind of landslide, several researchers analyzed rainfall-induced landslides in this country, but to date, no rainfall thresholds have been developed for a landslide warning system at national scale. In this paper, the definition of rainfall thresholds for rainfall-induced landslides in Slovenia is presented. The thresholds have been calculated by collecting approximately 900 landslide data and the relative rainfall amounts, which have been collected from 41 rain gauges. To define the thresholds, an existing procedure characterized by a high degree of objectiveness has been used. This approach is based on a software that was developed for a test site with very different characteristics (Tuscany, central Italy). At first, a single national threshold has been defined; subsequently, the country was divided into four zones, on the basis of the major river basins. The effectiveness of the thresholds has been verified by the use of several statistical parameters and it resulted in quite good performances, even if with some uncertainties, probably due to the quality of the available data. Besides the setting of a threshold system, usable for civil protection purposes at national scale, an additional outcome of this work was the possibility of applying, with good results, a methodology defined for another region, therefore testing its degree of exportability in different settings. 相似文献