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1.
鉴于非饱和土的复杂性,经典的3相模型过于简单,不利于分析相间相互作用及正确定义土中应力。将非饱和土视为一种特殊结构,并细分为6相,定义了其承载结构--广义土结构,进而分析了饱和土与非饱和土的主要差异：承载结构和孔隙流体均不同。基于承载结构的共性,提出了一套定性描述土体结构特点的指标--广义结构性,其普遍适用于描述不同土的承载结构特点。结合实际现象,分析了各指标的合理性,指出湿陷的本质是广义土结构的弱化。此后,分析了两种代表性相间相互作用,揭示了中性应力的物理意义,并合理定义了吸应力,最终明确了土骨架总应力就是“有效应力”。 相似文献
2.
非饱和土粒间吸力是建立非饱和土有效应力原理和抗剪强度理论的基础前提,从各力的本质、概念、大小等不同角度出发,对目前非饱和土研究中常见的几种吸力进行了详细地对比和分析。基质吸力表示土壤吸水的趋势,强调的是土颗粒与水之间的相互作用,并非土颗粒间的相互作用,与有效应力概念的本质不符,是Bishop和Fredlund强度理论中分别存在着物理意义不明确参数x和φb的根本原因;广义吸力虽然考虑了结构吸力的作用,但仍将基质吸力作为有效应力的一部分,使原本“实用、简化”的目标更加复杂化;附加内压力将基质吸力以及表面张力的作用进行叠加,存在力作用大小上的重复,同时未考虑结构吸力的作用;张力吸力将表面张力沿两土颗粒连线方向的分量——张力吸力和基质吸力进行叠加,一是仍将基质吸力作为有效应力的一部分,二是同样未考虑结构吸力的作用;粒间吸力（湿吸力和结构吸力）考虑了因土体结构性引起的结构吸力作用,同时也考虑了气液界面上收缩膜的效应——湿吸力的作用,基于粒间吸力的非饱和土有效应力及强度理论不仅符合有效应力定义的本质,而且合理地解释了非饱和土中诸如收缩膜张力的方向性、土中应力概念的平均性、土体物理本质的唯一性、随含水率变化的连续性以及对不同类型土的适应性等众多现象。因此,从粒间吸力的角度出发来研究非饱和土的有效应力原理是正确、可行的。 相似文献
3.
根据理想模型中土颗粒和孔隙水之间的几何关系、热力学原理和土力学基本理论,研究了土的非饱和性在非饱和土中引起的力系。给出了张力吸力和吸力比的定义,并在考虑基质吸力作用面积的基础上定义了等效吸力的概念。按照孔隙水弯液面是否与土颗粒表面搭接,将非饱和土分为搭接非饱和土和不搭接非饱和土两类。进而根据搭接状态将搭接非饱和土细分为水封闭非饱和土和搭接双开敞非饱和土,根据孔隙气状态将不搭接非饱和土细分为不搭接双开敞非饱和土和气封闭非饱和土。在搭接非饱和土中,出现张力吸力并对土体的强度产生增强作用;在不搭接非饱和土中,表面张力只是沿着液面传播,不对土的强度产生效应。另外,张力吸力只对强度问题有贡献,它不是渗流问题的驱动力。 相似文献
4.
综述了非饱和土有效应力的沿革,并就非饱和土有效应力的研究和发展中存在的问题进行了讨论。基于多相孔隙介质理论推导得到的变形功的表达式,提出了非饱和土广义有效应力原理。该原理认为,由非饱和土中的单应力变量的有效应力或双应力变量理论很难唯一地确定非饱和土的变形和强度。广义有效应力原理实质上就是要综合考虑影响非饱和土变形和强度的三种广义应力以及与其对偶的广义变形,给出考虑因素更为全面、理论基础更为坚实的广义有效应力原理。它为非饱和土基本性质的研究和本构方程的建立奠定了坚实而科学的理论基础。 相似文献
5.
There exist many structures founded on unsaturated soil deposits. Shear strength augmentation due to the evolution of the matric suction within the unsaturated porous media enhances the bearing capacity of the overlying foundation. This paper presents the evaluation of the pseudo-static seismic bearing capacity of the shallow foundations resting on unsaturated soil deposits using limit equilibrium method. Adopting the Coulomb failure mechanism and Bishop effective stress concept, the bearing capacity equations are solved. The distribution of the matric suction beneath the footing is assumed to be linear. The results of the bearing capacity evaluation are validated against some experimental data found in literature for the static condition. For the seismic loading consideration, the pseudo-static method is utilized. The dual effect of the earthquake acceleration vertical component is thoroughly discussed and a suction transition point is introduced in which the minimum bearing capacity is observed to bear the same value for both upward and downward directions. The increase in the matric suction throughout the soil deposit leads to the increase in the soil shear strength, thus posing more resisting forces as well as higher ultimate bearing capacity. The offered solution is deemed a consistent and useful tool for the accurate prediction of the seismic bearing capacity of shallow footings resting on unsaturated soil deposits. 相似文献
6.
分析筒型基础沉贯作用的土层,利用 流动理论各项同性硬化原理,研究海积软土颗粒本构关系,结合离散元方法计算土体体应变,并将其引入海积软土的物性参数动态计算模型。根据筒型基础沉贯特征,结合体应变以及物性参数动态模型,由有效应力原理和瞬时质量守恒原理分别确定应力和渗流方程,并给出上述模型的定解条件。建立了新的流固耦合渗流的数学模型,求解筒型基础沉贯渗流场分布。 相似文献
7.
The stress–dilatancy relation is of critical importance for constitutive modelling of geomaterial. A novel fractional-order stress–dilatancy equation had been developed for granular soil, where a nonlinear stress–dilatancy response was always predicted. However, it was experimentally observed that after a certain extent of shearing, an almost linear response between the stress ratio and the dilatancy ratio, rather than the nonlinear response, usually existed. To capture such stress–dilatancy behaviour, a new fractional stress–dilatancy model is developed in this study, where an apparent linear response of the stress–dilatancy behaviour of soil after sufficient shearing is obtained via analytical solution. As the fractional order varies, the derived stress–dilatancy curve and the associated phase transformation state stress ratio keep changing. But, unlike existing researches, no other specific parameters, except the parameter related to fractional order, concerning such shift are required. Then, the developed stress–dilatancy model is applied to constitutive modelling of granular soil and soil–structure interface, for further validation. A series of test results of different granular soils and soil–structure interfaces under different loading conditions are simulated and compared, where a good model performance is observed. 相似文献
8.
非饱和土强度理论的研究是非饱和土力学的核心问题。目前公认的非饱和土强度理论是Bishop的单变量理论和Fredlund的双变量理论,二者都引入了基质吸力这一应力参数,只是前者将其归到有效应力中,后者作为独立变量。要得到这两个公式中相关参数需利用控制基质吸力的非饱和土三轴仪或直剪仪测定,控制基质吸力是通过同步增加气压和孔隙水压力保持吸力不变实现的,即所谓的轴平移技术,该项技术一直面临测试周期长的困难和合理性的质疑。鉴于此,本文采用不同含水率的常规三轴CU试验,测定了有效稳态强度参数,得出了吸应力和体积含水率的关系曲线,非饱和强度直接用吸应力函数表达,该强度公式回避了测定基质吸力的问题,便于在工程实际中推广。为了进一步和Bishop及Fredlund的强度公式进行对比,又用张力计测定了同一试样的水土特征曲线,获得了其强度参数。理论上,这3种强度理论对机理的解释不同,但在数学上可以互相转化。从工程应用的角度,基于吸应力的抗剪强度更便于工程应用。 相似文献
9.
为了模拟实际工程中黄土在不排水条件下的破坏,在控制含水率不变条件下,利用非饱和土真三轴仪对不同初始吸力非饱和原状黄土进行了等向固结试验和不同中主应力参数b值的剪切试验,研究了非饱和原状黄土的力学特性。研究结果表明：真三轴等向压缩屈服应力随着初始吸力的增大而增大,吸力随着净平均应力的增大而减小,净平均应力对吸力的影响程度随着初始吸力的增大而增大。不同 值条件下,广义剪应力和净平均应力破坏状态线近似呈平行直线关系,广义剪应力和有效净平均球应力试验点可归一为饱和土的排水剪切破坏状态线;剪切破坏时吸力随着b值的增大基本呈线性增大趋势;孔隙比和净平均应力对数临界状态线近似呈线性平行关系,其斜率比饱和土大,且大于等向压缩屈服前的斜率;非饱和土孔隙比和有效净平均球应力对数临界状态线与饱和土的临界状态线近似呈线性平行关系;不同净围压条件下,不同 值非饱和土与饱和土的破坏状态孔隙比的比值与气体饱和度的试验点分布于1.0～1.2的直线带内,但同一净有效球应力条件下可以归一为一条非线性曲线。 相似文献
10.
In the effective stress equation for unsaturated soils proposed by Bishop, shear strength in these soils depends on the effective stress parameter, χ, a function of soil suction [1]. To estimate the shear strength of unsaturated soils, one must already know this parameter and its variation with soil suction. Though theories on the shear strength of unsaturated soils are consistent with experimental measurements, estimating the effective stress parameter directly from tedious laboratory tests is impractical. Thus, researchers have performed numerous intensive studies to effectively obtain the unsaturated shear strength using simplified empirical methods.This paper shows an adaptive learning neural network method for predicting this parameter, χ. The proposed network is a multilayer perceptron network with six neurons in the input layer representing the air entry value, the volumetric water content at residual and saturated conditions, the slope of soil water characteristic curve, the net confining stress and suction. The available literature uses a database prepared from triaxial shear test results to train and test the network. The results show the suitability of the proposed approach for estimating the effective stress parameter. Network analysis indicates that the χ-parameter depends strongly on the net mean stress. 相似文献
11.
非饱和土应力状态是采用有效应力( –ua)和基质吸力(ua–uw)作为应力状态变量,相应的Mohr-Coulomb破坏包面是在有效应力、基质吸力和剪应力的三维坐标系中的曲面（通常在应用中假定为平面）。根据应变等效性原理定义损伤变量,由非饱和土给出损伤变量与偏应力的曲线,并得到非饱和土的损伤阈值与基质吸力呈指数函数关系。采用一非饱和土土坡开挖过程的算例,说明基于损伤演化描述的稳定性数值分析方法可行。 相似文献
12.
At the present time, it is very common in practice to utilize Mohr-Coulomb model to simulate the soil behaviour in the application of soil-pipeline interaction problems. However, the traditional Mohr-Coulomb model is unable to predict the realistic loading that can apply on buried pipes during large ground deformation. Especially, the linear elastic-perfectly plastic Mohr-Coulomb model is not capable of simulating the unsaturated soil loading which can result larger than anticipated loading due to suction induced additional normal force between the soil particles. A user defined unsaturated modified Mohr-Coulomb model is developed within a generalized effective stress framework considering suction hardening effects to capture the realistic loading induced by unsaturated soil medium. Firstly, the model has been developed considering microscopic and macroscopic suction hardening mechanisms, and was implemented into a commercial finite element program associated with user subroutine written in FORTAN. Then the model was validated through a series of unsaturated triaxial compression tests conducted on the basis of different sand types having various initial conditions. Finally, the model has been applied to simulate the behaviour of pipelines subjected to lateral soil loading in unsaturated soils. The results revealed that the modified Mohr-Coulomb model has reasonable predictions when compared to the load-displacement response of pipes obtained from two large scale testing programs. The developed model can be used to predict the increased strength and stiffness associated with soil suction that increases lateral loads on pipelines, and thus has widespread relevance for simulating the pipeline response in unsaturated soils under externally imposed ground movement. 相似文献
13.
The site characterization of unsaturated soils is well stablished based on laboratory tests, which are expensive and time-consuming. In-situ testing methods, such as the flat dilatometer test (DMT), are an alternative to the traditional approach of drilling, sampling, and laboratory testing. The literature on DMT interpretation is well established on saturated and well-behaved soils. Only few studies deal with DMT interpretation in unusual soils, and little is known about the influence of soil suction on this test. This paper presents and discusses the influence of soil suction on four DMT campaigns carried out in an unsaturated tropical soil site, also incorporating the soil suction influence on the DMT interpretation. Soil suction was estimated by the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) and water content profiles. The water content profiles range from 11.3 to 19.7% which corresponds to a suction range estimated by SWCCs mostly between 6 and 200 kPa. Soil suction significantly influenced DMT data up to 5 m depth at the studied site (the unsaturated active zone) increasing the intermediate DMT parameters. The average horizontal stress index (KD) was equal to about 1.7 and the average dilatometer modulus (ED) was about 4.7 MPa in the active zone and practically doubled their values due to in situ soil suction. The estimated peak friction angle (?) was 20–30% higher due to soil suction influence on DMT assuming the soil behaves as a sand like material. Soil suction must be considered to assess the behavior of the investigated soil by the DMT. The suction influence should be incorporated in the effective stress and this approach considerably improved the site characterization of the studied site. 相似文献
14.
有效应力原理奠定了土力学的基础,具有十分重要的地位,而学术界对有效应力原理的推导过程争论较多。为揭示有效应力原理所蕴含的物理力学本质,阐明基本概念、澄清认识上的误区,以饱和土体为研究对象,通过“充分浮力作用”的概念,从一个新的角度推导了土体在自重和外载作用下有效应力原理公式的得出过程,分析了“忽略颗粒接触面积从而推得有效应力原理公式”这一公认方法的不妥之处;根据有效应力原理的本质,提出了一个关于饱和岩石、混凝土有效应力原理的简明修正方法,通过该修正方法得出的有效应力公式与前人的研究成果有较好的吻合。 相似文献
15.
为了探索土水吸附特征对非饱和土力学特性的影响,根据赋存环境把土中水分为储存在毛细管内液面张力吸纳作用占主导的自由水和包裹在土颗粒周围基质静电吸着作用占主导的吸附水。通过把土颗粒基质与吸附水一起共同视为非饱和土骨架相,自由水视为液相、土中气视为气相,获得了考虑吸附水的非饱和土功表达式。根据热力学耗散理论,利用功表达式和局部热力学平衡假定,获得非饱和土在绝热变形过程中的熵流和熵产。基于热力学吸附平衡理论获得土中吸附水的吸附方程,进而提出具有实用性的吸附水土-水特征曲线。利用熵产表达式中的热力学共轭量和耗散空间的Drucker 塑性公设,采用纯简化有效应力和有效吸力这一对双应力变量,建立了考虑吸附水的土水完全耦合的非饱和土弹塑性理论框架,据此获得采用净应力和吸力表示的弹塑性柔度矩阵,用于采用上述本构理论建模时理论模型与土工试验成果之间直接相互验证。 相似文献
16.
非饱和土强度参数的确定是其能够用于工程实际的关键。目前公认的非饱和土强度理论有Bishop的单变量理论、Fredlund的双变量理论以及Lu Ning的吸应力强度理论。其中吸应力强度理论基于吸应力特征曲线,可直接由常规三轴试验得出,回避了测定基质吸力的问题,便于在工程实际中推广。本文通过不同含水率的三轴CD试验,测得陕西泾阳原状Q 2（L 5）黄土的有效强度参数。结果表明,该黄土不同含水率的有效内摩擦角基本接近;有效黏聚力随含水率的增大呈指数递减,当含水率超过塑限时,黏聚力趋于定值。根据有效黏聚力和吸应力的关系,可以获得吸应力和含水率的关系,即吸应力特征曲线,并通过拟合得出吸应力函数,以及非饱和土强度表达式。 相似文献
17.
目前主动土压力计算方法多仅针对土体处于饱和或干燥状态,忽略了其从非饱和到局部饱和,或饱和到非饱和的渐变过程,进而导致计算结果失真。鉴于此,首先开展了一系列刚性挡墙非饱和砂土主动土压力模型试验,揭示了墙后土体的破坏规律：（1）墙后土体顶部出现了近似竖直裂缝,且其发展深度随墙面粗糙度和含水率的增加而变大;（2）墙土界面摩擦对塑性区形状影响较小,且在挡墙移动过程中,墙后土体塑性区形状始终近似保持为平面。在试验基础上,引入广义有效应力原理,基于极限平衡分析建立了考虑吸应力效应的非饱和土主动土压力计算方法,理论与试验实测值表明,所提方法相比其他方法,更接近于试验值。分析了各主要因素对非饱和土压力分布规律的影响,结果表明：主动土压力随有效内摩擦角值增加而减少,而界面摩擦角对其分布影响较小;相比于无吸力情况,考虑吸力时主动土压力更小;随着进气值增加,吸应力对主动土压力的贡献减少,最终趋于恒定。 相似文献
18.
在非饱和土本构模型研究中,所选取的变量是否是非饱和土合适的应力变量往往被研究人员所忽视,这会阻碍本构模型的进一步发展。从土体的微观结构、能量守衡及力学平衡这3方面对非饱和土应力变量进行研究,以此提出了非饱和土应力变量选取应遵循的3个原则,强调指出非饱和土应力变量与应力状态变量的区别,并对本构模型研究中常用的应力变量进行分析,发现基质吸力、净法向应力并非为非饱和土应力变量,而有效应力和吸应力为其应力变量。建议使用有效应力来建立本构关系,其除了能满足文中提出的选取原则外,还能与饱和土理论之间有很好的过渡。文中的非饱和土应力变量选取原则还不成熟,但其重要性不容忽视,该研究还有待进一步补充和完善。 相似文献
19.
以动力固结理论和瞬态动力学理论为基础,将有效应力物态动本构关系引入到以动力反应与动力固结相耦合、静应力与动应力变化相耦合、孔压的产生、扩散和消散相耦合的动力三维瞬态动力学基本方程组中,形成了饱和土体有效应力物态地震反应分析的完整理论体系。利用有限元法对饱和路基进行了瞬态地震反应分析,较好地反映了土体在震动过程中剪
胀、剪缩的实际性态,比以往引进孔压模型和静-动交替分析计算更为合理。 相似文献
20.
季节冻土区特殊的温湿环境造成盐渍土累积变形是导致众多工程问题的主要原因,但其变形破坏机理尚不十分明确。通过配制不同含盐量的粉土开展冻融循环试验,研究试验过程中温度、未冻水含量、孔隙水压力、基质吸力和位移的变化规律。结果表明：孔隙水压力和基质吸力对土体温度敏感,对土体变形有重要影响。类比于非饱和土有效应力原理,给出了冻结盐渍土的有效应力方程,将土体变形分为温度应变、盐胀、冻胀、溶陷、融沉和残余应变,很好地解释了冻结盐渍土的变形机理。研究了含盐量对土体变形的影响程度,发现低含盐量时土体应变以冻胀和融沉为主;随着含盐量的增加,盐胀和溶陷的贡献越来越大;而含盐量为1%时土体变形最小,表明适当控制含盐量可有效抑制土体变形。 相似文献
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