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Edward P. Laine 《Quaternary Research》1980,14(2):188-198
Interpretation of Deep Sea Drilling Project results and air-gun seismic profiles suggests that about 106 km3 of sediment have been eroded from eastern North America and southern Greenland and deposited in the adjacent North Atlantic since the beginning of continental glaciation. This volume is a minimum estimate which does not account for sediment beneath the continental shelf nor that portion carried south of the Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge by the Western Boundary Undercurrent. It represents erosion of about 100 m of solid rock and indicates that more than 90% of the sediment eroded from these areas was deposited as sands, silts, and clays in the adjacent western North Atlantic. Glaciation accounts for between 55 and 95 m of this average 100 m, and fluvial processes account for the remainder. The documented erosion in part substantiates W. A. White's (1972, Geological Society of America Bulletin83, 1037–1056) hypothesis of deep erosion and exhumation of shield regions, but is not in agreement with the entire volume of erosion implied by his model. 相似文献
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HAKUYU OKADA 《Sedimentology》1966,7(3):211-232
In contrast with the commonly accepted notion regarding ancient turbidites, non-greywacke sandstones are not uncommon in the typically graded turbidite facies of the Cambrian and Silurian sediments in north Wales. The sandstones are the arkosic and lithic types of PETTIJOHN (1957) or the feldspathic and lithic arenites of GILBERT (1954) and occur at the bottom of graded beds when the grain size tends to be above medium grade. Petrological features suggest that debris forming the sandstones in north Wales was not significantly modified during transportation and original provenance characters are well preserved. The occurrence of such sandstones implies that: (1) the current concept of ancient graded greywackes in the turbidite facies should be revised; (2) non-greywacke sandstones in ancient turbidites are comparable in petrological features to recent deep-sea sands; (3) these sandstones are important in connection with the origin of the clay matrix in greywacke. 相似文献
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层序地层体制中的陆相储层发育规律 总被引：46，自引：0，他引：46
沉积基准面旋回变化控制着陆相层序地层的形成与演化 ,并为预测陆相储层的发育与展布提供了一个参照格架。在纵向上 ,基准面旋回通过控制物源区的扩大与收缩、河流地貌的改造与变迁、沉积物的供给型式等 ,控制着储层形成条件与发育规律。基准面低位期是形成各类储集砂体和岩性圈闭的有利时期 ;在平面展布上 ,储层沉积作用受到古构造和古地理格局的制约 ,盆地内局部高地影响着水系的具体分布格局 ,古山口、侵蚀沟谷、古河道等决定着物源的搬运通道 ,古断层、古斜坡和坡折带等决定着沉积物卸载场所。因此 ,沟谷、河道等负向地貌单元与古断层、坡折带等地势梯度变化带相匹配的地理空间 ,是储集岩分布的有利所场。 相似文献
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库鲁克塔格地区在西北地层区划上属塔里木地层区的库鲁克塔格地层分区。其沉积特点受塔里木盆地的影响，但是又不同于塔里木盆地，区内研究程度低。依据野外露头资料，本地区奥陶系南北分区明显，北区岩性为碳酸盐岩建造，生物以三叶虫、头足类、腕足类及珊瑚等浅海生物为主；南区岩性为复理石建造，生物以深海相笔石为主。从岩性、古生物、沉积构造、沉积序列、指相矿物等沉积特征可以看出，本地区奥陶纪古地貌具南低北高的特点。本地区奥陶系发育台地海相、广海陆棚相、盆地边缘斜坡相、深海盆地相、半深海相和浅海相等类型。依据各时期沉积相及其展布特征，总结出４种沉积相模式，即①台地海-广海陆棚沉积相模式；②盆地边缘海陆棚-深海盆地沉积相模式；③海陆过渡-浅海沉积相模式；④冲积扇-三角洲沉积相模式。本次研究对鲁克塔格地库区进一步的研究及找油工作打下了理论基础。 相似文献
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Tectonic versus chemical-weathering controls on the composition of fluvial sands in tropical environments 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
MARK J. JOHNSSON 《Sedimentology》1990,37(4):713-726
The compositions of fluvial sands collected in mountainous regions along the volcanic front in Central America and along the Andean front in Venezuela and Colombia correlate with the tectonic setting of their source terrains. The sands derived from the Central American volcanic arc are compositionally distinct from those derived from the Andean terrains, and minor variations in tectonic style can also be discriminated. Subtle differences in tectonic setting and source rock composition are recognizable only when modification by chemical weathering is slight; they are strongest in sands from low-order streams draining mountainous areas with modest alluvial-plain development. Sands that have been exposed to weathering for extended periods during alluvial storage are progressively enriched in chemically stable phases. With increased weathering, sands from continental terrains converge toward a supermature quartz arenite end member, and the imprint left by source rock composition and tectonic setting is obscured. In intraoceanic terrains, a similar but much less pronounced enrichment in stable phases relative to less-stable phases is observed, similarly overprinting the tectonic signal. Although detailed tectonic information is easily lost, sands derived from intraoceanic terrains are distinguishable from those derived from continental terrains even after long exposure to intense chemical-weathering conditions. 相似文献
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Detrital modes of recent deep-sea sands and their relation to tectonic setting: a first approximation 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Complete petrographic analyses of modern deep-sea sands are surprisingly rare, but are needed if problems such as the influence of tectonics on petrology, or changes in petrology due to diagenesis, are to be understood in ancient sandstones. This paper is a first attempt, using data from our own study of 80 sands plus data from the literature, to establish a baseline for modern deep-sea sands with which ancient sandstones can be compared. We assigned sands to five plate-tectonic categories, each of which has a distinct average petrologic composition: (1) basins associated with trailing-edge continental margins, Q62F26L12; (2) with leading-edge continental margins, either subduction, Q16F53L31, or (3) strike-slip, Q34F39L27; (4) back-arc basins, Q20F29L51; (5) fore-arc basins, Q8F17L75. The amount and type of lithic fragments and the type of feldspar are particularly important discriminators, the amount of quartz less so. Trailing-edge and fore-arc basins have quite distinctive compositions, but back-arc basins and basins near the two types of leading-edge margins show some overlap, and thus may be hard to differentiate in ancient sandstones. 相似文献
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The structure of anomalously uplifted areas in transverse ridges of the Vema, S o Paulo, and Romanche fracture zones is considered. It is concluded that their formation and eventual development in the present-day structure of the central Atlantic bottom proceeded during two stages. The first stage that corresponds to a short period at the Tortonian-Messinian transition (10 Ma ago) was marked by transportation of deep-seated rocks into the upper part of the lithosphere along thrust faults with mass motion in the meridional direction along the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The second stage was characterized by contrasting highamplitude vertical movements from 10 to 3 Ma ago. It is suggested that near-meridional compression in the domains surrounding the Western Tethys in the Tortonian-Messinian resulted in deformation of the upper lithosphere within large transform fracture zones of the central Atlantic. The deformation that occurred 10 Ma ago was a manifestation of the global neotectonic epoch of the Earth. 相似文献
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GERALD M. FRIEDMAN 《Sedimentology》1979,26(1):3-32
This address reminisces and reflects on a subject in which I have been involved for more than twenty years: the effect of depositional processes on various parameters of the size-frequency distribution of sands. Movements of air and water generally separate particles by their sizes; the distribution of sizes relates to (1) the availability of different sizes of particles in a parent material, (2) processes operating where the sediments are deposited, particularly the competency of flow, and (3) concentrations of particles in suspension. Differences in size-frequency distributions among sands correlate with various origins, that is with their terminal depositional environments. Reminiscences in this address express my personal experience, both its up and downs, in advocating the study of this relationship, particularly in applying the method of moments on the basis of the concept that one statistical function expresses the characteristics of the population of particles. This address re-emphasizes some points made in previous studies (Friedman, 1961, 1962b, 1967) on the interrelationship between textural parameters and depositional processes for beach, dune, and river sands and then complements and supplements data which have not been presented before. These new data are grouped on scatter plots for sands of various origins. Finally, this address displays on maps regional trends of process-induced changes in size distributions of populations of particles in sands of four different settings: (1) a beach-dune setting, as exemplified by Padre Island, Texas, on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico; (2) a point-bar setting in the Arkansas River of Oklahoma; (3) a continental shelf-slope setting in the Gulf of Mexico off Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama; and (4) a continental shelf setting of the western Atlantic Ocean off New Jersey. This address concludes with the observation that the distribution of particles in sands will be influenced by the conditions that determine what happens in the depositional environment, hence statistical parameters that define the size-frequency distribution may be related to formative process. 相似文献
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Hans-Petter Sejrup Hans Holtedahl Olav Norvik Ivar Miljeteig 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1980,9(3):203-207
A method is presented for correlating benthonic foraminiferal communities in Late Quaternary marine sediments on continental shelves and in coastal areas with the planktonic foraminiferal stratigraphy of the North Atlantic and Norwegian Sea deep-sea sediments. 相似文献
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中条山北段元古宙岩浆活动与陆壳生长机制 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
中条山北段元古宙未变质和变质的火成岩分属于３大阶段５期岩浆活动的产物。综合分析本区火成岩的岩石学、地球化学特征和沉积相与变质变形作用的关系后提出，中条山北段元古宙时期不是大陆裂谷，而是古大陆边缘活动带。中基性岩浆活动是该区元古宙地壳演化的重要组成部分，幔源基性岩浆的底侵导致了陆壳的垂向增生，而两期火山活动则导致了陆壳的水平侧向增生。 相似文献
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立沙油品储运项目输油管道东江穿越工程,管道穿越水平距离为1085m。穿越地层主要为不同风化程度的花岗岩及砂层等复杂地层,其中穿越最硬岩石单轴饱和抗压强度达到36．7MPa,采用大型非开挖水平定向钻机进行施工。简述了施工测量及确定方位角、钻导向孔、扩孔及管道回拖等主要施工过程。通过采用加设直径300mm导向套管、布置人工磁场等施工措施,有效地保证了穿越轨迹与设计曲线重合;存泥浆中添加堵漏剂等外加剂,防止泥浆从岩石裂隙巾流失;在施工至砂层时增加泥浆粘度及添加润滑剂等措施防止塌孔．同时减小扩孔及回拖阻力：采用开挖发送沟并在沟内灌水,使管道存孔内保持悬浮状态等措施以减少管道的摩擦阻力,确保管道顺利回拖。 相似文献
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鄂尔多斯地块南缘地应力测量研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
利用水压致裂法得到的地应力测试数据对鄂尔多斯地块南缘地壳浅部地应力分布规律及断层活动性进行研究。结果表明:（1）两个水平主应力随深度线性增长,应力梯度分别为0.032和0.021,在测量深度域内水平和垂直应力的关系为SH > Sh > SV,该应力状态有利于断层发生逆断层活动,与1556年华山大地震的发震正断层的性质不同;（2）研究区的最大水平主应力方向为北南-北北西向,与区域速度矢量场方向一致,与其他资料解译的区域构造应力方向有一些差异,主要是受鄂尔多斯地块周缘断层活动的影响;（3）利用Mohr-Coulomb准则及Byerlee定律,摩擦系数取0.6~1.0,对研究区的地应力状态进行分析,发现鄂尔多斯地块南缘的测点未达到或超过地壳破裂极限状态,不存在断层失稳或地震等其他形式的地壳活动,处于较稳定地壳应力状态;（4）实测数据为该区补充了新的地应力测量资料,研究结果为该区工程设计及建设、构造应力场数值模拟提供了边界条件,对于该区地质灾害评价、地壳稳定性以及大陆动力学的研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
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地壳早期演化研究的主题是探讨早期大陆形成、生长和再循环的地质过程及其地球化学和地球物理模式。由于陆上古老岩石分布极为有限,围绕着陆壳生长速率的争论持续了30多年。地球化学家基于陆壳从地幔萃取而成并导致被萃取后的地幔在地球化学上产生亏损的认识,提出了许多重要的大陆形成、生长、再循环模式。近年来发展起来的高精度MC ICPMS分析技术,使单颗粒锆石Lu Hf同位素系统分析为评价早期地壳演化提供了更多的信息和更为可靠的证据。不同大陆早前寒武纪地壳及地幔地球物理和地球化学状态研究表明,陆壳再循环作用、壳—幔以及壳内（如古老的地壳重熔作用及其与相对较新的地壳发生广泛的混合作用）相互作用是早期大陆演化的重要地质过程。 相似文献
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Colm
Cofaigh Justin Taylor Julian A. Dowdeswell Carol J. Pudsey 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2003,32(1):37-55
The classical model of trough mouth fan (TMF) formation was developed in the Polar North Atlantic to explain large submarine fans situated in front of bathymetric troughs that extend across continental shelves to the shelf break. This model emphasizes the delivery of large volumes of subglacial sediment to the termini of ice streams flowing along troughs, and subsequent re‐deposition of this glacigenic sediment down the continental slope via debris‐flow processes. However, there is considerable variation in terms of the morphology and large‐scale sediment architecture of continental slopes in front of palaeo‐ice streams. This variability reflects differences in slope gradient, the relative contributions of meltwater sedimentation compared with debris‐flow deposition, and sediment supply/geology of the adjacent continental shelf. TMF development is favoured under conditions of a low (<1°) slope gradient; a passive‐margin tectonic setting; abundant, readily erodible sediments on the continental shelf ‐ and thus associated high rates of sediment delivery to the shelf edge; and a wide continental shelf. The absence of large sediment fans on continental slopes in front of cross‐shelf troughs should not, however, be taken to indicate the former absence of palaeo‐ice streams in the geological record. 相似文献
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太平洋西部深海沉积物中有机质、氮、磷的初步研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本文通过对太平洋西部(南纬2°-8°,东径170°-173°20')水深在3800-5200米7个站位柱状样中有机质、氮、磷的含量分析,并与沉积物中粒度、微古、底栖生物、矿物资料的对比研究,指出了太平洋西部深海沉积物中有机质、氮、磷的分布规律,控制因素及地球化学特征。资料研究表明:有机质、氮主要来自海水的化学作用及生物作用的沉淀物,而磷同时又有火山喷发时颗粒无机磷的加入;有机质、氮的含量分布与沉积物类型密切有关,在某种程度上,对太平洋西部的沉积环境起了标志作用。 相似文献
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J. BARRY MAYNARD 《Sedimentology》1984,31(4):493-501
Microprobe analysis of plagioclase in deep-sea sands from various tectonic settings gives averages ranging from 19% An for trailing-edge continental margins to 56% An for basins on the ocean side of an island arc. For each setting except island arcs, anomalously high amounts of pure albite are found. These albitic grains may be recycled from pre-existing sedimentary rocks. Potassium-rich plagioclase, thought to be indicative of a volcanic provenance, is less abundant than would be expected from the proportion of volcanic rock fragments. Perhaps such high-K plagioclases are less resistant to weathering than low-K plagioclase. 相似文献