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1.
Haakon Lein 《GeoJournal》2004,61(2):155-162
The furrow irrigation systems of Kilimanjaro were first described by European explorers coming to the area by the end of the
19th century. Although being impressed, the German and later the British colonial powers soon came to see the system as wasteful
and in need of improvement. Despite several attempts to control water use among the ‘natives’ in the highlands, the furrow
system has remained fairly intact and still plays a key role in the local farming systems.
However, the utilisation of available water resources is still a highly controversial political issue and in this paper three
major challenges to traditional water use are discussed: (i) hydropower development, (ii) construction of large-scale irrigation
projects, and (iii) implementation of economic and institutional reforms. All this has led to renewed and intensified conflicts
over the use of water on Kilimanjaro as well as in the Pangani river.
At one level, the situation can be described as a conflict over access to a scarce resource. However, beyond this perception,
the controversies over water are also based on more fundamental ideological conflicts and competing ways of thinking about
both development and water management.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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地热水资源开发与环境保护 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
作为巨大的清洁能源,地热水资源已被大量开发及利用。但是清洁能源并不清洁,其由地下深处带到地表的一些化学物质等对地面环境势必造成严重的负面影响即危害。在介绍了地热水资源概况及开发利用现状基础上,对地热水资源开发及利用所带来的环境及环境地质问题进行了简单的介绍,特别是地面沉降、热污染及地热水资源衰减等,并分析了这些环境地质问题产生的机理。对地热水资源开发利用中存在的问题做了简要总结,并为地热水资源的合理开发、科学利用及可持续发展提出加强勘查评价工作,提高利用效率等五余个建议和对策。 相似文献
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通过分析云的含水量表明:①全球的云中含水量约为90×109t,与大气中气体状态的水汽比,不足其1%,在计算大气总含水量时可以忽略;②积雨云含水分丰富,但是计算显示它持有的水分也少于3mm。③由于云的含水量很小,而每年有1000mm的雨雪从云中降落,所以云中的水分循环很快,从成云到致雨(雪)不足2h。 相似文献
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阐述了水价确定与调水工程良性运行的关系,通过对不同水价制定方法的经济学分析,论述了长期边际成本定价对调水资源优化配置的有效性,提出了南水北调工程水价制定原则:以长期边际成本定价思想为指导,实现容量水价与计量水价相结合,以动态调整和价格歧视为辅助措施的水价机制;适当提升南水北调水价,确保受水区水价和水源结构的平稳过渡。 相似文献
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K. S. Parmar R. Bhardwaj 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2013,10(1):151-164
Statistical analysis of water quality parameters were analyzed at Harike Lake on the confluence of Beas and Sutlej rivers of Punjab (India). Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, kurtosis, skewness, coefficient of variation, regression lines, correlation coefficient, Hurst exponent, fractal dimension and predictability index were estimated for each water parameter. Monthly variation of water quality index using month-wise and parameter-wise value of quality rating and actual value present in water sample was calculated and compared with World Health Organization/Environmental Protection Agency standard value of these parameters. It was observed that Brownian time series behavior exists of potential of hydrogen with total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride and conductance parameters; biochemical oxygen demand with total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, conductance and calcium parameters; dissolved oxygen with total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, conductance and calcium parameters; ferrous with total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, sulfate, conductance and calcium parameters; chromium with total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, conductance and zinc parameters; zinc with total dissolved solids, hardness, sulfate, chloride, conductance and calcium parameters; fluoride with total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride and conductance parameters; nitrate with total dissolved solids, sulfate and conductance parameters; nitrite with potential of hydrogen, total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, sulfate, chloride, conductance and calcium parameters. Also, using water quality index, it was observed that water of the lake was severely contaminated and became unfit for drinking and industrial use. 相似文献
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南水北调中线工程供水后对河南省受水区浅层地下水位、用水结构等产生了重要影响。首先回顾了河南省平原区以往地下水位埋深变化,并通过收集、统计2008—2018年河南省受水区浅层地下水位的监测成果,基于ArcGIS软件,针对南水北调中线供水前后河南省受水区浅层地下水位变化进行量化分区;结合降水量、地下水资源量、供水量等资料对供水前后河南省受水区用水结构变化等进行分析。结果表明:自20世纪60年代至2008年,河南省平原区浅层地下水位平均埋深整体逐渐增加;河南省受水区地下水资源量随降水量增加呈线性增加趋势;南水北调中线一期供水后,2015—2018年平均地下水供水量在地下水资源量中的占比较2008—2014年减少9.55%;受水区浅层地下水位有所回升,且主要体现在埋深 > 8~12 m范围向埋深 > 4~8 m及≤4 m范围的转变,埋深 > 12~16 m及 > 16~20 m范围在受水前后基本保持不变,埋深 > 20 m的区域范围有所减少;2008—2014年各监测点分布县区的浅层地下水位呈下降趋势,2015—2018年供水期间有2/3以上县区浅层地下水位逐渐恢复;农林渔业用水和工业用水占比在供水后均有所减小,城乡生活、环境综合用水占比增加明显。研究结果表明南水北调中线工程对河南省受水区浅层地下水位恢复及缓解供水矛盾问题等产生积极有效的影响。 相似文献
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"四水"转化研究综述 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
“四水”是指大气水、地表水、土壤水和潜水,“四水”之间的相互转化关系研究,对水资源评估、供需预测、合理开发利用水资源和节水灌溉都有十分重要的意义。本文总结前人在八个8方面“四水”两两之间相互转化的研究成果．归纳了“四水”转化研究存在的问题,讨论了未来的研究重点。 相似文献
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依据南水北调中线干渠资料,开展了正常输水情况下串联明渠内可溶污染物浓度分布规律数值模拟研究。采用数值模拟、数学归纳和统计分析方法,提出表征污染物输移扩散特征的峰值输移距离、污染带长度和峰值浓度的快速预测公式;通过示范工程验证了快速预测公式的可行性。结果表明:①串联明渠内,峰值输移距离随渠道流速减小而减小,并且污染带长度增加值随明渠内流速减小而减小,但是峰值浓度随明渠流速减小而增加;②快速预测公式计算结果与现场试验实测结果的误差均不到15%,证明了快速预测公式的合理性和可行性。这些研究结果为南水北调中线工程突发可溶性水污染事件应急预警方案的制定提供了科学依据。 相似文献
13.
A test comparing concentrations of 57 chemical elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr) determined by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) in 294 samples of the same bottled water (predominantly mineral water) sold in the European Union in glass and PET bottles demonstrates significant (Wilcoxon rank sum test, α = 0.05) differences in median concentrations for Sb, Ce, Pb, Al, Zr, Ti, Th, La, Pr, Fe, Zn, Nd, Sn, Cr, Tb, Er, Gd, Bi, Sm, Y, Lu, Dy, Yb, Tm, Nb and Cu. Antimony has a 21× higher median value in bottled water when sold in PET bottles (0.33 vs. 0.016 μg/L). Glass contaminates the water with Ce (19× higher than in PET bottles), Pb (14×), Al (7×), Zr (7×), Ti, Th (5×), La (5×), Pr, Fe, Zn, Nd, Sn, Cr, Tb (2×), Er, Gd, Bi, Sm, Y, Lu, Yb, Tm, Nb and Cu (1.4×). Testing an additional 136 bottles of the same water sold in green and clear glass bottles demonstrates an important influence of colour, the water sold in green glass shows significantly higher concentrations in Cr (7.3×, 1.0 vs. 0.14 μg/L), Th (1.9×), La, Zr, Nd, Ce (1.6×), Pr, Nb, Ti, Fe (1.3×), Co (1.3×) and Er (1.1×). 相似文献
14.
A. V. Belyaev 《GeoJournal》1995,35(1):17-21
Presented natural-climatological characteristics of water resources forming conditions of the Aral sea basin. Analised flow variability correlation of Amy Darya and Syr Darya from the point of their influence on the sea level fluctuation.Shows up the tendences of structural changes and efficiency of water resources usage of the region, presents their present-day spacial-geographical peculiarities.On the basis of temporal analysis of water balance structure of the Aral Sea, forming processes of river flow and its discharge a conclusion about quantative correlation of natural and anthropogenic components of sea level degradation is made. 相似文献
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水化学特征在岩溶水系统分析中的应用——以山西晋城长河流域岩溶水系统为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对长河流域岩溶水矿化度、Ca^2＋／Mg^2＋、Ca／Sr及Mg／Sr等的特征分析,长河流域岩溶水系统从补给区到径流区、排泄区矿化度、Can／Mgn、Ca／Sr及Mg／Sr变化具有明显的规律性,岩溶水的流动方向则与以上各水化学指标质量浓度的变化方向一致,即研究区在东、北部灰岩裸露区直接接受大气降雨补给渗漏及部分半裸露区间接补给渗漏,向西以泉水形式排泄到沁河河谷地带,形成沁河河谷排泄带,地下水径流方向为南西西方向。并分析岩溶地下水的径流特征,富水强弱,水岩作用强弱及岩溶裂隙发育规律特征。 相似文献
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Alessandro Tarantino Andrew M. Ridley David G. Toll 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2008,26(6):751-782
This paper presents a review of techniques for field measurement of suction, water content, and water hydraulic conductivity
(permeability). Main problems in the use of field tensiometers are addressed and hints on how to improve tensiometer performance
are given. Advantages and limitations of instruments for indirect measurement of suction including electrical conductivity
sensors, thermal conductivity sensors, dielectric permittivity sensors, filter paper, and psychrometer are discussed. Techniques
for water content measurement based on dielectric methods are then presented. These include time and amplitude domain reflectometry
and capacitance. Finally, a brief overview of methods for measurement of water permeability in the field is presented. 相似文献
17.
为了建立符合蒙陕接壤区煤炭开采防治水技术体系,以纳林河二号矿井首采工作面为例,开展了覆岩破坏规律、水文地质条件、涌水量预计、顶板水预疏放等研究,结果表明:应用钻探取心、钻孔冲洗液漏失量观测和钻孔彩色电视探测手段,实测得到首采工作面导水裂缝带高度为103.23 m,裂高（导水裂缝带高度）采厚比为18.8,导水裂缝带可沟通3段含水层,其中直罗组底部含水层钻孔涌水量92.0~136.0 m3/h、水压4.0~5.6 MPa,呈"水量大、水压高、分布不均"的特点,是威胁工作面回采安全的最主要含水层。回采过程中顶板水主要由静态储存量和动态补给量构成,采用"动静储量结合法"计算得到静态储存量和动态补给量分别为2.596×106 m3和417.6 m3/h。对顶板水开展分段预疏放条件下,整个工作面回采过程中采空区涌水量与推采步距呈正相关关系,随着顶板周期性滞后垮落,导水裂缝带也周期性发育至高点（直罗组底部含水层）,采空区涌水量又呈台阶式增长。最终总预疏放水量4.235×106 m3,采空区总涌水量5.313×106 m3,首采工作面总排水量为622.8 m3/h,与预计排水量596.9 m3/h相差4.2%。涌水量准确预测和顶板水提前预疏放,是实现首采工作面防治水安全的关键,可以为鄂尔多斯盆地北部深埋区提供防治水技术支撑。 相似文献
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Based on the Virtual Water Theory, the research analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of major crops in China. Analysis results indicate that the unit virtual water content varies with the type of crop obviously as well as the distribution region. We also found irrational water utilization in some regions, which means that the renewable water sources could not meet the water demand for crop growth. With a view solving these problems found in the research, discussions on agricultural water-saving technology, comprehensive allocation of crops, selection of rational cropping pattern, full use of green water and trade of virtual water were carried out, which may result in some theoretical basis for the sustainable utilization of agricultural water resources in China. 相似文献
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南水北调引水进京后北京市地下水环境预测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文通过对受水区的地下水水位、水质变化预测,分析了北京市区的地下水环境变化情况,提出了调水工程实施后将会产生的主要环境地质问题。并结合地下水环境修复、生态恢复、地质环境问题防治等实际需要,进行了地下水停采方案的分析,为北京市未来水资源调配、地下水环境保护、城市规划修编提供依据。 相似文献