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1.
铂族元素矿物(Platinum Group Mineral:简称PGM)资料的不断积累,丰富了人们对蛇绿岩中豆荚状铬铁矿成因的认识。文章总结近年来有关PGM的新资料和取得的新认识,探讨豆荚状铬铁矿以及其中PGM的成因问题。幔源岩浆结晶过程中,铬铁矿周边熔体减少将诱发那些易氧化的铂族元素(Os、Ir、Ru)在熔体中达到饱和状态,并结晶形成纳米级PGM。在地幔熔体中,随着硫逸度升高,PGM微粒与熔体中的硫反应并逐渐长大。多期次的熔体抽提和熔体-岩石反应事件,可以在地幔源区通过逐步降低硫逸度、促进含铂族元素的贱金属硫化物分解,形成PGM以及铂族元素合金。低硫逸度环境更有利于PGM的形成和保存。在变质环境或流体环境中,这些PGM往往会与流体反应,造就了PGM矿物的多样性。原生PGM与变质流体反应并发生原地去硫化作用,可以形成次生的PGM环边或者纳米级PGM包体。铬铁矿的多阶段蚀变/再平衡过程可以导致PGM溶解—沉淀—均一化,并扰动Os同位素体系。不同类型矿石在有限空间伴生的现象以及它们所具有显著差异的地球化学特征,说明蛇绿岩是不同地幔组分的机械混杂。随着俯冲板片,铬铁矿团块被拖曳到地幔深部,并通过地幔对流重新出现在扩张中心附近,最终混杂在蛇绿岩中。发生循环的铬铁矿团块因此可以与新生铬铁矿及其围岩伴生在同一蛇绿混杂岩中。 相似文献
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新疆萨尔托海高Al型铬铁矿中几乎不含原生的铂族矿物(PGM)和贱金属硫化物(BMS)包体，显示出成矿岩浆贫硫的特征。BMS多产于铬铁矿铬粒间裂隙、基质及蚀变环带中，主要以赫硫镍矿和针镍矿为主，其次为辉铜矿、砷镍矿、硫砷镍矿、毒砂等。PGM以包体产于BMS或铬铁矿粒间缝隙中，以硫钌矿(RuS2)为主，还包括硫锇矿(OsS2)、硫镍锇矿\[(Os，Ni)S2\]、硫钌锇矿\[(Ru，Os)S2\]，锑钯矿(Pd5Sb2)和少量Cu、Pt、Au的硫化物。铬铁矿全岩ΣPGE含量50. 64×10-9~92. 00×10-9，较世界范围内蛇绿岩型铬铁矿低，且具有IPGE较PPGE富集的特点，PdN/IrN在0. 1~0. 9之间，具有Os相对Ir富集的特点。铬铁矿主量元素和原位微量元素显示出与菲律宾阿科杰高Al型铬铁矿以及MORB中尖晶石相似的地球化学特征。根据萨尔托海铬铁矿中PGM及BMS的种类、产出特征，结合铬铁矿全岩PGE及单矿物微量元素地球化学特征，认为铬铁矿的形成与贫硫的拉斑玄武质岩浆与地幔橄榄岩的熔体岩石反应有关。铬铁矿形成后的晚期岩浆阶段使得自形程度较高的PGM(如硫锇矿)和BMS(如赫硫镍矿)形成，随后向热液阶段转变的过程中，由于温压条件改变、热液蚀变，形成了萨尔托海铬铁矿中Fe- Ni- As- S和PGM矿物组合。 相似文献
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金川岩浆铜镍（铂）硫化物矿床是我国最主要的铂族等战略性关键金属宝库。金川矿床中铂族金属的富集过程和富集机制还存在很多争论。本文通过详细的矿物学及矿床学研究,厘定了金川矿床成矿阶段。成矿阶段可划分为硫化物矿浆结晶阶段、挥发分流体作用阶段及热液改造阶段。其中硫化物矿浆结晶阶段的主要矿物组合为镍黄铁矿（Pn- a）- 磁黄铁矿（Po- a）- 黄铜矿（Ccp- a）;挥发分流体作用阶段的主要矿物组合为镍黄铁矿（Pn- b）- 磁黄铁矿（Po- b）- 黄铜矿（Ccp- b）- 黄铁矿（Py- Ⅰ）- 磁铁矿（Mag- Ⅰ）- 菱铁矿- 叶蛇纹石- 磷灰石- 铬铁矿- 白云石- 方解石（Cal- Ⅰ）- 金云母。热液改造阶段的矿物组合为透闪石- 绿泥石- 蛇纹石- 方解石（Cal- Ⅱ）- 磁铁矿（Mag- Ⅱ）。高倍电子探针镜下发现,金川矿床铂族矿物与磁铁矿（Mag- Ⅰ）、黄铁矿（Py- Ⅰ）、铬铁矿、磷灰石、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿及菱铁矿等共生。金川铜镍硫化物矿床中铂族元素(PGM)矿物主要包括硫砷铱矿（IrAsS）、钯的铋化物、碲化物和硒化物、钯的金属互化物（PdAu2）、砷铂矿（PtAs2）、铂单质以及铂的金属合金（Pt- Fe）。其中大量的PGM分布于镍黄铁矿的裂隙中,或产于镍黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿及蛇纹石裂隙中。与磁铁矿、菱铁矿、铬铁矿、黄铜矿、磷灰石以及叶蛇纹石等矿物共生,指示PGE富集与氧化性流体加入密切相关。金川矿石镍黄铁矿（Pn- b）、磁黄铁矿（Po- b）、黄铜矿（Ccp- b）、黄铁矿（Py- Ⅰ）、磁铁矿（Mag- Ⅰ）以及菱铁矿中高Co含量,表明流体在Co的超常富集过程中也起到了决定性作用。金川矿石中大量碳酸盐矿物、叶蛇纹石、金云母、磁铁矿、黄铁矿、铬铁矿以及富Cl磷灰石的出现;S、Mg元素呈网脉状分布于蚀变橄榄石和硫化物中,推测流体组分可能是一种富C富Cl的富含挥发分的高氧逸度流体。金川铬铁矿、磁铁矿（Ⅰ）、菱铁矿等矿物中高Ti、高Nb含量和高Nb/Ta比值,暗示此流体可能是一种高温的超临界流体。以上特征综合表明该特征流体对金川铜镍硫化物矿床中铂族元素等关键金属的超常富集起到了关键控制作用。当挥发分流体与残余硫化物矿浆相互作用及改造先存硫化物及橄榄石时,不仅会促使Os、Ir、Ru、Rh、Pt、Pd进一步活化、富集,还会导致流体中PGE强烈富集,使得流体中的Pd、Se、Te、Bi、Pt含量不断提高,最终形成大量的PGM。综上所述,本文认为在岩浆演化晚期可能存在一种高氧逸度的富Cl富C的深源流体注入岩浆房,该深源挥发分流体对PGE及Co的迁移和超常富集起到了关键控制作用。 相似文献
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雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的康金拉铬铁矿中发现金刚石 总被引：16，自引：10，他引：6
前人在雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的罗布莎铬铁矿石中发现许多异常矿物,包括金刚石和柯石英等典型压力指示矿物.蛇绿岩型铬铁矿石中为什么会产出金刚石等异常矿物,与其伴生的铬铁矿和蛇绿岩是什么成因,是一个新的重大科学问题.为此,开展了同一蛇绿岩带中康金拉矿区的铬铁矿的人工重砂研究.从1116kg的铬铁矿样品中发现了近千粒金刚石,以及自然元素、金属互化物、氧化物、硫化物、硅酸盐、钨酸盐和碳酸盐矿物等一批异常矿物.从一个新的矿区发现了大批金刚石,不仅是对罗布莎铬铁矿中存在金刚石的佐证,并且将金刚石的产出规模增加了几个数量级,由此引出蛇绿岩铬铁矿中金刚石是否成矿的新问题.尤其重要的是,从同一蛇绿岩带的不同铬铁矿床中再次发现金刚石,为探讨金刚石及其寄主的铬铁矿和蛇绿岩的成因,提供了新的重要依据. 相似文献
5.
豆荚状铬铁矿是十分重要的战略资源,目前学者对它们的成因尚未形成统一的认识。先前的研究主要从岩石学、地球化学和地质年代学等方面对铬铁矿的成因进行了约束,但对铬铁矿包裹体类型及其反映的地质过程还缺乏系统的总结和研究。通过对不同岩体的铬铁矿中矿物包裹体进行详细的研究,发现铬铁矿中含有丰富的矿物包裹体,分为5大类：(1)无水硅酸盐类矿物包裹体,包括橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石等;(2)含水矿物,包括角闪石、绿泥石、蛇纹石等;(3)含铂族元素矿物和硫化物,包括Os-Ir合金、Pt-Fe合金、自然Os和自然Ir,以及黄铁矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿等;(4)壳源矿物,包括锆石、金红石、石英、钙铬榴石等;(5)异常矿物,包括金刚石、碳硅石、柯石英等超高压矿物,以及自然镍、自然铬、自然铁和自然钛等。通过对比研究,确定它们形成于不同期次,进而初步拟定豆荚状铬铁矿形成过程存在4个阶段,分别为地幔深部的地幔柱/地幔对流、大洋岩石圈中地幔橄榄岩的部分熔融/岩浆结晶分异、俯冲带环境中的岩石-熔体反应和后期的热液蚀变/流体改造。认为铬铁矿中矿物包裹体记录了铬铁矿成矿各个时期的环境条件,针对铬铁矿中包裹体的详细研究可以更加准... 相似文献
6.
泽当蛇绿岩位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段,岩体由地幔橄榄岩、辉长辉绿岩、辉石岩、火山岩等组成。地幔橄榄岩主要为方辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩和二辉橄榄岩。在方辉橄榄岩中发现7处豆荚状铬铁矿,矿石类型主要有致密块状和浸染状。出露地表的长度0.5~3m,厚0.2~1m。矿体的延伸方向为北西向,与岩体展布的方向一致,铬铁矿的Cr~#=67.9~88.5,属于高铬型铬铁矿。泽当地幔橄榄岩岩相学特征以及矿物组合、矿物化学成份及岩相学特征,显示岩体至少存在两次的部分熔融过程,即为早期的MOR构造背景,以及后期SSZ环境的改造。铬铁矿的铂族元素(PGE)以富集Os、Rh、Pd,亏损Ir、Ru、Pt的负斜率分布模式,表明其形成过程中经受后期熔体/流体的改造。对比罗布莎岩体的矿物组合,矿物化学和地球化学等特征,显示泽当豆荚状铬铁矿矿体与典型高铬型具相似性,存在较大的找矿空间。 相似文献
7.
《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2018,(6)
为了厘清铬铁矿床母岩浆的含水性及水在铬铁矿成矿中的作用,本文从岩石矿物学角度对与铬铁矿床有关的三类岩体进行了对比。蛇绿岩和大型层状镁铁-超镁铁岩体是铬铁矿床的主要载体,而弧岩浆堆晶成因的阿拉斯加型岩体则以铬铁矿化为主,少有经济价值的铬铁矿床。前两者均缺少独立产出的含水矿物,表明为典型的贫水体系,与其铬铁矿中含水矿物包裹体和流体包裹体所推测的母岩浆富水特征相悖;贫矿的阿拉斯加型岩体产出大量的含水矿物,与其产出于富水-高氧逸度的俯冲构造背景相一致。因此,岩浆的高含水量并不是铬铁矿成矿的关键。结合实验岩石学结果,我们认为铬铁矿的结晶应与岩浆演化过程中的水饱和及流体不混溶有关,铬铁矿的表面吸附水对铬铁矿的运移富集起到了重要作用。这些表面吸附水最主要是造成了铬铁矿周边橄榄石的蛇纹石化,形成铬铁矿体的选择性蚀变,有时可以进入橄榄石甚至是铬铁矿晶格,发生矿物出溶现象,亦可与演化的熔体混合形成结晶粒间矿物(以辉石为主),也有可能被生长的铬铁矿所包裹形成包裹体。 相似文献
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金川铜镍硫化物矿床是我国最主要的铂族元素(PGE)资源产地,其矿石受热液蚀变作用影响明显,并产出多种铂族矿物(PGM)。岩浆演化和热液蚀变过程中PGE的迁移富集机制和PGM的成因,一直是研究PGE地球化学行为非常关注的问题。本文对金川铜镍硫化物矿床中PGM的研究发现,其主要类型包括含PGE的硫砷化物(硫砷铱矿)和砷化物(砷铂矿),Pd的铋化物、碲化物和硒化物,以及少量其他铂族矿物。其中,硫砷铱矿可包裹于各种贱金属硫化物(镍黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿)中,表明硫砷铱矿可能结晶于早期的含As硫化物熔体,随后被包裹于硫化物熔体冷凝分异产生的单硫化物固溶体(MSS)和中间硫化物固溶体(ISS)中。硫化物熔体中的As可能主要通过地壳混染作用加入幔源岩浆。大量铋钯矿(PdBi)呈微细乳滴状包裹于黄铜矿中,为晚期ISS冷凝形成黄铜矿过程中出溶的产物。少量铋钯矿(PdBi_2)呈不规则状充填于矿物裂隙,与次生磁铁矿脉紧密共生,并随矿石的蚀变程度增加,铋钯矿的化学成分由PdBi逐渐向PdBi_2转变,表明这部分铋钯矿为后期热液蚀变产物。铋碲钯矿和钯的硒化物则主要产出于镍黄铁矿裂隙且与次生磁铁矿紧密共生,指示明显的热液成因。钯的硒化物的出现表明,岩浆期后酸性、高盐度、高氧逸度的富Cl~-流体对金川铜镍硫化物矿床中Pd的迁移和富集起到了关键控制作用。 相似文献
9.
近年来铬(Cr)同位素体系在示踪地幔部分熔融、岩浆结晶分异及俯冲带流体相关的地质过程中均取得了重要进展。本文通过实例研究综述了Cr同位素在铬铁矿成矿作用方向的主要进展,包括:(1) Stillwater层状岩体橄榄岩带和K?z?ldaˇg蛇绿岩壳幔过渡带内铬铁矿及共生硅酸盐矿物的Cr同位素研究,揭示了层状/似层状铬铁矿成矿过程中可能发生明显的Cr同位素分馏,且主要受结晶分异和岩浆补给过程控制;(2) K?z?lda?蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿床的Cr同位素研究,证明了俯冲带地幔橄榄岩中尖晶石的部分熔融,可能是豆荚状铬铁矿床主要的成矿物质来源之一,同时俯冲带流体也可能直接参与成矿;(3)层状岩体及蛇绿岩中普遍存在矿物间的Cr同位素不平衡分馏现象,不仅可用以记录岩浆作用的冷却时间,同时也证明了铬铁矿成矿过程中释放的流体对矿物间的元素交换具有明显促进作用。 相似文献
10.
中国广泛分布有不同时期的蛇绿岩。相对于全球一些大型蛇绿岩铬铁矿床(如 Kempirsai,Bulquiza,Guleman 等), 我国同期蛇绿岩中赋存的铬铁矿床规模都较小(如萨尔托海,东巧,罗布莎等)。近年来的研究认识到绝大多数成矿的蛇绿 岩都形成于俯冲带上覆岩石圈。熔 - 岩反应是目前用来解释豆荚状铬铁矿成因的流行假说,但仍然不能解释铬元素的有效 富集过程——即铬铁矿矿床的形成过程。高铬含量是岛弧玄武岩原始岩浆的特征,但与成矿要求的铬含量相差甚远;岛弧 原始玄武岩浆结晶出富铬尖晶石,有利于成矿,但这个岩浆演化和相平衡过程仍然难以造就具有工业意义的矿体、矿床。 那么存在形成富铬熔体的机制吗?又如何运移这些富铬熔体并集中结晶成矿?这些仍然是豆荚状铬铁矿成因的关键问题, 有待于进一步思考研究。 相似文献
11.
西藏罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿床深部找矿突破与成因模式讨论 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
中国铬铁矿资源的瓶颈状态已持续多年。最近,在西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩的深部勘探发现200万t致密块状铬铁矿床,这是中国近50年来铬铁矿找矿的重大突破,对今后继续寻找同类型的铬铁矿床具有重要指导意义。蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中产出的豆荚状铬铁矿床是工业需求铬的重要来源。研究豆荚状铬铁矿的成矿作用和矿体围岩地幔橄榄岩地质特征,建立铬铁矿的成矿模型和找矿标志,是开展寻找同类型矿床的重要保证。随着近些年在豆荚状铬铁矿及围岩地幔橄榄岩中金刚石等深部矿物的不断发现和深入研究,人们对蛇绿岩型铬铁矿的物质来源和形成过程,有了新的认识,提出了铬铁矿的深部成因模式。研究认为深部成因铬铁矿床主要经历了4个阶段:(1)早期俯冲到地幔过渡带(410~660 km)的陆壳和洋壳物质被脱水和肢解,过渡带产生的热和流体促成了地幔的熔融和Cr的释放和汇聚;(2)铬铁矿浆在地幔柱驱动下,运移到过渡带顶部冷凝固结,并有强还原的流体进入,后者携带了深部形成的金刚石、斯石英等高压矿物,进入"塑性—半塑性地幔橄榄岩"中;(3)随着物质向上移动,深度降低,早期超高压相矿物发生相变,如斯石英转变成柯石英,高压相的铬铁矿中出溶成柯石英和单斜辉石;(4)在侵位过程和俯冲带环境下,含水熔体与方辉橄榄岩反应形成了不含超高压矿物的规模相对较小的浸染状铬铁矿及纯橄岩岩壳。进一步研究表明,同处雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段的几个大型地幔橄榄岩岩体与罗布莎岩体可以对比,经历了相同的构造背景和豆荚状铬铁矿的成矿作用,存在较大的找矿空间。 相似文献
12.
蛇绿岩中铬铁矿床成因一直存在较大争议,其主要原因可归结为:寄主蛇绿岩存在成因争议、产出状态不清、矿石及围岩矿物组合单一以及主要矿物成分简单但矿物包裹体复杂多样.针对这些研究瓶颈,率先对西藏普兰和罗布莎、土耳其K?z?lda?和Kop蛇绿岩中的地幔橄榄岩和铬铁岩进行了全岩和单矿物Fe-Mg同位素的探索性研究工作.结果表明:（1）蛇绿岩中的地幔橄榄岩具有较均一的Fe-Mg同位素组成,与世界上其他地区的地幔橄榄岩相似;（2）铬铁岩中铬铁矿和橄榄石之间存在明显的Fe-Mg同位素分馏,铬铁矿多具有比共存橄榄石轻的Fe同位素组成,与地幔橄榄岩中的尖晶石和橄榄石相反,Mg同位素变化较大;（3）铬铁矿和橄榄石的Fe-Mg同位素主要受控于结晶分异和Fe-Mg交换,且这两个过程造成的同位素变化趋势明显不同.因此,Fe-Mg同位素在揭示铬铁矿母岩浆来源、性质及成矿过程方面具有较大的应用潜力. 相似文献
13.
Gehad M. Saleh 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(4):307-317
1 Introduction The association of massive Fe-Ni-Cu sulfides andchromite is a very unusual feature of podiformchromitites occurring in mantle tectonites of ophioliticcomplexes. It has only been described in theSoutheastern Desert, Egypt, where sulfides a… 相似文献
14.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(7):678-686
Podiform chromitites include both high-Cr and high-Al varieties with distinctly different geochemical characteristics. A comparison of high-Cr and high-Al deposits in western China has demonstrated that both varieties are magmatic in origin and that chromite compositions reflect the degree of partial melting in the mantle source area. The chromitites of the Sartohay ophiolite of Xinjiang Province have chromites with low Cr numbers (<70) and are hosted in highly depleted harzburgites. In both deposits melt/wall rock interaction has produced highly depleted dunite envelopes around the chromitites. In Sartohay, high-Al magmas reacted with lherzolites to produce high-Al dunites and harzburgites, whereas in Luobusa the reaction between more refractory melts and depleted harzburgites yielded only highly depleted dunite envelopes. This study suggests that high-Al deposits can occur in weakly depleted mantle sequences (lherzolite ophiolite type or transitional type) that are locally depleted by melt/rock reaction in the immediate vicinity of the chromitite pods. 相似文献
15.
Kreshimir N. Malitch Oskar A. Thalhammer Vladimir V. Knauf Frank Melcher 《Mineralium Deposita》2003,38(3):282-297
We report highly unusual platinum-group mineral (PGM) assemblages from geologically distinct chromitites (banded and podiform) of the Kraubath massif, the largest dismembered mantle relict in the Eastern Alps. The banded chromitite has a pronounced enrichment of Pt and Pd relative to the more refractory platinum-group elements (PGEs) of the IPGE group (Os, Ir, Ru), similar to crustal sections of ophiolites. On the contrary, the podiform chromitite displays a negatively sloping chondrite-normalised PGE pattern typical of ophiolitic podiform chromitite. The chemical composition of chromite varies from Cr# 73-77 in the banded type to 81-86 in the podiform chromitite. Thirteen different PGMs and one gold-rich mineral are first observed in the banded chromitite. The dominant PGM is sperrylite (53% of all PGMs), which occurs in polyphase assemblages with an unnamed Pt-base metal (BM) alloy and Pd-rich minerals such as stibiopalladinite, mayakite, mertieite II, unnamed Pd-Rh-As and Pd(Pt)-(As,Sb) minerals. This banded type also contains PGE sulphides (about 7%) represented by a wide compositional range of the laurite-erlichmanite series and irarsite (8%). Os-Ir alloy, geversite, an unnamed Pt-Pd-Bi-Cu phase and tetrauricupride are present in minor amounts. By contrast, the podiform chromitite, which yielded 21 different PGMs, is dominated by laurite (43% of all PGMs) which occurs in complex polyphase assemblages with PGE alloys (Ir-Os, Os-Ir, Pt-Fe), PGE sulphides (kashinite, bowieite, cuproiridsite, cuprorhodsite, unnamed (Fe,Cu)(Ir,Rh)2S4, braggite, unnamed BM-Ir and BM-Rh sulphides) and Pd telluride (keithconnite). A variety of PGE sulpharsenides (33%) including irarsite, hollingworthite, platarsite, ruarsite and a number of intermediate species have been identified, whereas sperrylite and stibiopalladinite are subordinate (2%). The occurrence of such a wide variety of PGMs from only two, 2.5-kg chromitite samples is highly unusual for an ophiolitic environment. Our novel sample treatment allowed to identify primary PGM assemblages containing all six PGEs in both laurite-dominated podiform chromitite as well as in uncommon sperrylite-dominated banded chromitite. We suggest that the geologically, geochemically and mineralogically distinct banded chromitite from Kraubath characterises the transition zone of an ophiolite, closely above the mantle section hosting podiform chromitite, rather than being representative of the crustal cumulate pile. 相似文献
16.
Claudio Marchesi José María González-Jiménez Fernando Gervilla Carlos J. Garrido William L. Griffin Suzanne Y. O’Reilly Joaquín A. Proenza Norman J. Pearson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,161(6):977-990
Chromitite pods in the Mayarí-Cristal ophiolitic massif (eastern Cuba) were formed in the Late Cretaceous when island arc
tholeiites and MORB-like back-arc basin basalts reacted with residual mantle peridotites and generated chromite-rich bodies
enclosed in dunite envelopes. Platinum-group minerals (PGM) in the podiform chromitites exhibit important Os-isotope heterogeneities
at the kilometric, hand sample and thin section scales. 187Os/188Os calculated at the time of chromitite crystallization (~90 Ma) ranges between 0.1185 and 0.1295 (γOs = −7.1 to +1.6, relative
to enstatite chondrite), and all but one PGM have subchondritic 187Os/188Os. Grains in a single hand sample have initial 187Os/188Os that spans from 0.1185 to 0.1274, and in one thin section it varies between 0.1185 and 0.1232 in two PGM included in chromite
which are only several millimeters apart. As the Os budget of a single micrometric grain derives from a mantle region that
was at least several m3 in size, the variable Os isotopic composition of PGM in the Mayarí-Cristal chromitites probably reflects the heterogeneity
of their mantle sources on the 10–100 m scale. Our results show that this heterogeneity was not erased by pooling and mingling
of individual melt batches during chromitite crystallization but was transferred to the ore deposits on mineral scale. The
distribution of the Os model ages calculated for PGM shows four main peaks, at ~100, 500, 750 and 1,000 Ma. These variable
Os model ages reflect the presence of different depleted domains in the oceanic (Pacific-related) upper mantle of the Greater
Antilles paleo-subduction zone. The concordance between the age of crystallization of the Mayarí-Cristal chromitites and the
most recent peak of the Os model age distribution in PGM supports that Os in several grains was derived from fertile domains
of the upper mantle, whose bulk Os isotopic composition is best approximated by that of enstatite chondrites; on the other
hand, most PGM are crystallized by melts that tapped highly refractory mantle sources. 相似文献
17.
Platinum-group element (PGE) and gold inclusions are usually present in peridotites and chromitite deposits associated with ophiolites. Here, we present the first detailed study of the mineralogy of precious metals in ultramafic rocks hosted in the Paleozoic Coastal Accretionary Complex of Central Chile. In these ultramafic rocks the mineralization of precious metals is associated with small meter-size pods and veins of massive chromitite hosted in serpentinite-filled shear zones. Crystallographic orientation maps of single chromite grains, obtained using the Electron-Backscattered Secondary Diffraction technique, allow us to identify two types of chromite in the precious-metal bearing chromitites: (1) Type A chromite, characterized by an average misorientation per grain of ≤ 2° and chemically homogeneous cores surrounded by a porous rim with abundant inclusions of chlorite, and (2) Type B chromite, which exhibits higher degrees of misorientation (2–8°) and porosity, and abundant silicate inclusions, but a relatively homogeneous chemical composition. In situ analyses using EMPA and LA-ICP-MS for major, minor and trace elements indicate that composition of the magmatic chromite is only preserved in the cores of Type A chromite grains. Core to rim chemical trends in these Type A chromites are characterized by a progressive increase of the Cr# with a decrease of the Mg#, loss of Al and addition of Fe2 + in the porous rim. The observed changes in the microstructure and chemistry of chromite are associated with the infiltration of external fluids through shear zones filled with antigorite (± talc) developed in partly serpentinized peridotites (i.e., olivine–lizardite dunites). Thermodynamic calculations using the phase equilibria relations in the system Cr2O3–MgO–FeO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (CrMFASH) indicate that Fe2 +-rich porous chromite + chlorite replaced the original assemblage chromite + olivine in the chromitite while prograde antigorite was formed. According to our results this transformation occurred at ~ 510–560 °C when external fluids penetrated the ultramafic/chromitite bodies through shear zones. These temperatures are slightly higher than estimated for the metamorphic peak in the host metapelitic rocks (i.e., ~ 420 °C at 9.3 kbar), suggesting that a hotter ultramafic body was captured by the metasediments of the accretionary prism during their exhumation through subduction channel. Chlorite geothermometry yielded a wide range of lower temperature from 430 to 188 °C, for chlorite present in the porous chromite rims. These results are in agreement with the retrograde overprint under greenchist-facies metamorphism conditions recorded by metapelitic host rocks and minor volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the area (300–400 °C, ~ 3–4 kbar). We suggest that although initially decoupled, the chromitite-bearing ultramafic rocks and their metasedimentary host undergone a common metamorphic PT pathway of exhumation during the formation and evolution of the subduction-related accretionary complex.The chromitites contain appreciable amounts of the platinum-group elements (up to 347 ppb total) and gold (up to 24 ppb), present as inclusions of platinum-group minerals (PGM) and alloys as well as native gold. The PGM identified include native osmium, laurite (RuS2), irarsite (IrAsS), osarsite (OsAsS), omeiite (OsAs2), Pt–Fe alloy (possibly isoferroplatinum) and a suite of inadequately identified phases such as PtSb (possibly stumpflite), PdHg (possibly potarite), RhS, Ir–Ni and Ir–Ni–Ru compounds. Only a few grains of osmium and laurite were identified in unaltered cores of chromite and therefore considered as magmatic in origin formed during the high-T event of chomite crystallisation in the upper mantle. The other PGM were located in the porous chromite associated with chlorite or base-metal minerals (BMM) that often fill the pores of this altered chromite or are intergrowth with antigorite in the host serpentinized ultramafic rock. The assemblage of BMM identified in the studied rocks include sulphides [millerite (NiS), polydymite (Ni3S4), violarite (FeNi2S4), galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS), chalcocite (CuS)], arsenides [(orcelite (Ni5 − xAs2) and maucherite (Ni11As8)], the sulpharsenide gersdorfitte (NiAsS), and native bismuth. The irregular shape of several PGM grains observed in porous chromite suggest disequilibrium, whereas others exhibit perfectly developed crystal faces with the associated secondary silicate or base-metal mineral suggesting neoformation of PGMs in situ from metamorphic fluids. We suggest that the origin of these PGM inclusions is magmatic, but some grains were reworked in situ when metalloid (i.e., As, Sb, Pb, Zn and Hg)-rich fluids released from metasediments penetrated the ultramafic rocks through active shear zones, once the ultramafic bodies became tectonically mixed with the host metasedimentary host rocks. During this event, gold sourced from the (meta)sediments was also precipitated within chromitites and serpentinites. 相似文献
18.
古老大陆岩石圈地幔再循环与蛇绿岩中铬铁矿床成因 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
不同地区、不同时代蛇绿岩中不同类型铬铁矿岩的Re-Os同位素研究表明,在铬铁矿石或围岩中均存在极度亏损的具有大陆岩石圈地幔属性的物质。新疆达拉布特古生代蛇绿岩带中萨尔托海富Al铬铁矿岩的Os同位素组成为0.1109～0.1256,对应的模式年龄为3.5～0.6Ga;西藏班公湖—怒江中生代蛇绿岩带中东巧富Cr铬铁矿石及围岩Os同位素组成介于0.1175～0.1261,对应的模式年龄为1.5～0.1Ga;雅鲁藏布江中生代蛇绿岩带中罗布莎富Cr铬铁矿岩的Os同位素变化范围为0.1038～0.1266,对应的模式年龄为3.37～0.28Ga,而该带中不含矿的泽当二辉橄榄岩的Os同位素组成为0.1256～0.1261,没有古老大陆岩石圈地幔属性的物质存在,与新特提斯洋地幔Os组成较为接近。推测在蛇绿岩形成过程中,古老大陆岩石圈地幔参与循环有利于形成铬铁矿床,明确提出"熔体与古老大陆岩石圈地幔反应成矿"的假说,指出蛇绿岩带中存在的古老微陆块可能是找矿的指示标志。 相似文献
19.
Summary Occurrences of platinum-group minerals (PGM) from chromitites of the Great Serpentinite Belt of New South Wales are reported for the first time in this study. On the basis of their major components, these minerals are classified into various groups, including sulphides, sulpharsenides, arsenides, antimonides, amalgams, and alloys of Os-Ir-Ru-(Fe Ni), Pd Cu Sn, Ni-Fe-Pt-Pd, Pd-Pb-Cu, and Rh-Sn-Cu. They are present: (i) as inclusions within chromite, (ii) in interstitial silicates, (iii) in ferritchromite and (iv) along fractures in chromite. Ir-subgroup (Ir, Os, Ru) minerals (IPGM) dominate podiform chromitites hosted by upper mantle serpentinised harzburgite, whereas Pdsubgroup (Pd, Pt, Rh) minerals (PPGM) characterise banded chromitites in cumulates of the overlying magmatic series. A highly brecciated podiform chromitite, however, is distinguished by abundant disseminated PPGM containing Sb ± Cu. Primary magmatic PGM in podiform chromitite comprise IPGM sulphides, sulpharsenides, and alloys, whereas hydrothermal PGM are characterised by PPGM alloys with Hg, Sb, and Cu. Dominantly hydrothermal PGM in the banded chromitites formed by remobilisation of primary magmatic PGM during serpentinisation. The contrast in PGM association is related to the crystallisation of the host chromitites; IPGM crystallised early from the parental magma along with podiform chromitite, but PPGM formed later at lower temperatures during crystallisation of banded chromitite.[
Platingruppen-Minerale in den Chromititen aus dem Great Serpentinite Belt, NSW, Australien
Zusammenfassung In dieser Studie wird zum ersten Mal über das Vorkommen von PlatingruppenMineralen (PGM) in Chromititen der Great Serpentinite Belt berichtet. Die auftretenden Mineralphasen umfassen Sulfide, Sulfarsenide, Arsenide, Antimonide, Amalgam und Legierungen von Os-Ir-(Fe-Ni), Pd-Cu-Sn, Ni-Fe-Pt-Pd, Pd-Pb-Cu and Rh-Sn-Cu. Sie treten als i) Einschlüsse im Chromit, ii) in Silikaten der Grundmasse, iii) Im Ferritchromit und iv) in Frakturen des Chromit auf. Mineralphasen der Ir-Untergruppe (IPGM = Ir, Os, Ru) dominieren in podiformen Chromititen, die in serpentinisierten Harzburgiten des oberen Mantels auftreten. Minerale der Pd-Untergruppe (PPGM = Pd, Pt, Rh) charakterisieren gebänderte Chromitite, die innerhalb der über der Mantelsequenz liegenden Kumulatabfolge vorkommen. Ein deutlich brekzierter podiformer Chromitit unterscheidet sich von den übrigen podiformen Chromititen durch häufiges Auftreten von disseminierten PPGM, die auch Sb ± Cu führen. Primär magmatisch gebildete PGM in podiformen Chromititen umfassen IPGM in Form von Sulfide, Sulfarsenide und Legierungen, während PPGM als Legierungen mit Hg, Sb und Cu hydrothermale Phasen darstellen. Die hydrothermalen PGM in den gebänderten Chromititen wurden überwiegend durch Remobilisation aus primär magmatischen PGM während der Serpentinisierung gebildet. Der markante Unterschied in den während der Serpentinisierung gebildet. Der markante nterschied in den PGM-Assoziationen steht mit der Kristallisation des jeweiligen Chromitit in Verbindung: Während IPGM früh aus dem Magma zusammen mit den podiformen Chromititen kristallisierten, wurden PPGM später unter niedrigeren Temperaturen während der Kristallisation der gebänderten Chromitite gebildet.[相似文献
20.
REE and PGE Geochemical Constraints on the Formation of Dunites in the Luobusa Ophiolite, Southern Tibet 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
ZHOU MEI-FU; ROBINSON PAUL T.; MALPAS JOHN; EDWARDS STEPHEN J.; QI LIANG 《Journal of Petrology》2005,46(3):615-639
The Luobusa ophiolite, Southern Tibet, lies in the Indus–YarlungZangbo suture zone that separates Eurasia to the north fromthe Indian continent to the south. The ophiolite contains awell-preserved mantle sequence consisting of harzburgite, clinopyroxene(cpx)-bearing harzburgite and dunite. The harzburgite containsabundant pods of chromitite, most of which have dunite envelopes,and the cpx-bearing harzburgites host numerous dunite dykes.Dunite also exists as a massive unit similar to those of themantle–crust transition zones in other ophiolites. Allof the dunites in the ophiolite have a similar mineralogy, comprisingmainly olivine with minor orthopyroxene and chromite and tracesof clinopyroxene. They also display similar chemical compositions,including U-shaped chondrite-normalized REE patterns. Mantle-normalizedPGE patterns show variable negative Pt anomalies. Detailed analysisof a chromite-bearing dunite dyke, which grades into the hostcpx-bearing harzburgite, indicates that LREE and Ir decrease,whereas HREE, Pd and Pt increase away from the dunite. Thesefeatures are consistent with formation of the dunite dykes byinteraction of MORB peridotites with boninitic melts from whichthe chromitites were formed. Because the transition-zone dunitesare mineralogically and chemically identical to those formedby such melt–rock reaction, we infer that they are ofsimilar origin. The Luobusa ultramafic rocks originally formedas MORB-source upper mantle, which was subsequently trappedas part of a mantle wedge above a subduction zone. Hydrous meltsgenerated under the influence of the subducted slab at depthmigrated upward and reacted with the cpx-bearing harzburgitesto form the dunite dykes. The modified melts ponded in smallpockets higher in the section, where they produced podiformchromitites with dunite envelopes. At the top of the mantlesection, pervasive reaction between melts and harzburgite producedthe transition-zone dunites. KEY WORDS: melt–rock interaction; REE; PGE; hydrous melt; mantle; ophiolite; Tibet 相似文献