共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
矿物表面活性是矿物表界面反应中一个重要的指标性参数。如矿物溶解和晶体生长、矿物表面吸附和表面络合反应、矿物表面氧化还原和催化反应,都与矿物表面活性相关。甚至生物矿物界面作用过程中,常用到矿物表面反应性氧基(ROS),其释放能力也与矿物表面活性密切相 相似文献
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黑色页岩水岩化学作用实验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
水岩作用是黑色页岩化学风化的重要途径,并与岩体矿物组分、工程性质及地质环境有着密切的联系。利用自制的流通实验装置对取自三江县团结电站附近的寒武系清溪组黑色页岩与富含溶解氧去离子水的化学反应进行试验模拟研究,并利用离子分析仪、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对反应后溶液离子浓度进行分析,使用扫描电子显微镜观察反应前后岩样微观特征,结合岩样渗透系数的变化监测,对岩样中黄铁矿氧化动力学速率以及受黄铁矿氧化影响形成的酸性环境下硅元素释放速率进行计算分析。结果表明,黄铁矿氧化行为使得岩体渗透率降低约70%,在黑色页岩自身矿物化学组分和岩石物理性质的共同影响下,所含黄铁矿氧化速率与纯黄铁矿颗粒的氧化速率非常接近,同时黄铁矿氧化形成的酸性溶液可溶蚀岩体中石英和伊利石,由于两者含量未能精确测定,因此所测得硅元素释放速率仅表示两者溶解的总反应速率。 相似文献
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纳米地质学的兴起和发展,促使地质工作者从纳米尺度重新认识固体地球物质,将对地球科学的各个领域产生广泛而深刻的影响.作为纳米地质学的重要分支,纳米矿物学也将走出传统矿物学只把矿物看成理想晶体点阵的局限,从纳米尺度深入探究矿物包括生物矿物在内的矿物结构与性质,突破口之一是介晶.介晶是一种特殊的结晶纳米结构,近年来得到了物理学家和化学家尤其是材料化学家越来越多的关注.介晶是非经典结晶过程产物,以纳米颗粒为基本构筑单元,具备纳米颗粒的性质和宏观尺寸.现已发现,许多生物矿物如脊椎动物骨骼和牙齿、贝壳珍珠层、蛋壳、海胆骨针、有孔虫和珊瑚等都具有介晶结构.因此,从纳米尺度和介晶角度重新理解生物矿化,有助于揭示生物矿物中纳米多级结构的成因机制,拓展纳米矿物学的科学内涵.首先介绍生物矿化和生物矿物的基本概念,之后对介晶的概念和结构特征进行阐述,最后介绍生物矿物中的介晶结构及介晶形成的典型机制,涉及有机基质辅助、物理场驱动、矿物桥或有机桥连接、空间限域、取向附集和晶面选择性分子作用等多种物理化学过程,有望进一步推动纳米矿物学的发展. 相似文献
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硫化物矿物氧化反应动力学实验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
硫化物矿床和含硫化物矿床（如中高硫煤）在开发过程中由于氧化作用向环境释放大量的酸、硫酸盐、重金属及其它有害物质,造成一定范围内的次生地球化学异常和环境污染;而中国大陆硫化物的排放量2010年将达到39．1×10 6 t。因此,人们对硫化物矿物在表生环境下的氧化行为日益重视。硫化物矿物的氧化速率受矿物本身物理化学特性（组成、结构、表面性质）和介质条件（溶解氧DO、Fe 3＋浓度、pH、Eh、温度及微生物）等多种因素的控制。在全面分析近年来国内外文献的基础上,系统介绍了硫化物矿物氧化动力学实验研究方法、实验参数的选择、反应机理、反应产物及反应速率等的研究现状。指出今后应加强对初始阶段的氧化反应速率、反应中间产物、多因素的综合作用、分子水平上的反应机理解释等方面的研究。 相似文献
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热液型金矿床中的黄铁矿矿物学研究综述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
黄铁矿是热液金矿化体系中较为重要的矿物。黄铁矿精细矿物学研究是热液金矿床成矿机制研究的一个重要课题。黄铁矿的矿物学特征主要包括物理结构和化学成分特征。笔者综述了黄铁矿的形态、晶胞参数及热电性等物理结构特征和地球化学成分特征在热液金矿床的应用及其研究进展。黄铁矿的物理特征及其时空变化规律,可以定性约束成矿物理化学条件的演化过程。黄铁矿的微量和稀土元素组成、分布及演化特征,可以示踪成矿物质及成矿流体来源,进而获得有关矿床成因及金属沉淀机制等方面的信息。此外,近年来发展迅速的黄铁矿单矿物Re-Os同位素定年及原位微区稳定同位素(S、Pb)分析可以对确定金矿床精确成矿年代及精细成矿过程提供重要的参考信息。 相似文献
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氧化亚铁硫杆菌对黄铁矿的氧化作用初探 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
利用自行分离培养的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.f菌)为实验菌株,比较了黄铁矿化学氧化和生物氧化过程中溶液铁离子浓度的变化。研究发现,Fe3 对黄铁矿的氧化速率较低,而在细菌的作用下可以不断将Fe2 氧化成Fe3 使得黄铁矿的氧化速率明显加快,因此生物氧化具有更高的效率。经过44 d的氧化之后,利用扫描电镜对氧化后的黄铁矿表面进行了显微观察,发现Fe3 的化学氧化主要集中在化学键较弱的晶棱部位,而在生物氧化的情况下矿物表面充满了密集的溶蚀坑,溶蚀坑的形状与A.f菌的外形非常相近,且规则排列。这说明A.f菌能够吸附到黄铁矿表面,并且这种吸附具有定向排列的特点。 相似文献
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无氧条件下黄铁矿表面的羟基化与自氧化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
过去20年里,无氧条件下黄铁矿–水界面产生活性氧是黄铁矿表面反应性的重要发现之一。这一反应不仅对现代环境有重要影响,而且在早期地球环境演化中也扮演着重要角色。无氧条件下黄铁矿–水界面产生的活性氧具有极强的氧化性,理论上有氧化黄铁矿自身的能力。然而,无氧条件下黄铁矿–水界面产生的活性氧对其自身是否有氧化作用(即黄铁矿自氧化)及其反应机制还不得而知。本研究采用原位漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱(in-situDRIFTS)和准原位X射线光电子能谱(quasi-in-situXPS)结合密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,探究了无氧条件下黄铁矿–水界面的自氧化初始反应过程。结果表明:(1)无氧条件下黄铁矿–水界面会发生自氧化反应,生成高价态的硫物种和铁氧化物;(2)黄铁矿–水界面的自氧化反应伴随着羟基的生成和消耗;(3)黄铁矿–水界面的羟基源于水分子在黄铁矿表面缺陷位点的解离作用,可为活性氧的产生提供物源。这些发现不仅揭示了黄铁矿–水界面的羟基化和自氧化过程,还为深入理解黄铁矿–水界面反应在早期地球环境演化中的重要作用提供了认知基础。 相似文献
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绝大多数金矿床的形成或多或少都与热液活动有关。成矿过程中伴随流体的运移和演化,流体与围岩会不断发生水-岩反应并导致金物质在适合的构造空间堆积成矿,同时在流体途经区留下蚀变产物。这一过程中形成的蚀变矿物特征和矿物组合能够指示成矿过程的物理化学条件的变化,是找矿的重要信息。这一能够标识成矿过程的矿物学特征统称为矿物标型特征。基于与金矿矿化关系密切的常见矿物蚀变现象及其时空分布规律,并以矿物标型特征参数(如载金矿物黄铁矿热电性特征、蚀变矿物短波红外光谱特征和蚀变岩磁化率特征等)为基础,通过蚀变矿物分带和矿物学填图,可以建立成矿模式和找矿模型,进而指导找矿勘查。本文通过对多个矿床实例的总结分析,认为以矿物标型特征为主要参数的矿物学填图是有效缩小找矿靶区或进行深部预测的找矿方法之一。 相似文献
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金属矿物的反应动力学与地球化学意义 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
概述了动力学实验的技术方法和金属矿物的反应动力学研究进展。动力学实验使用的三种基本化学反应装置是间歇反应器（ＢＲ）、活塞流反应器（ＰＦＲ）和混合流反应器（ＭＦＲ）,确定速率定律的数学方法包括积分法、微分法和混合法,以微分法中的初始速率法应用最广。目前主要研究了水溶液中黄铁矿氧化、黄铁矿和黄铜矿形成、晶质铀矿和磁铁矿溶解的速率定律和反应机理,发现：（１）酸性溶液中黄铁矿的氧化速率对Ｆｅ３＋和Ｏ２浓度呈分数依赖并受表面反应的控制;（２）低于３００℃时黄铁矿不能从溶液中直接成核,而需初始地通过ＦｅＳ先驱物的硫化生成,ＦｅＳ与Ｈ２Ｓ反应形成黄铁矿的速率方程为二级;（３）磁黄铁矿或黄铁矿与Ｃｕ２＋反应均可形成黄铜矿,前者经历了一系列准稳的Ｃｕ Ｆｅ硫化物的中间物,后者的速率方程为表观一级并受表面反应的控制;（４）酸性ｐＨ时磁铁矿的非线性溶解行为可采用表面反应扩散输运耦合的收缩核模型（ＳＣＭ）来描述。有关动力学实验成果完善和深化了对矿床中黄铁矿、黄铜矿的形成机理和风化壳中磁铁矿的稳定性等方面的认识。将来的实验研究将向更多的金属矿物和高温高压领域发展。 相似文献
11.
《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(7-8):803-819
Sulfide mineral oxidation, primarily pyrite and pyrrhotite, generates acid mine drainage during weathering. Successful management of acid generating wastes entails the suppression of the initiation of oxidation reactions. The reactivity of pyrite depends on ore mineralogy, including the effects of associated sulfide impurities. The electrochemical surface characterization study using cyclic voltammetry with carbon paste electrodes containing minerals particles (CPE-Mineral) is an effective tool for demonstrating how the various mineral characteristics work together to influence the overall reactivity of the mineral. This study was supported by chemical, mineralogical and leachate chemistry data. The results show that the presence of other sulfides in contact with pyrite at the beginning of the weathering process is the most important parameter affecting pyrite reactivity, which is likely to be oxidized and passivated. In more advanced stages of leaching, mineral coatings which passivate the pyrite surfaces tend to play the most important role in defining the reactivity of pyrite. The electrochemical response of pyritic samples in conjunction with the evolution of the chemical quality of the leach solution in the simple experimental device here used, could then provide valuable information on acid mine drainage generation. 相似文献
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黄铁矿载金的原因和特征 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
对102个金矿床载金矿物的统计表明,黄铁矿是最普遍最重要的载金矿物。造成黄铁矿成为主要载金矿物的原因,有三个矿物学方面的因素,即结构因素、成核因素和电化学因素。结构因素表现在黄铁矿晶体结构中存在对硫 ［S2］2－,对硫 形成过程中对金离子具还原效应。成核因素表现在自然金成核常选择原子排布与之最接近的黄铁矿表面为衬底,以降低成核能。电化学因素表现在黄铁矿的热电性导致金离子在其表面发生电化学反应而沉淀结晶。对黄铁矿载金能力的分析表明,细粒、它形、裂隙发育程度高、As和Sb含量高以及P型的黄铁矿载金能力高,自形黄铁矿中的{210}、S面{100}及其聚形晶的载金能力高。 相似文献
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The results of experiments designed to test the hypothesis that near-surface molecular structure of iron oxide minerals influences
adhesion of dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria are presented. These experiments involved the measurement, using atomic force
microscopy, of interaction forces generated between Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 cells and single crystal growth faces of iron oxide minerals. Significantly different adhesive force was measured between
cells and the (001) face of hematite, and the (100) and (111) faces of magnetite. A role for electrostatic interactions is
apparent. The trend in relative forces of adhesion generated at the mineral surfaces is in agreement with predicted ferric
site densities published previously. These results suggest that near-surface structure does indeed influence initial cell
attachment to iron oxide surfaces; whether this is mediated via specific cell surface-mineral surface interactions or by more general interfacial phenomena remains untested. 相似文献
15.
Mohammad Al-Harahsheh Sam Kingman Frank Rutten David Briggs 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006,80(2-4):205-214
Chalcopyrite is known to be slow reacting mineral in hydrometallurgical systems and is considered one of the most inert sulphide minerals with respect to leaching. Such character of chalcopyrite seems to be linked to a formation of a passive layer on its surface. This work reports that freshly fractured chalcopyrite surfaces exhibit highly selective reactivity depending on the exposed fracture planes. ToF-SIMS was used to qualitatively characterize various fracture planes in freshly fractured chalcopyrite particles, prior to and after hydrometallurgical treatment. It was found that, prior to treatment, certain areas exhibited pronounced contamination from atmospheric hydrocarbons; whereas, others were highly unreactive and remarkably free from adventitious hydrocarbon contamination. The positive ion spectra recorded from these areas were found to be dominated by peaks from Fe- and Cu-elements and related compounds. The negative ion spectra for the reactive areas on the other hand showed a high content of oxidized (sulphur) species.The differences between the areas of low and high reactivity, as detected after leaching, were more subtle than prior to leaching; whereas, SEM analysis showed clear evidence for selective attack of ferric sulphate to specific planes. Furthermore, it was shown that, when chalcopyrite is in intimate contact with pyrite, it experiences an enhanced oxidation compared to when there is no electric contact with pyrite.Attempts were made to explain the preferential oxidation observed based on the different chemistry of the fracture surfaces. 相似文献
16.
Björn Öhlander Barbara Müller Mikael Axelsson Lena Alakangas 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2007
Metals released from oxidation and weathering of sulphide minerals in mine tailings are to a high degree retained at deeper levels within the tailings themselves. To be able to predict what could happen in the future with these secondarily retained metals, it is important to understand the retention mechanisms. In this study an attempt to use laser ablation high-resolution ICP-MS (LA-ICP-SMS) to quantify enrichment of trace elements on pyrite surfaces in mine tailings was performed. Pyrite grains were collected from a profile through the pyrite-rich tailings at the Kristineberg mine in northern Sweden. At each spot hit by the laser, the surface layer was analyzed in the first shot, and a second shot on the same spot gave the chemical composition of the pyrite immediately below. The crater diameter for a laser shot was known, and by estimating the crater depth and total pyrite surface, the total enrichment on pyrite grains was calculated. Results are presented for As, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn. The results clearly show that there was an enrichment of As, Cd, Cu and Zn on the pyrite surfaces below the oxidation front in the tailings, but not of Co and Ni. Arsenic was also enriched on the pyrite grains that survived in the oxidized zone. Copper has been enriched on pyrite surfaces in unoxidized tailings in the largest amount, followed by Zn and As. However, only 1.4 to 3.1% of the Cd and Zn released by sulphide oxidation in the oxidized zone have been enriched on the pyrite surfaces in the unoxidized tailings, but for As and Cu corresponding figures are about 64 and 43%, respectively. There were many uncertainties in these calculations, and the results shall not be taken too literally but allowed the conclusion that enrichment on pyrite surfaces is an important process for retention of As and Cu below the oxidation front in pyrite rich tailings. Laser ablation is not a surface analysis technique, but more of a thin layer method, and gives no information on the type of processes resulting in enrichment on the pyrite surfaces. Although only pyrite grains that appeared to be fresh and without surface coatings were used in this study, the possibility that a thin layer of Fe-hydroxides occurred must be considered. Both adsorption to the pyrite directly or to Fe-oxyhydroxides may explain the enrichment of As, Cd, Cu and Zn on the pyrite surfaces, and, in the case of Cu, also the replacement of Fe(II) by Cu(II) in pyrite. 相似文献
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Mineral extraction and processing, especially metal mining, produces crushed and milled waste; such material, exposed to weathering, poses the potential threat of environmental contamination. In this study, mill tailings from inactive Pb-Zn mines in New Mexico, southwest USA, have been examined for their potential environmental impacts by means of detailed mineralogical and geochemical characterization. The principal ore minerals remaining in the tailings material are sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and very minor galena, smithsonite, and cerrusite, accompanied by the gangue minerals pyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, hematite, garnet, pyroxene, quartz, and calcite. White precipitate occurring on tailings surfaces is composed of gypsum and hydrated magnesium sulfates. Pyrite is mostly unaltered or shows only micron-scale rims of oxidation (goethite/hematite) in some surface samples. This iron oxide rim on pyrite is the only indication of weathering-derived minerals found by microscopy. There are variations in element concentrations with depth that reflect primary variations through time as the tailings ponds were filled. Cadmium and Zn concentrations increase with depth and Ag and Pb are low for the uppermost core samples, while Cu, Ni, and Co concentrations are generally high for the uppermost core samples. These elemental distributions indicate that little or no leaching has taken place since emplacement of the tailings because no accumulation or enrichment of these metals is observed in Hanover tailings, even in reducing portions of tailings piles. Element concentrations of surface samples surrounding the tailings reflect underlying mineralized zones rather than tailings-derived soil contamination. We observed no successive decreasing metal concentrations in prevalent wind directions away from the tailings. Stream sediment samples from Hanover Creek have somewhat elevated Zn, Cd, and Pb concentrations in areas that receive sediments from erosion of the tailings. However, input from tributaries downstream of the ponds appears to be principal source of heavy metals in Hanover Creek. The results of this study indicate that there is low risk for groundwater heavy-metal contamination from Hanover tailings. Tailings material do not show significant geochemical oxidation/alteration or metal leaching with depth. Our studies indicate that neutralizing minerals present in the tailings are sufficient to keep the tailings material chemically stable. Geochemically, however, tailings materials are being eroded and may pose a threat to Hanover Creek via siltation. 相似文献
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The rate of decomposition of potassium ethyl monothiocarbonate has been determined at pH values between 5 and 10, and its molar absorptivity at 221 nm determined to be 1.24 · 104mol/cm.A novel apparatus for use in the study of reactions between sulphide minerals, oxygen and thiol reagents has been developed, and applied to the reactions of potassium ethyl xanthate with galena and pyrite. It has been shown that both minerals react with ethyl xanthate in the presence of oxygen or oxidation products to form soluble as well as adsorbed xanthate derivatives. The soluble derivative has been identified to be ethyl monothiocarbonate. The adsorbed xanthate at a galena surface, unlike that at a pyrite surface, is gradually converted to a soluble monothiocarbonate under the action of dissolved oxygen. The effect of variables such as pH, the initial xanthate and oxygen concentrations, and the initial state of oxidation of the mineral on the formation of monothiocarbonate has been studied. It is tentatively proposed that an intermediate adsorbed mixed xanthate-hydroxide species is involved in the formation of monothiocarbonate at both galena and pyrite surfaces.The significance of the formation of monothiocarbonate to flotation practice is discussed briefly. The formation of monothiocarbonate represents a wastage of reagent, and could lead to a decrease in flotability of xanthated galena with time of exposure to aerated solutions. 相似文献