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1.
The viscoelastic deformation behavior of a sedimentary rock under different loading rates is numerically modeled and investigated by the numerical manifold method (NMM). By incorporating a modified 3-element viscoelastic constitutive mode in the NMM, crack initiation and propagation criteria, and crack identification and evolution techniques, the effects of the loading rates on the cracking behavior of a sedimentary rock, such as crack open displacement, crack sliding displacement, crack initiation, crack propagation and final failure mode, are successfully modeled. The numerical results reveal that under a high loading rate (>1,000 MPa/s), due to the viscoelastic property of the sedimentary rock, not only the structural behavior deviates from that of elastic model, but also different cracking processes and final failure modes are obtained. 相似文献
2.
通过对岩石边坡中的裂隙水对岩石边坡裂隙作用的力学原理进行分析的基础上,提出了数值流形方法中对裂隙水渗流作用的计算方法,并在原有考虑裂纹扩展的数值流形方法程序中加入了考虑裂隙渗流的子程序。最后利用综合考虑渗流与断裂的数值流形方法程序对含初始裂隙的岩石边坡在渗流作用下的破坏过程进行了模拟。模拟结果再现了原始裂隙在渗流作用下的扩展路径及所形成的切割块体在自重作用下的运动过程,与边坡的实际破坏模式基本一致。 相似文献
3.
水压影响岩石渐进破裂过程的试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
岩石的压缩过程伴随着裂纹扩展,在低、中围压条件下扩展的裂纹主要受到张拉作用而产生,张拉破坏是首要的作用机制。研究发现,岩石的渐进破裂过程受岩石的结构和构造影响,比如矿物成分、颗粒大小以及胶结情况等,另外,围压以及开挖扰动等外界因素对岩石的渐进破裂过程也有重要影响。基于试验方法探讨水压对岩石渐进破坏过程的影响,首先,阐述岩石渐进破裂过程各个阶段的特征;然后,对岩石渐进破裂指标--岩石的启裂强度 和损伤强度 的确定方法进行总结;最后,选取细粒的石英砂岩为研究对象,通过试验研究水压对岩石渐进破坏过程的影响。试验结果表明,相同围压条件下,随着岩样两端水压的增大,岩石的 有逐渐增大的趋势,而岩石的 和峰值强度 逐渐变小;随着围压逐渐增大,岩石的启裂强度 、损伤强度 及峰值强度 均逐渐增大。 相似文献
4.
硬岩裂纹起裂强度和损伤强度取值方法探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岩石裂纹起裂强度σci和损伤强度σcd的研究对探讨岩石渐进破坏过程和脆性破坏机制,建立岩石的起裂强度和长期强度准则具有重要意义。鉴于此,系统总结了岩石起裂强度和损伤强度的4种计算方法,包括裂纹应变模型计算法,声发射参数取值法,侧向应变、体积应变曲线观察法和移动点回归法,并以大理岩和花岗岩在单轴压缩条件下为例,详细描述了用不同方法计算σci和σcd时存在的问题。研究结果表明,裂纹应变模型法物理意义明确,可以方便和准确地确定岩石的σci和σcd;声发射撞击率可以定性或半定量了解岩石的渐进破坏和损伤过程,但无法准确定量确定σci和σcd;移动点回归法计算体积应变刚度时受取值点间隔影响较大,而且加载过程中不同阶段的特征并不明显,难以确定起裂强度值。研究结论可为加深对岩石裂纹起裂强度和损伤强度的重要意义的认识,了解两个强度值的计算方法并合理选取其计算方法提供有益的参考。 相似文献
5.
为研究不同库水深度处侏罗系软岩的损伤演化特性,对三峡库区侏罗系泥质粉砂岩进行了不同水压力状态下的MTS三轴压缩声发射试验,建立了基于声发射振铃计数考虑水致初始损伤的损伤演化方程,对水压力作用下侏罗系软岩的力学劣化特性、损伤演化阶段和损伤演化特征值进行了分析,结果表明:随着水压力增大(0 MPa到1MPa),软岩的起裂应力、损伤应力、峰值应力、残余应力以及弹性模量整体均呈现出减小的趋势,减小幅度分别为74.2%、66.9%、62.4%、43.4%、51.9%;侏罗系软岩的损伤演化过程可分为损伤形成阶段、损伤稳定发展阶段、损伤破坏阶段和损伤破坏后阶段,各个损伤阶段与裂隙扩展阶段基本保持同步;损伤演化特征值能够定量地反映水压力对侏罗系软岩的影响劣化程度,各个损伤演化特征值与水压力均呈现出较好的数学相关性,初始损伤变量和起裂损伤变量随水压力的增大而增大,起裂损伤增量和起裂损伤应变随水压力的增大而减小;在水压力增大过程中,初始损伤变量与起裂损伤变量的数值逐渐逼近,起裂损伤增量和起裂损伤应变数值逐渐接近于0,说明库水压力的存在会对侏罗系软岩造成不同程度的损伤,能够加速岩石的裂隙发展和破坏进程。 相似文献
6.
模拟岩石破裂过程的块体单元离散弹簧模型 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在变形体离散元的基础上建立块体单元离散弹簧模型,并应用于岩石破裂过程的数值模拟研究。该模型以连续介质力学理论为基础,将块体单元离散为具有明确物理意义的弹簧系统,通过对弹簧系统的能量泛函求变分获得各弹簧的刚度系数,进而可以直接利用弹簧刚度求解单元的变形和应力,提高计算效率。以重力作用下的岩质边坡计算为例,通过与传统的有限元进行对比,验证该模型弹性计算结果的正确性。在该基础上,引入Mohr-Coulomb与最大拉应力的复合破坏准则,判断单元的破坏状态及破裂方向。当单元的内部破坏面确定后,则通过块体切割的方式实现单元破坏,并建立单元边界和单元内部的双重破裂机制,实现块体由连续到非连续的破裂过程,进而显示的模拟裂纹的形成和扩展。最后,以巴西圆盘劈裂、单轴压缩破裂以及三点弯曲梁等典型算例验证该方法,结果表明该方法可以较好地模拟拉伸、压剪等应力状态下裂纹的形成和扩展,从而可模拟岩石介质由连续到非连续的破裂过程。 相似文献
7.
This paper proposes a numerical model for jointed rock masses within the 3‐D numerical manifold method (NMM) framework equipped with a customized contact algorithm. The strength of rock sample containing a few sets of discontinuities is first investigated. The results of models with simple geometries are compared with the available analytical solutions to verify the developed computer code, whereas models with complex geometries are simulated to better understand the fundamental behavior and failure mechanism of jointed rock mass. Furthermore, the stability of jointed rock mass in an underground excavation is studied, where rock failure process is determined by the 3‐D NMM simulation. The simulation results provide valuable guidance on excavation process design and stabilization design in rock engineering practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
Yao Yao 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(3):375-387
Hydraulic fracturing technology is being widely used within the oil and gas industry for both waste injection and unconventional
gas production wells. It is essential to predict the behavior of hydraulic fractures accurately based on understanding the
fundamental mechanism(s). The prevailing approach for hydraulic fracture modeling continues to rely on computational methods
based on Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). Generally, these methods give reasonable predictions for hard rock hydraulic
fracture processes, but still have inherent limitations, especially when fluid injection is performed in soft rock/sand or
other non-conventional formations. These methods typically give very conservative predictions on fracture geometry and inaccurate
estimation of required fracture pressure. One of the reasons the LEFM-based methods fail to give accurate predictions for
these materials is that the fracture process zone ahead of the crack tip and softening effect should not be neglected in ductile
rock fracture analysis. A 3D pore pressure cohesive zone model has been developed and applied to predict hydraulic fracturing
under fluid injection. The cohesive zone method is a numerical tool developed to model crack initiation and growth in quasi-brittle
materials considering the material softening effect. The pore pressure cohesive zone model has been applied to investigate
the hydraulic fracture with different rock properties. The hydraulic fracture predictions of a three-layer water injection
case have been compared using the pore pressure cohesive zone model with revised parameters, LEFM-based pseudo 3D model, a
Perkins-Kern–Nordgren (PKN) model, and an analytical solution. Based on the size of the fracture process zone and its effect
on crack extension in ductile rock, the fundamental mechanical difference of LEFM and cohesive fracture mechanics-based methods
is discussed. An effective fracture toughness method has been proposed to consider the fracture process zone effect on the
ductile rock fracture. 相似文献
9.
Fractures developed around high pressurized gas or air storage tunnels can progressively extend to the ground surface, eventually leading to an uplift failure. A tool reasonably reproducing the failure patterns is necessary for stability assessment. In this study, a numerical method based on the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method with a cohesive crack model is developed to simulate fracture propagation patterns in the rock mass around a tunnel under high internal pressure. A series of physical model tests was also conducted to validate the reliability of the developed method. A qualitative agreement between physical model tests and numerical results can be obtained. The in situ stress ratio, k, has a strong influence on both the position of crack initiation and the propagation direction. The numerical analyses were extended to full-scale problems. Numerical tests were performed to investigate the prime influencing factors on the failure patterns of a high pressurized gas circular tunnel with varying parameters. The results suggest that initial in situ stress conditions with a high k (larger than 1) is favorable for construction of pressurized gas or air storage tunnels. 相似文献
10.
裂隙的剪胀特性及扩展演化规律对岩体的渗流特性具有重要影响。为揭示裂隙剪胀及扩展演化对岩体渗流的影响,基于残余强度提出了一种能较好描述岩石硬化-软化特性的全剪切本构关系;结合剪切变形与裂隙开度的关系,利用最小势能原理和立方定律,建立了压剪作用下考虑裂隙剪胀特性的渗流应力耦合模型;假定压剪作用下裂隙发生Ⅰ型扩展,提出了伴有翼型裂纹的渗流模型,该模型不仅考虑了岩石的剪胀特性,更反映了裂隙扩展过程渗流的演化规律。对不同裂隙粗糙度的剪切应力-位移曲线进行分析,全剪切本构模型表现出较高的拟合精度。在剪切应力-位移关系基础上,通过剪切渗流试验数据对压剪作用下渗流模型进行验证,结果表明,该模型能较好地描述岩体剪胀阶段渗透性演化规律。利用等效裂隙简化裂隙网络,并通过试验数据进行验证,证实了裂隙扩展过程渗流-应力耦合模型的准确性与适用性。 相似文献
11.
The microstructure of rock was numerically reproduced by a polygonal grain‐based model, and its mechanical behavior was examined by performing the uniaxial compression test and Brazilian tests via the Universal Distinct Element Code. The numerical results of the model demonstrated good agreement with the experimental results obtained with rock specimens in terms of the stress–strain behavior, strength characteristics, and brittle fracture phenomenon. An encouraging result is that the grain‐based model‐Universal Distinct Element Code model can reproduce a low ratio of tensile to compressive strength of 1/20 to 1/10 without the need for an additional process. This finding is ascribed to the fact that the geometrical features of polygons can effectively capture the effects of angularity, finite rotation, and interlocking of grains that exist in reality. A numerical methodology to monitor the evolution of micro‐cracks was developed, which enabled us to examine the progressive process of the failure and distinguish the contribution of tensile cracking to the process from that of shear cracking. From the observations of the micro‐cracking process in reference to the stress–strain relation, crack initiation stress, and crack damage stress, it can be concluded that the failure process of the model closely resembles the microscopic observations of rock. We also carried out a parametric study to examine the relationships between the microscopic properties and the macroscopic behavior of the model. Depending on the micro‐properties, the model exhibited a variety of responses to the external load in terms of the strength and deformation characteristics, the evolution of micro‐cracks, and the post‐peak behavior. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
脆性岩石破裂演化过程的三维细胞自动机模拟 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
在三维条件下定义了实体细胞自动机的基本组件,综合运用弹塑性理论、细胞自动机自组织演化理论、统计原理以及岩石力学理论等,建立了模拟岩石三维破裂过程的张量型细胞自动机模型,并开发了相应的数值模拟软件EPCA3D。利用EPCA3D对脆性岩石进行单轴压缩破裂过程模拟,通过破裂模式、岩样内部破裂情况、全应力-应变曲线和声发射曲线等的分析,揭示岩石破裂的机制。结果表明,EPCA3D能够较好地模拟非均质岩石在载荷作用下微裂纹的萌生、扩展和贯通的全过程。利用该模拟系统,采用应力-应变线性组合的加载控制方式,研究了不同围压对岩石全应力-应变曲线的影响。研究结果表明：对于脆性非均质岩石,低围压下容易表现为II类行为,且强度较低;高围压下容易表现为I类变形行为,且强度较高。 相似文献
13.
Crack evolution is initiated by the occurrence of tensile wing cracks and is then further promoted due to the crack coalescence caused by the extension of a central tensile crack segment between two relatively adjacent flaws. To understand such progressive failures in rock, a parallelized peridynamics coupled with a finite element method is utilized. Through this method, the initiation position of tensile wing cracks is observed with respect to varying inclination angles of a flaw, and then its corresponding shifting mechanism is investigated. In addition, the phenomenon of the position shifting being sensitive to various flaw shapes is discussed. Moreover, it is observed that the inclination angle of a central flaw affects the initiation position of other flaws; therefore, the initiation positions of tensile wing crack emanating from other neighboring flaws are analyzed with their angles. Following tensile wing cracks, a central tensile crack segment occurs in the bridging region between a central flaw and other neighboring flaws; the developmental patterns caused by the crack segment are discussed as well. Finally, the role a central tensile crack segment plays in the formation of crack coalescence and specimen failure is investigated in detail. The numerical results in this paper demonstrate good fidelity with established physical test results and complement them, thereby expanding the understanding of fracturing morphology in rock specimens with various flaws. 相似文献
14.
基于UDEC的隧道掘进机滚刀破岩数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
现今全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）施工方法在长大深埋隧道工程中已被广泛采用,对滚刀破岩关键技术的进一步认识具有重要的工程价值。为了研究滚刀破岩机制,分析刀圈断面形态、岩石强度和节理角度对其的影响,运用UDEC方法建立了滚刀贯切岩石的二维数值系列模型,对TBM滚刀破岩过程进行了仿真。分析表明：滚刀破岩是滚刀下岩石拉破坏和剪破坏的综合反映,拉破坏是裂纹萌生与扩展的主要驱动机制;刃宽较大的平刀与刃角较大的楔刀破岩效果较好;平刀与楔刀在软岩中破岩效果相近,平刀在硬岩施工中比楔刀的破岩效果好;滚刀对节理角度为30°～60°的岩石破坏效果较好,由于楔刀的“劈裂”作用,楔刀比平刀更适合用于贯切含有节理的岩石。 相似文献
15.
A relationship between tensile strength and loading stress governing the onset of mode I crack propagation obtained via numerical investigations using a bonded particle model 
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下载免费PDF全文 Numerical models based on the discrete element method are used to study the fracturing process in brittle rock‐like materials under direct and indirect tension. The results demonstrate the capacity of the model to capture the essential characteristics of fracture including the onset of crack propagation, stable and unstable crack growth, arrest and reinitiation of fracturing, and crack branching. Simulations of Brazilian indirect tension tests serve to calibrate the numerical model, relating macroscopic tensile strength of specimens to their micromechanical breakage parameters. A second suite of simulations reveals a linear relationship between the tensile strength of specimens and the loading stress for which mode I tensile crack propagation ensues. Based on these results, a crack initiation criterion for brittle materials is proposed, prescribing the stressing conditions required to induce tensile failure. Such a criterion, if broadly applicable, provides a practical means to rapidly assess the failure potential of brittle materials under tensile loads. 相似文献
16.
A simple and analytical method of solving the problem of heat extraction from a penny-shaped crack having both inlet and outlet holes is developed by using a two-dimensional flow model when fluid is injected at a constant flow rate. Temperature distributions in both rock and fluid are obtained by taking into account the hydraulic and thermal growth of the crack. The outlet fluid temperature and energy extraction rate versus time are shown by some illustrative examples. Although the effect of thermal, contraction of rock upon the crack width is large, its influence upon flow rate and crack tip stress intensity factor is sufficiently small within the first several years so that the crack radius can be determined mainly by the mechanical deformation of, the rock. 相似文献
17.
岩石边坡裂隙渗流的流形元模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了能够更好地考虑裂隙渗流在岩石边坡破坏中的作用,在考虑裂纹扩展的数值流形方法程序基础上,从最小势能原理出发,阐述了渗流与变形的耦合作用机理并推导了相应的耦合方程,在程序中实现了对渗流与断裂的模拟。最后利用该程序对含初始裂隙的岩石边坡在渗流作用下的破坏过程进行了模拟。模拟结果很好地再现了边坡在渗流作用下的实际破坏过程。同时通过对裂纹扩展过程中应力强度因子的计算发现,第一应力强度因子始终大于第二应力强度因子,且随着计算时间增加,二者的差值逐渐增大,裂纹扩展以Ⅰ型为主。 相似文献
18.
运用数值流形法在非连续介质领域的独特优势,并结合断裂力学的基本原理,分析了重力坝的水力劈裂破坏问题,实现了重力坝起裂、扩展和渐进破坏的全过程。充分发挥应力强度因子判别法和带抗拉强度的摩尔-库仑破坏准则各自的优势,根据不同情况选取其中某种方法确定断裂和扩展方向,且不需要预制初始裂纹。选取一个算例两种工况分析了重力坝在不考虑裂纹面内水压力和考虑裂纹面内水压力的水力劈裂破坏情况。计算结果表明,在重力坝的水力劈裂中,当不考虑裂纹面内水压力时,坝踵处裂纹向下游和深部扩展,上游折坡点处裂纹属于压剪型破坏;当考虑裂纹面内水压力时,坝踵处裂纹偏向深度方向扩展,折坡点处的裂纹逐渐由压剪破坏变成了拉剪破坏,并且考虑裂纹面内水压力后坝体破坏所需要的时步减少,故而考虑裂纹面内水后降低了重力坝的安全系数。该方法加深了对重力坝水力劈裂破坏的认识,具有较大的实际应用价值。 相似文献
19.
开挖卸荷作用下裂隙岩体边坡的破坏模式与路径分析是边坡工程灾害研究的热点之一,准确识别边坡的潜在破裂路径对工程安全施工和支护优化设计具有重要意义。依据断裂扩展分析方法,将裂隙扩展判别的理论方法开发并应用于数值模拟分析中,通过裂隙尖端应力强度因子计算、裂隙扩展模式识别、裂隙起裂角演算、裂隙扩展交汇等技术实现了岩体中断续裂隙的起裂、扩展与贯通演化过程的快速模拟;以某高速公路沿线裂隙岩体路堑边坡为对象,采用提出的模拟方法分析了多级开挖卸荷作用下坡体裂隙的扩展机制与边坡的破坏路径。结果表明：裂隙岩体边坡从上至下多级开挖过程中,坡肩裂隙首先起裂,并通过拉张型扩展逐渐发展为优势裂隙;随着边坡下挖,优势裂隙沿坡面向下逐步发生拉张/剪切混合型扩展并与既有裂隙交汇,在边坡中上部形成阶梯状扩展破坏路径;裂隙扩展至边坡下部及坡脚后扩展模式由拉张/剪切混合型转化为剪切型,并最终以弧形剪切面从坡脚出露。研究揭示了裂隙岩体边坡多级开挖卸荷作用下上部阶梯状拉张/剪切混合型破裂-下部弧形剪切型破裂的复合破坏模式,可为边坡工程支护设计和施工稳定性控制提供新思路。 相似文献
20.
Rock slope failure is a complex process that usually involves both opening/sliding along pre‐existing discontinuities as well as fracturing of intact rock bridges. Discontinuity persistence is an important factor governing rock slope instabilities. However, traditional slope failure analysis assumes persistent discontinuities, and rock slope fails along a predefined persistent continuous potential failure surface because of the limitations of the analysis tools. This paper proposes the numerical manifold method (NMM) incorporated with a Mohr–Coulomb criterion‐based fracturing algorithm to simulate the progressive failure of rock slopes with non‐persistent joints. Detailed fracturing algorithm is first presented. Then, the NMM enabling fracturing is calibrated through simulating an edge‐cracked plate and the Brazilian test. Lastly, the developed code is applied to investigate the failure process of rock slopes involving non‐persistent joints. Numerical results indicate that the proposed method can capture the opening/sliding along existing discontinuities, the fracturing in intact rock bridges and the final kinematic release. Progressive slope failure is well exhibited. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献