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1.
岩溶区土著植物黄荆条和红背山麻杆水浸提液对入侵植物飞机草萌发的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
黄荆条和红背山麻杆是广西岩溶地区常见的土著植物,在这两种土著植物较多的群落中,飞机草的入侵受到影响。本文通过分析发芽率、发芽速率和化感效应敏感指数等指标,研究了黄荆条和红背山麻杆的根、茎、叶三个部位不同浓度的水提液对飞机草种子萌发的影响,以检验这两种土著植物是否对飞机草具有化感作用。结果表明,与对照相比,红背山麻杆各部位不同浓度的水提液以及黄荆条的根、茎不同浓度的水提液对飞机草种子萌发有微弱的影响,整体表现出低促高抑的现象; 但黄荆条的叶原液对飞机草种子萌发抑制作用显著,在黄荆条叶原液处理下,飞机草发芽率仅为对照的20. 75% ,化感效应敏感指数为- 3. 8191。从生态效益和经济效益考虑,黄荆条可作为岩溶地区生物替代防治飞机草的优选植物。 相似文献
2.
通过盆栽法, 研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对甜叶菊移栽苗生理生态特性的影响. 结果表明: NaCl对甜叶菊移栽苗生长的胁迫表现为低促高抑的效应, 即0~44 mmol·L-1浓度下, NaCl处理对甜叶菊移栽苗光合作用和生长具有促进作用; 44~140 mmol·L-1浓度下, 甜叶菊光合参数、干叶产量、长势等逐渐下降; 大于140 mmol·L-1浓度下, 甜叶菊将不能存活. 低浓度NaCl胁迫下, 甜叶菊叶生长量增加, 而茎和根的生长量与其他NaCl胁迫一样, 表现为增长量降低. 甜叶菊通过增加叶生物量适应低盐胁迫, 是甜叶菊叶子的增产新机制, 为生物量的分配研究提供了新的佐证. 此外, 所确定的Na+影响甜叶菊生长的低促高抑的浓度范围, 为今后甜叶菊规模化和精细化栽培种植提供了理论基础. 相似文献
3.
利用高效液相色谱-质谱/质谱法,同时测定饮用水中灭草松和2,4-D,水样经0.45μm微孔滤膜过滤后直接上机,经高效液相色谱分离后,采用质谱/质谱法测定。结果表明,灭草松和2,4-D分别在0.25~8.00μg/L和1.00~30.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数分别为0.9987和0.9980,检出限为0.002μg/L和0.004μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为7.5%~8.0%和2.9%~4.8%,加标回收率分别在73.6%~90.4%和90.3%~103.0%之间。完全满足饮用水中灭草松和2,4-D的测定。 相似文献
4.
黄荆条和红背山麻杆是广西岩溶地区常见的土著植物,在这两种土著植物较多的群落中,飞机草的入侵受到影响。本文通过分析发芽率、发芽速率和化感效应敏感指数等指标,研究了黄荆条和红背山麻杆的根、茎、叶三个部位不同浓度的水提液对飞机草种子萌发的影响,以检验这两种土著植物是否对飞机草具有化感作用。结果表明,与对照相比,红背山麻杆各部位不同浓度的水提液以及黄荆条的根、茎不同浓度的水提液对飞机草种子萌发有微弱的影响,整体表现出低促高抑的现象;但黄荆条的叶原液对飞机草种子萌发抑制作用显著,在黄荆条叶原液处理下,飞机草发芽率仅为对照的20．75％,化感效应敏感指数为-3．8191。从生态效益和经济效益考虑,黄荆条可作为岩溶地区生物替代防治飞机草的优选植物。 相似文献
5.
6.
调水是目前快速改善湖泊水质的有效方法之一,但是对于调水所能达到的最佳效果研究很少。以杭州西湖为例,利用环境流体动力学模型EFDC构建了西湖TP模型,对通过苏堤各桥孔的流量、外西湖分层流场和水质浓度进行了验证,分析了在现有外围调水情况下增加西湖内循环引水后西湖TP的时空变化。模拟结果表明,增加内循环引水,直接将低浓度区的水引至高浓度区,能够明显降低高浓度区的水质;低浓度区由于引水量的减小,区域内水质浓度会有一定的上升;全湖平均水质浓度基本不会发生改变。在没有增加外部引水的情况下,内循环引水可以使湖泊水体掺混更加均匀,对于防止高浓度区富营养化有很好的效果。增加内循环引水对西湖改善高浓度区水质有一定的指导意义,同时也可为相似湖泊增加内循环引水措施提供借鉴。 相似文献
7.
山西重点煤矿区包括晋城、阳泉、西山、汾西、潞安等矿区,是“十三五”国家科技重大专项“山西重点煤矿区煤层气与煤炭协调开发示范工程”的主要实施地点。依托国家科技重大专项项目资助,研发了煤矿瓦斯梯级利用系列技术,并进行工程示范,引导山西重点煤矿区瓦斯抽采量与利用量由2015年的60.2亿m3和22.3亿m3提高至2020年的64.03亿m3和28.94亿m3,利用率由37%提升至45%,在保障煤矿安全开采的前提下极大地助力碳达峰碳中和目标的实现。梯级利用主要是根据甲烷浓度高低分别加以综合利用,对于甲烷体积分数≥30%的高浓度煤矿瓦斯,可以进行集输后按照效益最大化原则进行发电、民用、工业利用等。对于甲烷体积分数<30%的低浓度瓦斯,依据不同浓度瓦斯利用技术差异性及适应性,将低浓度瓦斯的浓度利用区间划分为4级:甲烷体积分数介于16%~30%的低浓度瓦斯可采用变压吸附技术,提纯后可使甲烷体积分数达到30%以上满足后续民用及集输等要求,该项技术已在晋城矿区成庄矿建设了处理能力为12 000 m3/h的示范装置;在有高浓度煤矿瓦斯的矿区也可利用掺混技术直接将甲烷体积分数提高至30%以上进行集输利用。甲烷体积分数介于9%~16%的低浓度瓦斯可采用就地发电技术,转化为电能后可自用或上网,该技术已在晋城矿区赵庄矿、胡底矿、长平矿等建设了示范装置。甲烷体积分数介于6%~9%的低浓度瓦斯可采用直燃技术,转化为热能后进行电、热、冷三联供,该技术已在成庄矿建设了示范装置。甲烷体积分数介于1%~6%的低浓度瓦斯可采用蓄热氧化与掺混技术,同样转化为热能后进行电、热、冷三联供,该技术已在华阳新材料科技集团有限公司(原阳泉煤业集团)一矿及五矿建设了示范装置。低浓度瓦斯梯级利用技术虽然在山西重点煤矿区进行了成功示范,但目前仍存在很多技术经济难题,在碳达峰碳中和目标下,亟需进行持续攻关并快速提高利用率。 相似文献
8.
长久以来有色金属矿山的开采对矿山周围土体造成了严重的重金属污染问题。使用自制的重金属淋滤污染装置,制备室内重金属Zn2+污染土,进行固结不排水三轴剪切试验,研究淋滤条件下重金属Zn2+对桂林红黏土强度及其强度损伤规律的影响。试验结果表明:重金属Zn2+对桂林红黏土的强度损伤行为是明显的,抗剪强度平均下降了30.61% ~56.6%不等,应力-硬化关系均呈现应变硬化型,损伤变量D在0.478~0.566之间。淋滤条件下重金属Zn2+对桂林红黏土强度的损伤主要是由于Zn2+对红黏土胶结结构以及土颗粒的双电层结构产生了不可逆的侵蚀破坏,降低土体内部的联结强度,随着浓度的增大,其强度呈现出下降的趋势,其损伤变量亦有所增长,但相差较小。这是因为在长时间的淋滤过程中,红黏土对Zn2+具有一定的吸附作用,导致尽管是在低浓度的污染溶液淋滤作用下,土体的累积损伤和高浓度的效果相近似。 相似文献
9.
广西弄岗喀斯特区域不同群落的稳定性评价分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选取群落本地种盖度和多样性等5个方面共9项具有表征群落稳定特性的主要指标构成指标体系,运用主成分分析法和灰色关联度分析法,综合评价分析了广西弄岗喀斯特区域群落稳定性;并根据稳定性分级公式将群落划分为强、中、差三个等级。结果表明:肥牛树(Cephalomappa sinensis)+秋枫(Bischofia polycarpa)-网脉核实(Drypetes perreticulata)-高脚沿阶草(Ophiopogon dracaenoides)等群落的稳定度指数较大。飞机草(Eupatorium odoratum)+三叶葛藤(Pueraria phaseoloides)等群落的稳定度指数较小。肥牛树+秋枫-网脉核实-高脚沿阶草等8个群落为强稳定性级别群落,苦楝(Melia azedarach)+任豆(Zenia insignis)-野桐(Mallotus japonicus)-蔓生莠竹(Microstegium fasoiculatum)+飞机草等4个群落为中等稳定性级别群落,飞机草+三叶葛藤群落、红花三宝木(Trigonostemon lutescens)+潺槁树(Iitsea glutinosa)-飞机草等14个群落为差稳定性级别群落。植被的稳定性大小顺序(原生性天然林>次生天然林>灌丛/人工林>草丛),反映了演替稳定性规律,即群落稳定性随着演替的进行而增高。 相似文献
10.
13X沸石分子筛对饮用水中NH_4~+-N吸附性能的实验研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
研究了 13X沸石分子筛对饮用水中低浓度NH+4 N的吸附性能 ,包括影响吸附的主要因素、沸石对NH+4 N的吸附效果、沸石的再生效果及沸石对NH+4 N的吸附机理。实验表明用NaOH处理的沸石比未处理的沸石对NH+4 N的吸附效果要好。在 pH值为 6 5～ 7 5、吸附时间为 2 0min、吸附温度为 2 0～ 30℃的条件下 ,沸石对NH+4 N的吸附率接近 10 0 % ,沸石对NH+4 N的吸附量可达 16 32mg/g。用直接焙烧法进行再生活化处理后的沸石对NH+4 N的吸附率仍接近 10 0 % ,沸石对NH+4 N的吸附机理是以离子交换吸附作用为主。 13X沸石吸附NH+4 N的过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模式。实验证明 ,利用 13X沸石净化含低浓度NH+4 N的饮用水具有良好的工业化应用前景。 相似文献
11.
C. Liang Y.-Y. Guo Y.-R. Pan 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(2):483-492
This paper reports an investigation of different persulfate (PS) activations, including PS at 20 °C (PS), thermally activated PS at 70 °C (T-PS), ferrous-ion activated PS at 20 °C [Fe(II)-PS)], hydrogen peroxide activated PS at 20 °C, and sodium hydroxide activated PS at 20 °C, for degradation of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in aqueous phase. Several findings were made in this study including the followings: the 2,4-D degradation rates in T-PS and Fe(II)-PS systems were higher than other systems. However, complete degradation of 2,4-D and associated derivatives can be reached in all oxidation systems, with various reaction times. When considering the results of PS consumption during the 48 h reaction time to reach complete 2,4-D degradation, the T-PS system consumed all of the PS while only 10 % of the PS was consumed in the Fe(II)-PS system. The evaluation of optimum PS and ferrous ion doses indicated that under a fixed initial PS concentration, increasing Fe2+ concentration generally increased the amount of initial rapid degradation of 2,4-D and dissolved organic carbon. However, the effectiveness of the Fe(II)-PS system may be inhibited by the presence of excess iron. When a fixed level of Fe2+ was employed, various PS concentrations resulted in approximately equal 2,4-D degradation. The Fe(II)-PS system was found to be sensitive to the initial Fe2+ concentration, and the presence of soil revealed minor influence on the 2,4-D degradation by the Fe(II)-PS system. These findings indicate that the iron-activated PS process may be an effective method for remediating 2,4-D contamination. 相似文献
12.
Adsorption of dimethoate and 2,4-D on Jordan Valley soils and their environmental impacts 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Al Kuisi 《Environmental Geology》2002,42(6):666-671
The adsorption process of dimethoate and 2,4-dichloro-phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) on Jordan Valley soils from aqueous solution at 25 °C has been studied. The adsorption isotherms may be classified as L-type of the Giles classification. The Kads values (Freundlich equation) vary between 1.01 (JV5) and 10.36 (JV7) for dimethoate insecticide and between 4.41 (JV5) and 14.87 (JV7) for 2,4-D herbicide, depending on the soil type. The adsorption of 2,4-D herbicide on soils in the study area is about threefold higher than that of dimethoate insecticide. The adsorption process of dimethoate and 2,4-D pesticides seem to be primarily controlled by the organic matter content of the soils and the clay content (most especially montmorillonite). 相似文献
13.
The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate has become the largest-selling crop-protection product worldwide. The increased use of glyphosate is associated with the appearance of a growing number of tolerant or resistant weeds, with socio-environmental consequences apart from the loss of productivity. In 2002, a glyphosate-resistant biotype of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.)) appeared in Argentina and now covers at least 10,000 ha. This paper analyzes the driving forces behind the emergence and spread of this weed and also examines management responses and their implications.Preventive strategies against glyphosate-resistant johnsongrass fail because of the institutional setting. Reactive measures, however, transfer the risks to the society and the environment through the introduction of novel genetically modified crops that allow the use of yet more herbicide. This in turn reinforces the emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds, constituting a new phenomenon of intensification, the “transgenic treadmill”. 相似文献
14.
W. -T. Tsai H. -R. Chen 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2013,10(6):1349-1356
Biochars have received increasing attention in recent years because of their significant properties such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility, and contaminant immobilization. In this work, the adsorptive removal of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium chloride, one of the most widely used herbicides) from aqueous solution onto the swine-manure-derived biochar has been studied at 25 °C in a batch adsorption system. The adsorption rate has been investigated under the controlled process parameters including initial pH (i.e., 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0), paraquat concentration (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 mg/L), and biochar dosage (i.e., 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 g/L). Based on the adsorption affinity between cationic paraquat and carbon-like adsorbent, a pseudo-second order model has been developed using experimental data to predict the adsorption kinetic constant and equilibrium adsorption capacity. The results showed that the adsorption process could be satisfactorily described with the reaction model and were reasonably explained by assuming an adsorption mechanism in the ion exchange process. Overall, the results from this study demonstrated that the biomass-derived char can be used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of environmental cationic organic pollutants from the water environment. 相似文献
15.
R. Grillo A. H. Rosa L. F. Fraceto 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(6):1691-1700
Polymeric nanoparticles can be used as carrier systems for a variety of bioactive compounds, altering the physico-chemical properties of the substances that are incorporated in the particle matrix. Coating techniques are employed to modify the interactions of the particles with the target medium. The objective of this work was to prepare nanocapsules of poly(ε-caprolactone) containing the herbicide atrazine and study the effect of coating the nanocapsule surfaces using different concentrations of chitosan. The encapsulation efficiency, release kinetics profile, and physico-chemical stability of the formulations were evaluated. Encapsulation percentages of 64–84 % were achieved. The release kinetics profile of the herbicide was altered when the nanocapsules were coated, and the release mechanism could be described by a combination of diffusion and relaxation of the polymeric chains. The stability of the formulations was influenced by the concentration of chitosan used in the preparation procedure. Given the global application of herbicides in agriculture, the results indicate that their association with coated modified release carrier systems could be beneficial from both ecological and economic perspectives. These systems offer delivery that is more efficient, as well as improved adhesion of herbicides to the target plants. 相似文献
16.
重氮甲烷衍生气相色谱-质谱法检测地下水中17种酸性除草剂 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过水体中酸性除草剂存在形态的改变,衍生试剂的选择及定量离子的确定,建立了重氮甲烷衍生气相色谱-质谱法检测水中卤代酸类、苯酚类、氮硫杂环类酸性除草剂的方法。重氮甲烷与酸性除草剂发生衍生反应,生成易于气相色谱-质谱测定的酯类化合物,反应条件温和,副产物少。采用自行设计制造的重氮甲烷发生装置,有效控制了二甲基亚硝基苯磺酰胺的反应用量,减少了有害气体的排放。对重氮甲烷连续鼓泡法和间断鼓泡法进行了试验对比。方法检出限为4.95~9.80 ng/L,精密度(RSD,n=7)为1.7%~7.9%,对不同添加水平的回收率进行对比,回收率控制在67.5%~126.3%。 相似文献
17.
Ali Akbar Shahsavari Kamal Khodaei Farhad Asadian Farhad Ahmadi Seyed Mohammad Zamanzadeh 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(1):231-239
Study area with an area of about 415 km2 is located from 31°40′ to 32°05′ northern latitudes and 48°45′ to 49°00′ eastern longitudes 85 km to the north-east of Ahwaz
city, in the north of Khuzestan province, and south west of Iran. The purpose of this study is: (1) the determination of the
pesticides concentration in the groundwater of the Shushtar plain (Mian-Ab) and (2) the assessment of geology, hydrogeology
and anthropogenic activities impacts the groundwater quality. Thirty-seven groundwater samples were taken from product wells
based on the standard methods. A simple and efficient automated method for extraction and preconcentration was used. In this
method, a pyrrole-based polymer was synthesized and applied as an efficient sorbent for micro-solid-phase extraction. After
extraction, analytes were desorbed in ethyl acetate and analyzed using gas chromatography–flame. The study area is surrounded
by Aghajari Formation dominated by silt and clay sediments and the Bakhtiari Formation dominated by sand and gravel. Existence
of these formations affects the aquifer sediments and the hydrogeological properties. In the study area, the sediments grade
from gravel and sand in the north and east into silt and clay to the south and west, respectively. The topsoil in the south
of the study area contains more clay sediments. In this study, the concentration of two common herbicides, i.e., 2,4-D and
clodinafop propargyl and two pesticides, i.e., permethrin and diazinon, in the groundwater of Mian-Ab aquifer was assessed.
Chemical analysis results showed that the 2,4-D residue in the groundwater has the highest concentration (15 ppm). About 50%
of the samples have concentration values more than the maximum contamination level based on EPA drinking standard. The pesticides
concentrations decrease from the north to the south of the study area. Pesticides influx to the groundwater in the south of
the area is prevented or diminished due to the specific geological situation and soil type. Distribution pattern of population
centers, which increase to the north of the study area, and the role of groundwater as the main source of drinking water are
two important issues that must be considered in management of pesticides use in the area. 相似文献
18.
京津地区“沙尘暴”的性质和治理——以北京2006年4月16日的尘暴为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据粒度分析、电镜扫描、能谱分析、常温水溶盐检测、宏观表象特征研究和实地调查，证实北京2006年4月16日的所谓“沙尘暴”是尘暴，干涸盐湖是京津尘暴的重要源区。因此，要治理京津地区的尘暴，就必须修复干涸盐湖区的生态环境，而不能像过去那样去治理沙漠。要修复干涸盐湖区的生态环境，一定要用现代生态环境地质学的理论和方法去研究干涸盐湖区在地质历史时期植被演化的趋势，筛选出最适合当地生态环境的土著先锋植物种群，并用土著先锋植物种群对尘源区进行“地毯式”的覆盖，而不能用种树去阻挡它，因为再高的树林也挡不了从2000-3000m以上高空飘来的浮尘。 相似文献
19.
Quantifying the relative value ofPhragmites australis andSpartina alterniflora habitat is important to evaluate the benefits and risks of different attempts to addressPhragmites expansion on the U.S. eastern seaboard. Two contrasting approaches commonly used to restore tidal marsh habitats invaded
byPhragmites communities involve sprayingPhragmites with herbicide only when its coverage of a particular marsh area is near or close to 100%. Alternatively, after the first
application, herbicide is annually applied on any surviving patches ofPhragmites present in a mosaic of other marsh vegetation. A model is introduced to evaluate the relative habitat value of these control
regimes, here termed the Intermittent and Continuous. Compared to the Intermittent approach, the area of herbicide application
in the Continuous approach is higher in the first 6 yr, but lower the reafter. The cumulative gain in habitat quality after
20 yr in either approach is sensitive to the presumed relative values ofPhragmites versusSpartina habitat, and may even be negative if they are nearly equal. Annual applications of herbicide to patches ofPhragmites appears to generate more habitat value and with less herbicide than occasional applications whenPhragmites cover is at is maximum. 相似文献