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1.
采用实验室内模拟吸附方法,研究不同溶液pH下沉积物、悬浮颗粒物和生物膜吸附重金属的热力学特征。结果表明:在不同pH下,Langmuir方程均可以很好地描述自然水体三种固相介质吸附重金属的热力学过程。在相同pH条件下,三种固相介质对重金属的吸附能力从大到小依次为悬浮颗粒物、生物膜、沉积物,它们对重金属的吸附能力为铅>铜>镉;这三种固相介质对重金属的吸附能力都随着pH值的升高而增大,其中悬浮颗粒物对重金属的吸附能力受溶液pH影响最大;另外,相对于铜和镉,三种固相介质对铅的吸附受溶液pH影响较大。  相似文献   

2.
《岩矿测试》2014,33(4)
本期推荐的5篇重点文章如下,“低质量数元素同位素在线连续流同位素比值质谱分析的质量控制和数据标准化”、“X射线衍射法在天然气水合物研究中的应用”、“王水溶样火焰原子吸收光谱法直接测定高品位金矿石的金量”、“多壁碳纳米管固相萃取快速检测水样中铅镉铜铁”,“微量注射器中有机氯农药和多氯联苯类化合物的残留与清洗研究”。  相似文献   

3.
矿山企业的冶金废水含有多种污染环境的金属元素,必须经过化学沉淀法处理达标后排放。冶金废水经化学沉淀后引入了大量盐分,使得金属元素含量变得极低给分析测试造成困难。针对此类高盐冶金废水,本文采用巯基棉分离富集其中的金属元素,建立了运用电感耦合等离子体光谱(ICP-AES)测定铅、镉、铜、银的分析方法。通过优化实验表明,巯基棉可有效地分离实际样品中大量存在的硫酸根离子和钠离子基体,富集待测元素的效果显著,硫酸根离子和钠离子回收率均小于0.05%,待测元素的回收率在88.7%~113.0%之间。实验条件方面,待测溶液的pH值对巯基棉吸附有较大的影响,使用巯基棉富集前应将溶液调节至适宜的pH值;待测溶液在富集柱中的流速和洗脱剂盐酸的浓度对分离富集效果也有一定的影响。在最佳实验条件下,本法回收率为95.0%~102.0%,精密度(RSD)为3.1%~9.4%,方法快速简便、准确度高,能够满足冶金废水中痕量金属元素的检测需求。  相似文献   

4.
汞可以指示矿床或矿化存在,是一种重要的地质过程示踪元素,因此汞的测定是十分重要的。由于汞在地质矿床中丰度较低,直接测定存在困难,需要进行预分离富集处理。目前采用的分离富集手段大多数是离线,自动化程度较低。本文将合成的双硫腙改性氧化石墨烯/壳聚糖复合微球制成固相萃取小柱,考察了溶液pH、吸附剂种类和体积对汞的吸附效果的影响,优化了固相萃取在线采样/洗脱时间和速率对汞的吸附/洗脱效果的影响,建立了固相萃取在线富集-原子荧光光谱法测定地质样品中痕量汞的分析方法。结果表明:溶液pH=3.0时,以5 mL/min的采样速率进样5 min,汞的吸附率大于90%;用20 g/L硫脲-1.0mol/L硝酸混合溶液作洗脱液,以1 mL/min的洗脱速度洗脱1 min,洗脱率大于95%。汞含量在0.050~5.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好,富集因子为22,检出限为0.0019μg/L。采用本方法测定了土壤和沉积物国家标准物质样品,Hg的测定值与参考值的相对误差小于±13%。与离线分析相比,本方法具有灵敏度高、操作简单快速等特点。  相似文献   

5.
土壤中铅铜锌镉的吸附特性   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
以徐州王庄矿(WZK)、奎河(KH)、背景-1(BG-1)和背景-2(BG-2)等4个土壤样品为供试对象,加入不同浓度梯度的铅、铜、锌、镉离子,通过静态实验研究了铅、铜、锌、镉的吸附特性。结果表明,土壤对4个重金属的吸附量与加入到土壤中的重金属离子浓度呈正相关性,它们之间大部分满足线性相关关系。在4个土壤样品中加入铅、铜、锌、镉离子的初始浓度比为10:10:10:1时,平衡浓度为Czn〉Ccu〉CPh〉Ccd,吸附量为Scd〉SPh〉Scu〉Szn,4个土壤样品对铅、铜、锌、镉离子的吸附能力依次为WZK〉KH〉BG-2〉BG-1。在所选实验条件下,土壤对铅、铜、锌、镉的吸附能力受土壤中铅、铜、锌、镉的含量、土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、土壤饱和含水量和土壤的pH值影响较大。  相似文献   

6.
影响向海湿地草根层土壤吸附铅、镉能力的因素   总被引:2,自引:7,他引:2  
利用向海湿地采集的草根层土壤进行吸附铅、镉的热力学实验,结果表明草根层土壤吸附铅、镉的过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附曲线(n=8,p=0.01).吸附铅、镉存在干扰吸附现象,吸附铅的能力约是吸附镉的能力的3倍.而且草根层土壤吸附铅、镉的最大吸附量与土壤中的有机质和铁、锰氧化物含量存在着正相关性.土壤的理化性质是影响土壤吸附铅、镉能力的内在主要因素;pH等是影响草根层土壤吸附铅、镉能力的外部主要因素.  相似文献   

7.
盐岩矿的水溶法开采是获得人类生活必需品和重要工业原料——盐的重要途径之一。在水溶法开采中,岩盐矿中的水溶性重金属会随着母液到达地表环境和后续的岩盐产品中,可能对地表环境造成污染和危害人体健康,故对岩盐矿中水溶性重金属的检测非常重要。岩盐矿中的水溶性铜铅锌镉含量较低,而盐分含量过高,过高的盐分含量会影响ICP-OES的雾化效率,故很难用ICP-OES直接测量重金属含量。本文以巯基棉为吸附材料,从溶液pH、洗脱液浓度、洗脱液体积等方面研究了分离富集岩盐矿中水溶性铜铅锌镉的实验条件。结果表明,在pH=7的介质中,巯基棉对铜铅锌镉有良好的吸附性能,被吸附的铜铅锌镉可用7 m L盐酸(15%)定量洗脱,溶液中的钠对吸附无明显影响。对解吸后的溶液,铜铅锌镉的回收率均≥92.2%,钠回收率仅0.04%,基本实现了铜铅锌镉与钠的分离,达到了ICP-OES检测要求。  相似文献   

8.
采用实验室模拟的方法研究了松花江自然水体生物膜、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物吸附铅、镉的热力学规律。根据吸附热力学参数(Γmax、k和Kd)综合比较3种固相物质的吸附能力,并讨论吸附能力存在差异的原因。结果表明:Langmuir型及Freundlich等温式可以很好地描述3种固相物质吸附热力学规律,三者吸附铅、镉的能力为生物膜>悬浮颗粒物>沉积物,生物膜、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物对铅的吸附能力均明显高于对镉的吸附能力。  相似文献   

9.
建立了用加速溶剂萃取,气相色谱-质谱法同时测定河流沉积物中16种多环芳烃和19种有机氯农药的分析方法,优化了萃取溶剂、萃取温度和时间、凝胶渗透色谱收集时间、固相萃取洗脱溶剂和洗脱体积等条件。16种多环芳烃的方法检出限在0.15~0.59 ng/g,加标回收率为82%~102%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.1%~4.5%。19种有机氯农药的方法检出限在0.14~2.23 ng/g,加标回收率为71%~108%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.0%~4.5%。实际样品的测定结果表明,该方法分离效果较好,能够满足沉积物样品中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的分析要求。  相似文献   

10.
有机配位体/无机纳米复合材料作为固相萃取填料用于重金属离子分离富集是当前分析化学研究的热点课题。本文将含有N、S配位原子的氨基硫脲通过缩合反应接枝于纳米二氧化钛表面,制备了一种新型纳米Ti O2/TSC复合固相萃取填料。通过红外光谱、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和扫描电镜表征,此填料与共混法制备的聚合物包覆纳米二氧化钛复合填料相比,二氧化钛粒子(尺寸200~300 nm)分布更均匀,结构更稳定。用该填料制备的固相萃取小柱静态吸附Sb3+、Cd2+和Ba2+在30℃时饱和吸附量分别为13.9mg/g、12.9 mg/g和11.2 mg/g,在优化的实验条件下三种金属离子的吸附回收率分别达到97.94%、95.65%和94.04%,实验数据重现性高(RSD5.5%),吸附性能优于聚苯乙烯-甲基丙烯醛-氨基硫脲包覆纳米二氧化钛和纳米二氧化钛两种填料。本填料结合ICP-MS测定水样中以上三种离子的检出限分别为0.061μg/L、0.013μg/L和0.075μg/L。  相似文献   

11.
Mn, Sr, Ba, Rb, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations have been measured seasonally in the water and deposited sediments of the system comprising: Zala river (main input) — Lakes Kis-Balaton 1 and 2 (small artificial lakes created in a former bay of Lake Balaton) — Keszthely bay (hypertrophic part of Lake Balaton). The concentrations of the trace elements together with pH, alkalinity, dissolved cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), dissolved inorganic ligands (Cl, SO4 2–), particulate Al, Ca, inorganic and organic carbon are used to assess the contamination of the study area and biogeochemical processes controlling trace element concentrations. Thermodynamic speciation calculations have also been utilized to enhance our understanding of the system. In the sediments Rb, Ba, Cu and Zn concentrations were mainly controlled by the abundance of the aluminosilicate fraction. Strontium was mainly associated with the calcium carbonate fraction. The aluminosilicate fraction constitutes a major sink for Mn and Cd but the concentration of these elements are also strongly related to calcite precipitation. The main processes that control the dissolved distribution of trace elements in the Balaton system were: solid phase formation (carbonate) for Mn; coprecipitation with calcite for Sr, Ba, Rb and possibly Mn and Cd; adsorption/desorption processes (pH dependent) for Zn and Pb; solubilization of Mn and precipitation of Cd and Cu in reed covered wetland areas where anoxic conditions were probably existing during the warm season. A preliminary budget of atmospheric and river input to Lake Balaton has also been outlined. Although Lake Balaton, is subjected to anthropogenic inputs mainly from agricultural and domestic activities, their impact on trace element concentrations in the Balaton system is very limited due to the efficiency of removal processes (i.e. adsorption and co-precipitation) and to high sedimentation rates and strong sediment re-suspension. Anthropogenic inputs are only detected for Pb.  相似文献   

12.
The physical (turbidity, color, smell, taste, pH, and conductivity) and geochemical properties (Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Al, K, Cl?, HCO3 ?, SO4 2?, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr) of the drinking water in Gümü?hane city center were determined. This city center constitutes the study area. The pH levels of the water samples ranged from 6.3 to 8.2, and their conductivities ranged between 240 and 900 μS. These findings were concordant with the drinking water standards of the Turkey Standard Institute and the World Health Organization. The hardness of the water samples in the study area was between 18.1 and 115.1 °Fr. These samples were classified as extremely hard, hard, and quite hard. In addition, an assessment using the criteria for Inland Surface Water Classification indicated that considering certain parameters (pH levels, amount of Na, SO4 2?, Fe, Mn, Al, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cr), the samples belonged to class I (high quality) water. When Cl? amount and conductivity were considered, the samples belonged to the first and second classes (less polluted) of water. The water in the study area was generally classified as carbonated and sulfated (Ca + Mg > Na + K) water classes. This water contained more weak acids than strong acids (HCO3 ? + CO3 2? > Cl? + SO4 2?). The pH levels (6.3–8.2) of the water in the study area were unrelated to the varying concentrations of metals in the water. Elements such as Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu increase in the water through the water–rock interaction in the area in which water rises or through the mixture of water with either mine or industrial wastes. In addition, several water samples belonged to an acceptable water class for drinking and usage.  相似文献   

13.
For a period of 2 a, pore water composition in a heavily contaminated river floodplain soil was monitored in situ. Pore water samples were collected 12 times over all seasons in a profile ranging from aerobic to sulphidic redox conditions, and As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ca, Cl, SO4, DOC, IOC and pH were determined. The variability of pH, IOC, DOC and Ca was found to be rather small during the year and within the profile (rsd < 0.04, 0.16, 0.24 and 0.22, respectively). The temporal variability of the metal and As concentrations was small, too, whereas changes with depth were distinct. Under sulphidic conditions, concentrations were below 1 μg L−1 (Cd, Cu, Pb) or 10 μg L−1 (Zn, As). The data set was compared with results from a geochemical model that was fully parameterised from literature data and included equilibrium speciation, sorption and mineral dissolution. The general pattern of the solid–solution partitioning of Cd, Cu, Zn and As in the profile was predicted well by mechanistic geochemical modelling on the basis of solid phase composition. Metals strongly bound to organic matter such as Cd and Cu were predicted better than metals mainly present within a mineral. Detailed information regarding the presence of colloidal Fe and Mn in pore water might improve the prediction of the solid–solution partitioning of a number of metals. The study also indicates that the chemical behaviour of Pb is still not understood sufficiently.  相似文献   

14.
Heavy grazing is recognized as one of the main causes of vegetation and soil degradation and desertification in the semiarid Horqin sandy grassland of northern China. Soil physical and chemical properties were examined under continuous grazing and exclusion of livestock for 8 years in a representative desertified sandy grassland. Exclosure increased the mean soil organic C, total N, fine sand and silt + clay contents, inorganic C (CaCO3), electrical conductivity, and mineral contents (including Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, TiO2, MnO), microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Cu, Mo), and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, As, Hg, Cd, Se), and decreased the coarse sand content, bulk density, and SiO2 in the top 100 cm of the soil. Livestock exclusion also improved available N, P, K, Fe, Mn, and Cu, exchangeable K+, and the cation exchange capacity, but decreased pH, exchangeable Na+, and available S, Zn, and Mo in the top 20 cm of the soil. The greatest change in soil properties was observed in the topsoil. The results confirm that the desertified grassland is recovering after removal of the livestock disturbance, but that recovery is a slow process.  相似文献   

15.
Either naturally occurring process or human activities may have a significant impact on the quality of sub-surface waters which further limit its use. Multivariate statistical techniques such as factor analysis (FA), cluster analysis (CA) were applied for the evaluation of spatial variations and the interpretation of ground water quality data around Bacheli and Kirandul area. The major anions, cations and heavy metals were determined for each of 20 samples collected in pre-monsoon seasons. Hydrochemical parameters like EC, pH, TDS, TH, TA, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, F-, SO42-, As, Sb, Se, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu were estimated in pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Different geochemical controls of the investigated parameters were also assessed. Factor 1 explains 33.47% of the total variance and indicates atmospheric controls and silicate mineral weathering process. Factor 2 explains 13.83% of total variance, indicating silicate mineral weathering process resulting in elevated pH. Generally, water types tend towards magnesium-bicarbonate-chloride.  相似文献   

16.
The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe and Zn were determined in superficial sediments extracted from nine zones of Budi Lagoon, located in the Araucanía Region (Chile). The concentrations of these metals were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the method was validated using certified reference material (marine sediment). The concentration ranges found for the trace elements were: Pb < 0.5; Cd < 0.2–3.9; Cu 21.8–61.9; Ni 31.2–59.4; Zn 54.5–94.8 mgkg?1 (dry weight). The elements that registered the highest concentrations were Mn 285.4–989.8 mgkg?1 and Fe 4.8–10.6 %. The lagoon cluster analysis of the stations was divided into three groups (Temo station with high Cu and low Mn concentrations, Bolleco, Comué, Allipén and Deume 3 stations presented highest Cd concentration, and another group Botapulli, Río Budi, Deume 2 and Deume 1 stations presented low levels of Cd). The textural characteristics of the sediment were determined (gravel, sand and mud) and the results were correlated with the concentrations of the metals in the various study zones. The sediments of Budi Lagoon presented high levels of Fe and Mn, which are of natural origin and exceed the maximum values recorded by many authors. With respect to the recorded concentrations for Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn, are within the ranges published by other authors in similar works. The Pb element was not detected. The results were subjected to statistical analysis to evaluate the correlations between the content of the elements and obtain the site of sediment.  相似文献   

17.
Transport and sediment–water partitioning of trace metals (Cr, Co, Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd) in acid mine drainage were studied in two creeks in the Kwangyang Au–Ag mine area, southern part of Korea. Chemical analysis of stream waters and the weak acid (0.1 N HCl) extraction, strong acid (HF–HNO3–HClO4) extraction, and sequential extraction of stream sediments were performed. Heavy metal pollution of sediments was higher in Chonam-ri creek than in Sagok-ri creek, because there is a larger source of base metal sulfides in the ores and waste dump upstream of Chonam-ri creek. The sediment–water distribution coefficients (K d) for metals in both creeks were dependent on the water pH and decreased in the order Pb ≈ Al > Cu > Mn > Zn > Co > Ni ≈ Cd. K d values for Al, Cu and Zn were very sensitive to changes in pH. The results of sequential extraction indicated that among non-residual fractions, Fe–Mn oxides are most important for retaining trace metals in the sediments. Therefore, the precipitation of Fe(–Mn) oxides due to pH increase in downstream sites plays an important role in regulating the concentrations of dissolved trace metals in both creeks. For Al, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn, the metal concentrations determined by 0.1 N HCl extraction (Korean Standard Method for Soil Pollution) were almost identical to the cumulative concentrations determined for the first three weakly-bound fractions (exchangeable + bound to carbonates + bound to Fe–Mn oxides) in the sequential extraction procedure. This suggests that 0.1 N HCl extraction can be effectively used to assess the environmentally available and/or bioavailable forms of trace metals in natural stream sediments.  相似文献   

18.
Chabahar Bay in SE of Iran is a shallow semi-enclosed environment affected by anthropogenic activities. In this paper, 19 sediment samples were collected and concentration of selected metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, V and Fe) was determined using ICP-MS analytical method. Sediment samples from five stations were also selected for sequential extraction analysis and concentration of metals in each fraction was determined using ICP-OES. In order to investigate the environmental quality of Chabahar Bay, geographic information system (GIS) along with geochemical data, environmental indices and statistical analyses were used. Calculated contamination degree (Cd) revealed that most contaminated stations (Ch3, S1 and S3) are located SE of Chabahar Bay and contamination decreases in a NW direction. The S9 station, west of the bay, is also contaminated. High organic matter (OM) content in the sediments is most likely the result of fuel and sewage discharge from fishing vessels along with discharge of fishing leftovers. Significant correlation coefficient among OM, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd seemingly reflects the importance of the role that OM and Fe oxy-hydroxides play in the metals mobility. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), computed correlation coefficient and sequential extraction analysis suggest that Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd probably come from antifouling and sea vessel paints, while Ni, Cr, Co, V and Fe are most likely contributed by ophiolitic formations located north of the bay and/or deep sea sediments. Average individual contamination factors (ICFs) indicated that the highest health hazard from the bay is posed by Cu, Pb and Zn.  相似文献   

19.
Fractionation of heavy metals (HMs) in amended soils is needed to predict elemental mobility in soil and phytoavailability to plants. A study was conducted to determine the effects of different amendments on HMs availability and their redistribution among soil fractions. A contaminated soil was selected from around a Zn mine and amended with 0, 2, 4, and 6 g kg−1 of vermicompost (VC), zeolite (ZE), and di-ammonium phosphate (DP) and incubated at field moisture. The amounts of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu were determined from the soil after 6 months of incubation time using DTPA and sequential extraction procedures. The total concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu were 41, 3,099, 1,997, and 83 mg kg−1 of soil, respectively. All amendments decreased significantly [probability (p) ≤ 0.05] DTPA-extractable Cd, Pb, and Cu, but not Zn, in the soil. For instance, DTPA-extractable Cd, Pb, and Cu decreased by 40, 290, and 20%, respectively, and that of Zn increased by 18% with DP1 (2 g kg−1 of di-ammonium phosphate) application. The concentrations of Pb and Cd decreased mainly in the specifically sorbed (SS) but increased in the amorphous Fe oxide (AFeO) fraction with DP application, indicating redistribution of Pb and Cd in the fractions with less mobility. Lead immobilization by DP was mainly attributed to the P-induced formation of chloropyromorphite, which was identified in the DP treatment using X-ray diffraction technique. It was concluded that DP was the most effective amendment in immobilizing Pb and Cd, though it increased Zn mobility.  相似文献   

20.
2 study area was assessed with respect to its heavy-metal load on the basis of the current guideline values. The heavy-metal loads of the soils in the study area have ranges of <0.2–200 mg kg−1 for Cd, <10–30,000 mg kg−1 for Pb, 7–10,000 mg kg−1 for Cu and 50–55,000 mg kg−1 for Zn. Mobility of the heavy metals was determined by extraction at different pH values. The acid neutralisation capacity (ANCx) at these pH values was also determined to estimate the probability that the pH can drop to pH=x. The ANC values in the study area ranged from 6 to 3000 mmol H+ kg−1, from −33 to 800 mmol H+ kg−1 and from −74 to 160 mmol H+ kg−1 for ANC3.5, ANC5.0 and ANC6.2, respectively. Together with pedological data, the extraction experiments permit differentiation between soil units that have been placed in the same environmental hazard class on the basis of total heavy-metal loads. Received: 10 August 1998 · Accepted: 14 August 1999  相似文献   

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