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1.
长江河口水下三角洲137Cs地球化学分布特征   总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
文章通过对长江口水下三角洲采集的10个柱状样放射性核素137Cs的分析可以得知,长江口水下三角洲137Cs剖面中均存在清晰的最大蓄积峰,其峰值比活度介于5.68±1.03～21.74±1.39Bq/kg之间,平均值为14.11±1.10Bq/kg,最大蓄积峰所处的深度为55～117cm。剖面中137Cs最大蓄积峰应该与1963年的137Cs散落沉降相对应。长江口水下三角洲的表层沉积物中的137Cs比活度范围介于0～9.19±1.12Bq/kg之间,并且与长江流域其他地区的表层137Cs比活度相一致。长江口水下三角洲可探测到的137Cs比活度的最大深度范围在88～160cm的范围内变化,137Cs蓄积总量为2361.30±174.38～17714.94±262.14Bq/m2,平均值为9664.97±100.05Bq/m2,137Cs比活度的最大深度及137Cs蓄积总量均表现出从岸向海逐渐增加的趋势。实测的137Cs总量均大于长江流域的137Cs背景值,说明了长江口水下三角洲的137Cs蓄积既有大气散落直接沉降的来源,又有流域侵蚀带来的137Cs输入,并且主要以后者为主。通过放射性核素示踪模型分析长江口水下三角洲137Cs散落蓄积特征可以得知,长江口水下三角洲137Cs的蓄积以长江流域来源为主,说明了放射性核素137Cs在长江口水下三角洲沉积物中的蓄积主要受流域侵蚀因素的影响。  相似文献   

2.
Low reference inventories of the fallout radionuclide 137Cs in low latitudes may limit its present and future application for studies of soil erosion and sediment redistribution in Southeast Asia. 137Cs reference inventories and concentrations in surface materials measured in nine and five areas, respectively, across Southeast Asia are here reported and reviewed. The compiled reference inventories decrease from north to south. Three global estimates of 137Cs total fallout are also reviewed and compared to the measured data while taking into account factors that affect the fallout estimates and the reference inventory. The results are presented as a schematic regional distribution map of 137Cs reference inventories for the year 2012. A relationship between a reference inventory and topsoil concentration is also provided. The measured 137Cs concentrations suggest that a minimum detectable activity (MDA) less than 0.5 Bq/kg is required for detection of 137Cs activity in topsoils in the lowest reference inventory areas. This sensitivity should allow, at present, 137Cs to be a useful tool for analysis of soil erosion in Southeast Asia, should also be a useful chronometer, and will be a useful tracer at least where the reference inventory is more than 500–600 Bq/m2. This level of MDA has been demonstrated in previous studies to be achievable by gamma-ray spectrometry using non-destructive sample treatment. As the nuclide decays, sufficient will remain to be useful until the middle of this century in most areas in Peninsular Malaysia and southern maritime Southeast Asia, and a few decades more in the rest of the region.  相似文献   

3.
Studying spatial and temporal variation of soil loss is of great importance because of global environmental concerns. Understanding the spatial distribution of soil erosion and deposition in the high-cold steppe is important for designing soil and water conservation measures. Measured 137Cs losses (Bq m−2) from long-term high altitude (4,000 m above sea level) watershed plots on the Qinghai–Tibet plateau and derived soil erosion estimates (Mg ha−1 year−1) were significantly correlated to directly measured soil losses from the same plots, over the same period (1963–2005). The local reference inventory was estimated to be 2,468 Bq m−2. The result of analyzing 137Cs distribution and its intensity in the soil profiles in this area shows similarities to 137Cs distribution in other areas. 137Cs is basically distributed in the topsoil layer of 0–0.3 m. Soil erosions vary greatly in the entire sampled area, ranging from 5.5 to 23 Mg ha−1 year−1, with an average of 16.5 Mg ha−1 year−1 which is a moderate rate of erosion.  相似文献   

4.
The aim of this study was to obtain nationwide basic data on the distribution of environmental radiation in normal times and to compare the characteristics and distribution in many areas. The data obtained can contribute to improve the radioactivity analysis technology, public health, and the environment in the future. Ten elementary schools in the Gwangju area were selected and soil samples were taken from the playgrounds of the selected schools for analysis. A high-purity Ge (HPGe) semiconductor detector, a multi-channel analyzer (MCA), and a FH40G dose rate detector were used to measure the radioactivity concentration of K-40 and Cs-137, and the ambient gamma dose rate. According to the measured radioactivity concentrations of 40K and 137Cs, the K-40 concentration (Bq/kg dry) was measured at 723.61 ± 162.72, which was higher than the minimum detection limit (MDL). The Cs-137 concentration (Bq/kg dry) measured was 0.203 ± 0.023, which was lower than the MDL. FH40G was used to measure the ambient gamma dose rate (nSv/h) in different areas. According to the measurement results, the ambient gamma dose rate was 176.73 ± 4.91. With regard to the correlation between the ambient gamma dose rate and radioactivity concentrations of 40K and 137Cs, 40K showed a correlation coefficient with Cs-137 and the ambient gamma dose rate of ?0.36 and 0.124, respectively. 137Cs revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.293 with an ambient gamma dose rate of ?0.210. In conclusion, the low correlation coefficient (<0.5) indicates no significant correlation between the ambient dose rate measurements of K-40 and 137Cs.  相似文献   

5.
The redistribution of Chernobyl 137Cs within a small drainage basin was studied in the Lokna river basin, Tula region, Central Russia. Sheet erosion on the cultivated part of basin is the main reason for 137Cs horizontal migration. However there is no statistically significant 137Cs redistribution within cultivated field because of relatively low erosion rates. The valley bottom is the main sink of 137Cs, where 73–84% eroded soil is stored. The resulting 137Cs level in the valley bottom is 1.5–2 times that of the initial 137Cs fallout.  相似文献   

6.
Depth distribution profiles of environmental radionuclides (137Cs and 210Pb) have been investigated in soil to elucidate the underlying environment of semi-natural temperate deciduous and/or coniferous forest soils in Slovenia (?irovski vrh, Idrija, Ko?evski Rog, Pohorie, Gori?nica and Rakitna). Surface enrichment of both nuclides was observed at all the sites investigated in this study, suggesting that the soils had undergone little natural or anthropogenic disturbance for at least the last several decades. Apparent annual burial rates of 137Cs (0.1–0.2 cm y??1) were estimated to be about 1.3 times higher than those of 210Pb at individual sites of different lithology, which suggests strong affinity of 210Pb to soil organic matter. Variability of the vertical distribution profiles of these nuclides depends not only on “in situ” pedology but also on geographical and meteorological conditions, especially precipitation and wind direction.  相似文献   

7.
Consideration of the impact of substantial changes in soil temperature or moisture regime on the geochemical forms of radionuclides is important for more accurate assessment of the environmental risk posed by radionuclide migration and potential biological availability, especially in the first months after their release into the environment. This paper presents the results from a study of the influence of cooling, freezing and soil drought on the migration and potential bioavailability of 60Co and 137Cs in two soils (a fluvisol and a cambisol, according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources/FAO) from Bulgaria. The changes in the geochemical fractionation of 60Co, the exchangeable 137Cs and water-soluble forms of both radionuclides were examined under different storage conditions up to 5 months after their introduction into the soils in solution form. Freezing or soil drought resulted in a significant increase of the water-soluble forms of 60Co in the fluvisol soil, defining higher mobility and potential bioavailability. No influence of the storing conditions on the water-solubility of 60Co in the cambisol soil was established. The cooling, freezing and soil drought caused an increase of the exchangeable 137Cs in both soils.  相似文献   

8.
This contribution analyzes the similarities and differences between the measured activities of 137Cs and excess 210pb （210Pbex） in the cultivated brown and cinnamon soils of the Yimeng Mountain area, discusses the influ- ence of soil texture on the measurement of 210Pbex, and presents differences between the two types of soils. Fields A and B were selected to represent the fields that contain cultivated brown and cinnamon soils, respectively. From either study field, one site of sectioned core and six bulk cores were collected to measure 137Cs levels, 210Pbex levels, and the particle-size composition of soil samples. Three undisturbed soil samples were collected to measure capillary and aeration porosities. The 137Cs inventories for the two study fields are very similar. The 137Cs is a man-made ra- dionuclide, which means that its measured levels for soils are unaffected by soil texture. In contrast, levels of the naturally occurring 210Pbex of soils from Field A were lower than those of Field B by about 50%. In contrast to aquatic sediments, levels of 210Pbex in terrestrial surface soils are affected by the emanation of 222Rn from the soils. It can be assumed that the coarser the soils, the greater the emanation of 222Rn; in addition, the lower the measured 210pbex, the greater the underestimate of this value. The cultivated brown soils in Field A are coarser than the culti- vated cinnamon soils in Field B. As a result, 222Rn in Field A will diffuse more easily into the atmosphere than that in Field B. As a consequence, the measured 210pbex in soils from Field A is much lower than the actual value, whereas the value measured for Field B is much closer to the actual value.  相似文献   

9.
Surficial and core samples collected from the eastern Thessaloniki Gulf, located in the NW Aegean Sea, were analyzed for their sedimentation rate and inventories of 137Cs and 210Pb. The study of the spatial radionuclide dispersion in the specific region is essential for the assessment of marine pollution levels. The sedimentation rates were calculated from the vertical distribution of 137Cs and excess 210Pb in the sediment cores. The spatial distribution of 137Cs was studied with respect to sediment characteristics such as the grain size of the sample and the organic carbon content. The activity concentrations were measured by means of gamma ray spectrometry using HPGe detector for 137Cs and gross alpha counting using alpha counter for 210Pb. The average sedimentation rate along the sediment cores is characterized by a consistent pattern and varies from 0.18?±?0.02 to 0.22?±?0.03?cm?year?1. The 137Cs inventories varied from 205?±?15 to 602?±?39?Bq?m?2, while the 210Pb inventories of the studied cores exhibited average value of 140?±?9?Bq?m?2. Elevated 137Cs activities were observed compared to certain Mediterranean marine areas; however, they were lower than the reported values in the Black Sea.  相似文献   

10.
This study of environmental radioactivity was carried out in the soils of an urban area. Naturally occurring gamma-emitting radionuclides and man-made 137Cs were found in the soil profiles collected from four parks in the central Belgrade city area and the soil layer was examined every 10 cm and to a depth of 50 cm. Radioisotope activity concentrations (Bq kg?1) in the samples of urban soil using the gamma-ray spectrometry method were in the range of 14–46 for 238U, 33–50 for 226Ra, 29–63 for 210Pb, 1.2–3.4 for 235U, 28–50 for 232Th, 424–576 for 40K and 0.7–35.8 for 137Cs. Some of the basic physicochemical soil properties (pH, organic matter content, calcium-carbonate content, particle size distribution) were determined to investigate the impact on the vertical distribution of radionuclides. The results of this investigation showed that variations of activity concentration ratios of radionuclides that belong to the same (238U/226Ra) or different radioactive series (232Th/226Ra; 235U/238U), including 210Pb/137Cs ratios could well be explained by the properties of the soil. Alkaline pH reaction, the accumulation of organic matter in the uppermost and of carbonates in the deepest layers of urban soil had an effect on 238U/226Ra, and 210Pb/137Cs activity concentration ratio values, while 232Th/226Ra and partially 235U/238U ratios were associated with the particle sizes vertical distribution. A study of radionuclides in the samples of leaves of two deciduous tree species common for these parks was also conducted and 210Pb and 40K were found concentrated in leaves rather than other investigated radionuclides.  相似文献   

11.
Cesium and Strontium concentrations were analyzed in eight pedogenetic soil profiles developed on different rocks from a semiarid mediterranean region: La Mancha (Central Spain). Concentration activities of 137Cs and 90Sr, as for some soil properties, were also measured. The results are presented in this document: Cs concentrations range between 0.4 and 18.3 mg kg−1 and Sr varies widely between 11.0 and 3,384 mg kg−1. Therefore, it is clear that there is a broad range of concentrations and there are also values significantly higher than the average values stated by several authors. Concentrations of long-life artificial radionuclides (137Cs, 90Sr) were determined in some of the same soils. The activity concentration mean values (Bq kg−1) were ranging between 0.82 and 21.76 for 137Cs and 90Sr variations range between 6.73 and 0.35. There were no significant correlations between radionuclides and stable trace elements. The data indicate that the soils do not show significant radioactivity of these elements and therefore they do not pose a danger. By the same token, no risk of contamination by this activity was detected. Finally, spatial patterns seem to be affected by the soil type and some soil properties.  相似文献   

12.
This work considers terrestrial coastal landscapes of Abrosimov and Stepovoi gulfs and Yuzhnii (Southern) Island in the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago in the Kara Sea. These areas are dominated by horizons of slightly acidic leptosols and lithic leptosols of 10 cm thick (Stepovoi Gulf) and those of weak skeleton acidic lithic leptosols of 10–15 cm thick (Abrosimov Gulf) covered by moss–shrub assemblages. Kaolinite is formed in a rhizosphere fine earth layer; illite is formed along the leptosol sequence. The studied coastal landscapes are characterized by low accumulation potential of chemical elements, including radionuclides, at higher contents of them. Elements such as Fe and Ti are dispersed in sols, whereas P, S, Cl, Cu, Pb, and Zn are accumulated in soils in minor amounts. Plants accumulate S, P, Cl, Sr, Zn, and 137Cs in minor amounts as well. Elements such as Ti, Mn, Fe, Cr, V, Co, Ni, Cu, Rb, Zr, Ba, Th, Y, Nb, Pb, and As are attributed to the group of weak biological adsorption. The specific 137Cs activity (Bq kg–1) amounts to 10–150 in plants, 10–300 in moor leptosol horizons, and 1–40 in mull horizons.  相似文献   

13.
Isotopes of plutonium (Pu), cesium (Cs), and cobalt (Co) introduced into the Hudson River Estuary from fallout deposition, the erosion of fallout-contaminated surface soils, and nuclear reactor effluent (isotopes of Cs and Co only) have been measured in water column samples collected from 1975 to 1980 Isotopic measurements conducted independently by two research groups utilizing different sampling and analytical techniques have been summarized. The major conclusions drawn from the work are that for water samples collected by the two laboratories over similar time periods, the mean concentrations of nonfilterable239,240Pu (<0.45 μm) were identical at 0.13 fCi/l, mean concentrations of both137Cs and239,240Pu in suspended particulates were more divergent at 2,270±920 pCi/kg (±1 SD) and 1,430±430 pCi/kg for137Cs, and 19±8 pCi/kg and 12±4 pCi/kg for239,240Pu The behavior of239,240Pu and137Cs within the water column is shown to diverge within brackish waters Specifically, the magnitude of the137Cs distribution coefficient (K d ) can be expressed as an inverse power function of the chloride ion concentrations for chlorinities between 0.1 and 4 g Cl−/l No difference in the239,240PuK d has been observed between fresh and brackish waters Based on the expected inventories of239,240Pu and137Cs within watershed soils, the current downstream transport of these radionuclides represents fractional mobilization rates on the order of 1–4 (×10−4) per year  相似文献   

14.
《Applied Geochemistry》1998,13(7):803-814
The Chernobyl radionuclides distribution and mobility in soils and uptake by plants have been studied in seminatural and agricultural moraine and in fluvioglacial landscapes typical for the areas of the Bryansk region affected by the accident.The major part of the Chernobyl 137Cs accumulated in the topsoil is insoluble in water, 40 to 93% of this radionuclide is strongly fixed by soil, while 70 to 90% of the 90Sr is present in water soluble, exchangeable and weak-acid soluble forms. Radionuclide vertical migration is most pronounced in local depressions with organic and gley soils in which both radionuclides are detected to the depth of 30–40 cm.In woodlands, most of the 137Cs is still fixed in litter and the upper mineral soil layer. The concentration peak in litter has moved to the lower AOF layer. Concentration in topsoil leads to high radionuclide uptake by forest species with shallow root systems (bilberry, mushrooms, fern). Contaminated forest products may contribute considerably to the internal irradiation doses of the local population. On flood plain grasslands traditionally used by local populations for haycrops and grazing, radionuclides are more strongly fixed in soils with fine texture. Radioisotope uptake by plants decreases in the order: legumes>herbs>grasses. Transfer to grasses in local depressions is usually higher compared with the dry levees. Observed exclusions are assumed to be due to comparatively low mobility of 137Cs and relatively high K content in soil. 137Cs accumulation in potato tubers grown on sandy soddy podzolic watershed soils mainly corresponds to its total amount in soils; uptake of 90Sr depends upon the percentage of its most mobile fraction.Pronounced relief is proved to cause different patterns in distribution and migration of radionuclides in soils and local food chains. The study showed it to be true for private farms situated in different landscape positions within the same settlement.The forest litter, topsoil and products, and flood plain pastures, especially localities in depressions are critical materials for the long-term radioecological monitoring of the contaminated landscapes of the study area and those of similar conditions. Population of the areas within the zone of contamination exceeding 15Ci/km2 (555kBq/m2) should be recommended to exclude local forest products from their diets and to avoid cattle grazing on wet flood plain meadows without remediation.  相似文献   

15.
The radionuclide burden of vegetation comprising a tide-washed pasture at Ince Marsh in the Mersey Estuary, U.K., derives mainly from adhered external particulates originating as suspended sediments in estuarine water. Radionuclide concentrations are dominated by the growth cycle of the vegetation, with the highest winter levels of contamination activity an order of magnitude greater than the lowest levels in mid-summer. A secondary effect due to sediment transfer during periods of severe flooding produces subsidiary features on this dominant seasonal profile. Radionuclide concentrations on vegetation are in the range137Cs=8–191,134Cs=0.3–0.9,241Am=0.6–46,238Pu=0.1–1.5, and239/240Pu=0.8–44 Bq kg−1. These ranges reflect the relative concentrations of radionuclides in estuarine sediment (137Cs=615,241Am=202, and239/240Pu=104 Bq kg−1) rather than the values in filtered estuary water (137Cs=0.4,241Am=0.001, and239/240Pu=0.001 Bq 1−1). Median Kd values for these radionuclide species are Cs=1,400, Am=200,000, and Pu=80,000 1 kg−1).  相似文献   

16.
《Quaternary Research》2014,81(3):538-544
Measurements of 137Cs concentration in soils were made in a representative catchment to quantify erosion rates and identify the main factors involved in the erosion in the source region of the Yellow River in the Tibetan Plateau. In order to estimate erosion rates in terms of the main factors affecting soil loss, samples were collected taking into account the slope and vegetation cover along six selected transects within the Dari County catchment. The reference inventory for the area was established at a stable, well-preserved, site of small thickness (value of 2324 Bq·m− 2). All the sampling sites had been eroded and 137Cs inventories varied widely in the topsoil (14.87–25.56 Bq·kg− 1). The effective soil loss values were also highly variable (11.03–28.35 t·km− 1·yr− 1) in line with the vegetation cover change. The radiometric approach was useful in quantifying soil erosion rates and examining patterns of soil movement.  相似文献   

17.
The collection of large volumes of pore water (1–2 liters per 2 cm horizon of sediment) and low level radiochemical measurements of 239,240Pu and 137Cs have been combined to produce the first study of these fallout artificial radionuclides in marine pore waters. Profiles from box cores taken in June and September 1982 from Buzzards Bay, Mass., are reported along with profiles of many diagenetic constituents (i.e. SO42?, alkalinity, Fe, Mn, DOC, and nutrients).The 239,240Pu pore water profile is characterized by a subsurface maximum of about 0.28 dpm/100 kg lying between 3–11 cm. Overlying seawater, in contrast, has an activity of 0.01 ± 0.02 dpm/100 kg. Below about 11 cm, the pore water 239,240Pu distribution follows that of the solid phase which decreases rapidly with depth. The pore water profiles of 137Cs are characterized by a broad and deeply penetrating maximum where activities of about 35–40 dpm/100 kg extend from 3 to 20 cm. Overlying seawater, in contrast, has an activity of 17–24 dpm/100 kg. The 137Cs and 239,240Pu pore water data show that there is preferential downward transport of 137Cs and that 239,240Pu does not have an active diagenetic chemistry and is not significantly mobile in these coastal sediments.  相似文献   

18.
Vertical profiles of 137Cs and 239,240Pu were measured in soils collected from two sites in southern Sweden and three sites in southern Poland and were modeled using both a solute transport model and a bioturbation model to better understand their downward migration. A time series of measured 137Cs profiles indicates that 137Cs from Chernobyl was found at the soil surface in 1986 but it has migrated progressively downward into the soil 4.5-25.5 cm since. However, because of dispersion during the migration and mixing following Chernobyl deposition and the much higher activities of 137Cs from Chernobyl, stratospheric fallout of 137Cs from the 1960s cannot be identified as a second 137Cs activity maximum lower in the soil column at any of the sites. Conversely, the 240Pu/239Pu ratio indicates that no Chernobyl-derived Pu is present in any of the cores with the exception of one sample in Sweden. This difference may be attributed to the nature of the release from Chernobyl. Cesium volatilized at the reactor temperature during the accident, and was released as a vapor whereas Pu was not volatile and was only released in the form of minute fuel particles that traveled regionally. Both the solute diffusion and the bioturbation models accurately simulate the downward migration of the radionuclides at some sites but poorly describe the distributions at other sites. The distribution coefficients required by the solute transport model are about 100 times lower than reported values from the literature indicating that even though the solute transport model can simulate the profile shapes, transport as a solute is not the primary mechanism governing the downward migration of either Cs or Pu. The bioturbation model uses reported values from the literature of the distribution coefficients and can simulate the downward migration because that model buries the fallout by placing soil from depth on top and mixing it slightly throughout the mixing zone (0.6-2% per year of mixing). However, mixing in that model predicts concentrations in the top parts of the soil profiles which are too high in many cases. Future progress at understanding the downward migration of radionuclides and other tracers will require a more comprehensive approach, combining solute transport with bioturbation and including other important soil processes.  相似文献   

19.
Radiocaesium (137Cs) dispersion and Cs+ fixation were studied in the sediments collected from the lagoon systems of “Ria de Aveiro”. The Cs+ sorption was tested for the fine mica grains and for the < 2 μm clay fractions extracted from silty clays. The Cs+ exchange is found strongly onto mica-rich fractions than smectite-rich fractions. The distribution coefficient increases if the silty material is constituted by rich-mica clay fractions or if the non-clay minerals are removed from the silty-clay material. The samples studied behave as multisite ion exchange, where Cs+ engages in ion-exchange reactions with hydrated cations on planar sites on expansible layer silicates. Higher concentrations of the 137Cs were found associated with mica-rich silty clays. The 137Cs ranges from 3.2 to 3.9 Bq kg− 1 in the < 38 μm fractions and from 2.9 to 3.3 Bq kg− 1 in the < 64 μm fractions.  相似文献   

20.
干旱化对成土碳酸盐碳同位素组成的影响   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12       下载免费PDF全文
土壤碳酸盐的碳同位素组成可以作为古环境变化的指标.本文对黄土高原地区S1以来成土碳酸盐和红粘土中碳酸盐的碳同位素进行了研究.根据渭南、吉县、长武和会宁4个剖面末次间冰期以来土壤碳酸盐的碳同位素分析结果,探讨了不同气候条件下成土碳酸盐碳同位素组成的特征及其环境意义,指出气候的干湿程度可能是影响黄土地区成土碳酸盐δ13C值的主要原因;西峰红粘土序列碳酸盐的碳同位素记录表明,δ13C值在4.0Ma B.P.前后有一个明显增加的趋势,反映了我国西北地区上新世干旱化的发展,可能与青藏高原在这一时期发生较大规模的隆升有关.  相似文献   

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